UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

MUHAMMAD SABIR HUSSAIN

FK 2012 136

DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMAST ANTENNA SYSTEM IN BASE TRANSMISSION STATION

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DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMAST ANTENNA SYSTEM IN BASE

TRANSMISSION STATION

By

MUHAMMAD SABIR HUSSAIN

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

SEPTEMBER 2012

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Dedication

Do they say: 'He has invented this Book himself?' Say: 'If that is so, bring ten surahs

the like of it of your composition, and call upon all (the deities or gods) you can

other than Allah to your help. Do so if you are truthful (Surah Houd, Ayat # 13)

I dedicate this humble effort, the fruit of my thoughts & study to my Parents

(Muhammad Ramzan & Sehnaz), my Brothers (Babar, Jabir, Bilawal and

Tayyab), and to all those who love me for their support and encouragement they

provided me to achieve this goal.

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMAST ANTENNA SYSTEM IN BASE

TRANSMISSION STATION

By

MUHAMMAD SABIR HUSSAIN

September 2012

Chairman: Nasri b. Sulaiman, PhD

Faculty : Engineering

Presently the cellular mobile technology is widely used as the major means of

communication world wide. The day by day increasing demand has resulted in an

incessant growth of traffic in cellular mobile communication system. For the

successful use of cellular mobile technology, the designing in the coverage of

antennas and signal time delay are the major technical challenges. Its difficulty is

further accentuated due to the eternally limited availability of radio spectrum. For

ultra dense urban environments where the cell site antennas are placed well below

the rooftops of surrounding building, some innovative network architectures have

been presented.

This thesis discusses the development of Minimast using the uplink and downlink

performance of the Base Transmission Station (BTS) and air interference of

antenna’s were used to cover the growth of traffic in cellular mobile communication

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system. The height of Minimast antenna was 20m and three antennas erected on it

including one microwave with the frequency range of 2.3-2.4GHz. It was analyzed

to determine the signal flows from BTS to antenna’s and the usefulness of this design

for radio frequency (RF) signals. A Radio Frequency Unit (RFU-C) System was

fixed inside the BTS to connect fibre optic cable, microwave and Minimast design.

The signals travelled from BTS to Minimast to cover the area using RFU-C System.

It is measured that time duration of the signal flow was much lesser (25m) than the

tower or monopole design in addition its comparitively lower cost. The results from

the Minimast design clearly shows that the voltage standing wave ratio value of 1.21

at frequency 2.4 GHz is better than the previous value of voltage standing wave

ratio at frequency 2.4 GHz is 1.08 using tower design. Moreover, Minimast design

has lower height, covers more area of cellular system, less distorted signals and can

be troubleshooted using Handheld 32-bit software.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

PEMBANGUNAN SISTEM ANTENA MINIMAST DI STESEN

PENGHANTARAN BASE

Oleh

MUHAMMAD SABIR HUSSAIN

September 2012

Pengerusi: Nasri b. Sulaiman, PhD

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan

Pada masa ini teknologi mudah alih selular digunakan secara meluas sebagai cara

utama komunikasi di seluruh dunia. Permintaan yang kian meningkat hari demi hari

telah menyebabkan pertumbuhan yang tidak berhenti-henti dalam system lalulintas

komunikasi mudah alih selular. Untuk kegunaan teknologi mudah alih selular yang

berjaya, rekaan dalam liputan antena dan isyarat masa lengah menjadi cabaran

teknikal yang utama. Kesukarannya yang lebih menyerlah dilanjutkan oleh

ketersediaan abadi yang terhad dalam spektrum radio. Bagi persekitaran bandar yang

padat di mana antena tapak sel diletakkan di bawah bumbung sekitar bangunan,

beberapa seni bina rangkaian yang inovatif telah dibentangkan.

