UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIApsasir.upm.edu.my/50023/1/FK 2014 65RR.pdfUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA SALAH MUAMER ABURAWE FK 2014 65 DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR REAL-TIME LEAKAGE DETECTION

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

SALAH MUAMER ABURAWE

FK 2014 65

DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR REAL-TIME LEAKAGE DETECTION AND LOCATION IN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

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DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR

REAL-TIME LEAKAGE DETECTION AND LOCATION IN

WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

By


Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

March 2014

http://postgrad.studymalaysia.com/where/profile.php?code=UPM

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COPYRIGHT

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos,

icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra

Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within

the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use

of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of

Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR

REAL-TIME LEAKAGE DETECTION AND LOCATION IN

WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

By


March 2014

Chairman: Associate Professor Abdul Rashid Bin Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

Most water utilities worldwide suffer from the problem of water loss which effects

the financial, social and environmental concerns. Leakage in water distribution

networks is a significant issue that costs a lot, which is further complicated by the

problem that the location of the leakage is usually hidden underground. The aim of

this research was to develop a technique for real-time leakage detection and location

in water distribution networks with acceptable accuracy, able to identify its location

in the field quickly, and with reasonable cost thus encouraging its wider application.

Currently acoustic methods are commonly deployed, which requires long time to

perform, in addition to the high-cost resulting from the expensive devices and

expenses of the field survey itself. There are also some analytical methods that rely

on hydraulic analysis concept to detect the leakage. However they are unable to

determine the location of leakage accurately, as they just identify a group of hot spots

that are likely to be the location of leakage, and require to return to the field to find

the location of the leakage. The analytical methods that rely mainly on the hydraulic

modeling of the network have contributed to reducing the time needed to locate the

leakage thus reducing some fraction of the cost. A combination of hydraulic analysis

methods with geospatial technology should provide additional advantages. This

research was conducted to develop an analytical technique to locate the leakage

without the need to conduct a detailed field survey. It was done through a set of

hydraulic analysis scenarios using pressure and flow field data at specific points in

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the network obtained in real-time using SCADA system. The development was

conducted through three main stages. The proposed technique was evaluated

theoretically before conducting any costly practical activity. The practical stage was

accomplished in two phases, the first phase was a laboratory study to identify the

hydraulic behaviour of the network before, during and after the leakage. The second

phase was a field work conducted using a real water network as a case study located

in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. A group of fabricated leaks were placed at

specific locations in the network, and the associated pressure changes at certain

observation points were monitored. A study of the results obtained from the practical

stage using a calibrated model was done in the application and validation stage. A

series of hydraulic analysis scenarios were applied on the hydraulic model in order to

locate the leaks which had been fabricated in the field. It was found that the results

were affected by the level of model calibration, where six leak locations were

detected out of nine leak locations fabricated in the field. This result shows the

possibility of using the developed technique to locate the leak In the case of the

availability of sufficient field data to build a high calibrated hydraulic model.

.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat universiti Putra Malaysia

Sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ljazah Doktor Falsafah

PEMBANGUNAN TEKNIK PENGESANAN KEBOCORAN DAN LOKASI

DALAM MASA NYATA UNTUK RANGKAIAN PENGAGIHAN AIR

Oleh


Mac 2014

Pengerusi: Professor Madya Abdul Rashid Bim Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Banyak syarikat bekalan air dunia menghadapi masalah kehilangan air yang menyebabkan

kerugian kewangan, masalah social dan persekitaran. Kebocoran air di dalam sistem

pengagihan adalah isu serius yang dari segi kos dan lebih merumitkan keadaan apabila

kebanyakan kebocoran terlindung di bawah tanah. Objektif penyelidikan ini adalah untuk

membangunkan pendekatan secara geospatial bagi mengesan kebocoran dan lokasi di

lapangan secara masa nyata di dalam sistem pengagihan air dengan ketepatan yang boleh

diterima pakai dan kos yang murah untuk menggalakkan aplikasi sistem secara menyeluruh.