Tesis ini membincangkan reka bentuk Minimast menggunakan prestasi sambung

naik dan sambungan turun Stesen Tapak Pemancar (BTS) dan gangguan udara

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antena telah digunakan untuk menampung pertumbuhan trafik dalam sistem

komunikasi mudah alih selular. Ketinggian Minimast antena untuk ketiga-tiga antena

yang didirikan di atasnya adalah 20m, dan ini termasuk satu gelombang mikro

dengan julat frekuensi 2.3-2.4 GHz. Ia telah dianalisis untuk mengetahui aliran

isyarat dari BTS ke antena dan menguji keberkesanan reka bentuk ini dalam

penghantaran isyarat frekuensi radio RF. Sistem Unit Frekuensi Radio (RFU-C)

telah ditetapkan di dalam BTS untuk menyambungkan kabel gentian optik,

gelombang mikro dan reka bentuk Minimast. Isyarat-isyarat dihantar dari BTS ke

Minimast untuk meliputi kawasan dengan menggunakan sistem RFU-C. Ia diukur

untuk tempoh masa di mana aliran isyarat adalah 25m kurang daripada Menara atau

reka bentuk Monopole di samping dengan kos yang lebih rendah. Hasil daripada

reka bentuk Minimast jelas menunjukkan nilai VSWR adalah 1.21 pada frekuensi

2.4 GHz di mana lebih baik daripada nilai sebelumnya iaitu VSWR pada frekuensi

2.4 GHz 1.08 menggunakan reka bentuk menara. Di samping itu, reka bentuk

Minimast mempunyai ketinggian lebih rendah, meliputi kawasan yang lebih dalam

sistem selular, isyaratnya kurang dibenyotkan dan boleh diperbaiki dengan

menggunakan pegangan 32-bit perisian.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, The Most Merciful and Most Benevolent

I am extremely thankful to my supervisor, Dr Nasri b. Sulaiman for his inspiring

encouragement and full support from the initial phase of implementation to

completion and for diligence in reviewing the draft and final copies of the

manuscripts.

I bow my head before Allah Almighty Who blessed me with good health and vision

to accomplish this endeavor. These research investigations were supervised by

Senior Lecturer Dr Nasri b. Sulaiman and Professor Nor Kamariah Binti Noordin . I

wish to express my sincere thanks to worthy members of my supervisory committee

for their consistent guidance, support and encouragement throughout the study

period. Special thanks to the teaching faculty and staff of the faculty who provided

me the advance knowledge and training in related fields. My special thanks are

extended to Mr. Brain Kee, Dr Ammad ud Din, Dr Ng Chee Kyun and Dr

Muhammad Babar Hussain for their encouragement and assistance during this

period. To those individuals and agencies not mentioned, but who in one way or

another contributed in the completion of this research work, thank you for your

cooperation, JAZAKUMULLAH……..

Finally I wish to express my gratitude to my parents for their prayers, love,

continuous support and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge that all these

endeavours and achievements are endowed to my father Muhammad Ramzan, my

mother Sehnaz , brothers, Babar, Jabir, DR Bilawal and especially my Loving

brother Tayyab kaka for their love, patience and understanding they showed

throughout this period.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 24th of September 2012

to conduct the final examination of MUHAMMAD SABIR HUSSAIN on his

Master of Science thesis entitled “Development of Minimast Antenna System in

Base Transmission Station” in accordance with the Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U. (A)

106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the

relevant degree.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Chairman, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Examiner 1, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Examiner 3, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

(External Examiner)

Zulkarnain Zainal , PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of the Universiti Putra Malaysia and has

been accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science.

The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Nasri b. Sulaiman, PhD

Senior Lecturer

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Nor Kamariah Binti Noordin, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citation which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously and is

not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at University Putra Malaysia or

other institutions.

MUHAMMAD SABIR

HUSSAIN

Date: 24 September 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

APPROVAL ix

DECLARATION xi

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Brief Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 4

1.3 Aim and Objective 4

1.4 Scope of Work 4

1.5 Thesis Layout 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Wireless Technology Network 7

2.2 Network Coordination of a Signal 8

2.2.1 Advantages of Network Coordination of a

Signal

9

2.3 Multiple Antenna Network coordination 10

2.3.1 Average Related Power of Antenna 11

2.4 Role of Base Sub Station in Mobile Communication 12

2.4.1 The Base Transmission Station (BTS) 13

2.4.2 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 14

2.5 Protocol Linkage in Antenna and Mobile System 16

2.5.1 MS Protocols 17

2.5.1.1 The MS to BTS Protocols 18

2.5.1.2 BSC Protocols 18

2.5.1.3 MSC Protocols 19

2.6 Antenna Configuration and Alignments 20

2.7 Antenna Signal Analysis and Parameters 22

2.7.1 Antenna Return Loss 22

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2.7.2 Antenna Gain 23

2.7.2.1 Radiation Pattern 24

2.7.2.2 Radiation Angle 24

2.7.2.3 Antenna Coverage 24

2.8 Coverge Area of Signal Flow through Minimast Design 27

2.8.1 Coverage Area of Signal Flow through Tower

/Monopole Design

29

2.9 Comparison between Minimast and Tower Antennas 30

2.10 Radio Frequency Signal Range Analysis 33

2.10.1 Methods of RF Signal range 33

2.11 Minimast Antenna Design and Their Characteristics 34

2.11.1 RF Optical Fibre Analysis 37

2.12 Summary 38

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Experimental Methodology 39

3.2.1 Minimast Development Process 39

3.3 Minimast Antenna Analysis 40

3.3.1 Antenna System Information 41

3.3.1.1 Antenna Alignment for Sector 1 41

3.3.1.2 Antenna Alignment for Sector 2 42

3.3.1.3 Antenna Alignment for Sector 3 43

3.3.1.4 Associated Equipment 43

3.4 Cabling Method 44

3.4.1 Radio Unit (RU) 44

3.5 Microwave Antenna Configuration 45

3.6 Indoor Unit Configuration 45

3.6.1 Power Supply 46

3.7 RRH Configuration with Minimast 46

3.7.1 OFD Box Configuration with Minimast 47

3.8 Minimast Base Station (MBS) 48

3.8.1 Calculation of foundation for Mobile Base

Station

48

3.8.2 RFU –C (RAS) Equipment 51

3.8.3 Cabinet Plinth 52

3.8.4 M&E Installation 53

3.8.5 Equipment Information 53

3.9 Summary 55

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56

4.1 Introduction 56

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4.2 Tower/Monopole Design Experimental Results 56

4.3 Minimast Design Experimental Results 58

4.4 Comparison of Minimast Antenna Design and Tower

Design

61

4.5 3D Transformation of Antenna Signals 63

4.6 Antenna Radiation Simulated Results 64

4.7 Comparison of Antennas Signals 65

4.7.1 Antenna Return Loss (dB) 65

4.7.2 Antenna Gain (dB) 67

4.8 Benchmarking 69

4.9 Summary 70

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 71

5.1 Conclusion 71

5.2 Limitations and Future Work 72

REFERENCES 73

BIODATA OF STUDENT 75

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 76

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

2.1 Minimast vs Tower antenna Technology 32

3.1 Performance and Properties of RFU-C RAS Cabinet of BTS 54

4.1 Performance and Properties of Tower /Monopole 58

4.2 Performance and Properties of Minimast Antennas 60

4.3 Performance and Properties of Minimast Antennas 61

4.4 Antenna Accumulated Return Loss at Different signal Output using Minimast design

66

4.5 Antenna Accumulated Gain (dB) at Different signal Output using Minimast design

69

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

1.1 Minimast Design with RAS Rectifier and Antenna Distribution 3

2.1 Signal Interference Functional Diagram 9

2.2 Current distribution on antenna of length equal to one half

wavelength ( )

11

2.3 GSM BSS Diagram 13

2.4 GSM BTS Diagram 13

2.5 Flow chart of Base transmission station 15

2.6 Flow chart of Layer Protocol of BSS 17

2.7 The schematic diagram of off-axis optical antenna system 21

2.8 Antenna Gain 23

2.9 Antenna Smith Chart 1 25

2.10 Antenna Smith Chart 2 25

2.11 Antenna Smith Chart Resultant 1 26

2.12 Antenna Smith Chart Resultant 2 26

2.13(a) Signal Configuration Analysis 28

2.13(b) Linkage of LOS (Line of Sight) using Minimast 28

2.13(c) Minimast Configuration 29

2.14 Linkage of LOS Using Tower 30

2.15 Tower Analysis 32

2.16 Working Principle of RF Antennas Linkage 34

3.1 Development of Minimast 39

3.2 Architecture of Minimast Antenna 41

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3.3 Antenna Alignment For sector 1 42

3.4 Antenna Alignment For sector 2 42

3.5 Antenna Alignment For sector 3 43

3.6 Cabling Method for Minimast Installation 44

3.7 Alignment of RU 44

3.8 Microwave Installation Device. 45

3.9 IDU Configurations For Minimast Antennas. 46

3.10 RRH configurations for Minimast 47

3.11 OFD Box Configuration for Minimast 48

3.12 Minimast Base Station(MBS) 48

3.13 Hub Site RFU-C (RAS) Block Diagram 52

3.14 BS Cabinet 54

4.1

Measured VSWR of Sector 1 Antenna Signal using

(a)Tower (b) Monopole

57

4.2

Measured VSWR of Minimast Design (a) Sector 1 Antenna (b)

Sector 2 Antenna

60

4.3 Measured VSWR of Sector 1 Antenna for: (a) Minimast Design

(b) Tower Design

62

4.4 Signal Response of Sector 1 Antenna Using Minimast, Tower

and Monopole Design. 63

4.5(a) Sector 1 Antenna Radiation Pattern at 1.900 GHz 64

4.5(b) Sector 1 Antenna Radiation Pattern at 2.400 GHz 65

4.6 Sector 1 Antenna Radiation Return Loss (dB) 66

4.7 Antenna Radiation Gain (dB) for (a) Sector 1

(b) Sector 2 (c) Sector 3

68

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

B Width of Footing

BTS Base Transmission Station

BSS Base Sub Station

BSC Base Station Controller

BTSM Base Transceiver Station Management

c Velocity of Light, c= 3 x 108 (m/s)

CN Core Network

CCDP Co-channel Dual Polarization

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

dB Decibel

f Frequency

HLR Home Location Register

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

L Range

LOS Line of Sight

MBS Minimast Base Station

MGB Minimast Grounding Bar

MS Mobile System

NB Narrow Band

OFD Optical Fibre Distributor

OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access

PSDN Public Switched Telephone Network

QoS Quality of Service

RR Radio Resource management

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RU Radio Unit

RFU Radio Frequency Unit

RAS Radio Access Station

RRH Remote Radio Head

SMS Short Message Service

SDU Surge Device Unit

Td Time Delay

VSWR Voltage Standing Waveform Ratio

VDD Positive Supply Voltage

Vdsat Drain-source Saturation Voltage

VGS Gate-source Voltage

Vth Threshold Voltage

WB Wideband

W/L Aspect Ratio

XPIC Cross Polarization Interference Canceller

LTE Long Term Evolution

LAN Local Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network VOIP Voice over Internet Protocol

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Introduction

Cellular mobile technology is one of the most rapidly developing fields in the past

decades. According to the incessant growth of using mobile and telephone

technology the demand is growing day by day and moves towards a Wimax

technology. In the history of cellular technology records the development of

interconnection between the public switched telephone systems to radio transceivers

technology. Moreover, cellular technology and microprocessor control systems allow

automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data. Due to this

growing demand, extensive research to develop latest and more compact equipment

design are carried out by various organizations and institutions throughout the world

to tackle the requirement needed for a cellular technology, compact, high cost and

vigorous range of frequencies system. A design that has been introduced is Minimast

design that is the most attractive and cheapest solution for that. If deeply noticed

about Minimast in our surroundings, there are a lot of perfect examples. Like the

height of Minimast is twenty five meter shorter than the other design like Tower,

Monopole and Unipole equipment mostly used in industrial and commercial areas.

The pioneer of radio frequency (RF) cellular technology measurement is Reginald

Fessenden's, who imagined the invention and generates the demonstration of radio

telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links.

Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from few telephone companies

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in the 1950s. The history of cellular technology is further divided into more than

three generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark a significant step changes in

capabilities of technology improved over the years. In December 1947 Philip T.

Porter introduced the signal generation system through Tower design and in 1973

Fluhr and Nussbaum introduced a cellular telephone switching plan. By 2009, it had

become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth

of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the

industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the

promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The

first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the Wimax standard

(offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the long term evolution (LTE) standard, first

offered in Scandinavia by Teliasonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed

technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead

employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like

any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet,

local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) networks via voice over

internet protocol (VoIP). For the coverage of the time delay of signal distribution the

design that was introduced is Minimast Design for 4G and further technology for

erection of antennas transmission as shown in Figure 1.1. The height of Minimast

antenna was 20m and three antennas were erected on it including one microwave

with the frequency range of (2.3 – 2.4) GHz.

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Figure 1.1: Minimast Design with RAS Rectifier and Antenna Distribution.

It was analyzed to determine the signal flows from BTS to antennas and the

usefulness of this design to be used for RF signals. A radio access station (RAS)

System that consists of rectifier, circuit breaker and internal device unit IDU, Eternal

processing unit (EPU), Feeder inlet, jumper, adaptor, coaxial cable, lighting arrestor

was fixed inside the BTS to connect through fibre optic cable to the microwave and

Minimast antennas design. Then the signals travelled from BTS to Minimast to cover

the area using RFU-C System. It has been concluded that time duration of the signal

flow was faster than the tower or monopole design in addition to its comparatively

less cost due to less metal used in Minimast development. Moreover Minimast

design has lower height 20m,covers more area of cellular system, less distorted

signals and can be troubleshooted using Handheld 32-bit software.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Linearity of the signals mainly depends on the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

In Minimast technology, the method of choice for achieving high speed and highly

efficient signal transfer is to reduce the distortion of signal, time delay of the signal

that travel through fibre optic with a large range of frequency between 2.3GHz to

2.4GHz.

1.3 Aim and Objective

The aim of this research is to develop a Minimast system with three sectors of

antennas to cover a large area of cellular system with frequency range of (2.3-2.4)

GHz. In order to achieve this aim the objectives of the research are:

To optimize the height of the Minimast.

To optimize the angle of three sectors of antennas.

To optimize the power consumption for base transmission station.

1.4 Scope of Work

There are varieties of methods which can be used to acquire the RF signals. Here the

novel method of Minimast design is used to achieve this objective. The Minimast

design consists of power transmission with three sector antennas, optical fiber

networking, and OFD box for frequency distribution.

1.5 Thesis Layout

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This thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter 1 is the introductory

chapter and it provides basic background of the study, problem statement, objectives,

and scope of the work.

Chapter 2 presents the review and analysis of several previous research works on

mobile technology and different types of design antennas and microwave with tower

and monopole. Moreover, a roughly compare preliminaries of Tower measurement

with the other state of the art measurement principles i.e. radio access station (RAS)

and fibre optic cable circulation. The basic working principles will be discussed, as

well as typical advantages and disadvantages. Since 4G RF technology is proposed

for this work, materials regarding Minimast design are reviewed. At the end of the

Chapter there is an explanation of Minimast comparison.

Chapter 3 presents the methodology and research design to achieve the objectives of

this work is discussed and explained.

Chapter 4, including the detailed discussions on results and findings on voltage

standing wave ratio VSWR analysis. Moreover, there is comparison of Tower,

Monopole and Minimast results are also shown. Each result has its own explanation

and discussion according to the reviews. The results are verified and compared with

previous works. A final discussion is also made to give the final words about the

importance of this work.

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Finally, in Chapter 5 a conclusion for this work is presented. Minimast Design is the

most suitable equipment when to generate a signal through antenna and microwave

due to its high gain, low power consumption and Design simplicity. Contributions

from this work are also stated and ideas for future development of the RF

Technology design are suggested.

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