Pada masa sekarang kaedah akustik digunakan yang memerlukan masa yang lama untuk

dilaksanakan disamping kos yang tinggi ekoran dari penggunaan peralatan yang mahal dan

perbelanjaan untuk kerja-kerja pengukuran di lapangan. Terdapat juga kaedah analitik yang

bergantung kepada konsep analisis hidraulik untuk mengesan kebocoran paip. Walau

bagaimanapun ianya tidak berupaya untuk mengesan dengan tepat lokasi kebocoran di mana

ianya hanya boleh mengesan kawasan panas keberangkalian berlaku kebocoran dan

memerlukan pemeriksaan di lapangan untuk mengesan kebocoran dengan tepat. Kaedah

analitik telah menyumbang kepada pengurangan masa untuk menentukan lokasi kebocoran

yang sedikit sebanyak dapat menjimatkan kos. Kombinasi di antara kaedah analisis hidraulik

dan teknologi geospatial boleh memberikan kelebihan. Penyelidikan ini adalah untuk

membangunkan pendekatan secara analisis geospatial untuk mengesan lokasi kebocoran

tanpa memerlukan kerja-kerja pengukuran tapak yang terperinci. Ianya dilaksanakan dengan

senario analisis hidraulik menggunakan maklumat tekanan dan aliran sebenar pada lokasi

yang spesifik di dalam sistem pengagihan yang boleh didapati secara masa nyata

menggunakan sistem SCADA. Pembangunan telah dilaksanakan melalui tiga peringkat

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utama. tiga peringkat utama. Cadangan pendekatan telah dinilai secara teori sebelum

perlaksanaan secara fizikal. Peringkat praktikal dicapai dalam dua fasa dimana fasa pertama

melibatkan kajian makmal untuk mengenalpasti hidraulik sistem pengagihan sebelum,

semasa dan selepas berlaku kebocoran. Fasa kedua pula melibatkan kerja di lapangan

menggunakan sistem pengagihan yang sebenar iaitu sistem penagihan air di Shah Alam,

Selangor Malaysia. Beberapa kebocoran yang disengajakan dibuat di lokasi yang spesifik

dan perubahan tekanan akibat dari kebocoran yang berlaku direkodkan di lokasi

permerhatian yang tertentu. Satu kajian daripada keputusan yang diperolehi dari peringkat

praktikal menggunakan model ditentukur dilakukan dalam permohonan dan pengesahan

peringkat. Beberapa siri analisis hidraulik digunakan dalam model hidraulik untuk mengesan

lokasi kebocoran yang disengajakan di dalam sistem. Keputusan akhir model mendapati

ianya bergantung kepada tahap kalibrasi model dengan enam lokasi kebocoran dikesan

daripada Sembilan lokasi kebocoran yang disengajakan. Keputusan ini menunjukkan

kemungkinan menggunakan teknik yang dibangunkan untuk mengesan kebocoran Dalam hal

adanya data lapangan yang mencukupi untuk membina model hidraulik ditentukur tinggi.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to:

Faculty of Engineering, UPM

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud

Supervisor in the period from 23/08/2010 to 03/10/2013

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Rashid Shariff

Supervisor in the period from 03/10/2013 till the end of study

Prof. Dr. Noordin Ahmad Supervisory committee member

Prof. Dr. Thamer Ahmad Mahmud Supervisory committee member

Mahkota Research Sdn. Bhd.

Mr. Linganathan Thillainathan Chief Executive Officer

Jalur Cahaya Sdn. Bhd.

Mr. Sheikh Mazlan Bin Sheikh Hassan Chief Operation Officer

Mr. Ahmed Samhan Bin Daud Head, Pressure Management Section.

Mr. Hairi Bin Boeran Head, GIS Section

Mrs. Salwahidayah Usmani Binti Othman Head, Hydraulic Modelling Section

Mr. Roshidi Bin Roslan Executive Manager, Fieldwork Team

Mr. Mohammad Hafezullah Bin Azali NRW Specialist

Mr. Hendra Cipta Bin Ramlan NRW Specialist

Bentley Systems

Mr. Jesse Dringoli Technical Support Analyst

Mr. Akshaya Niraula Engineering Consultant

Mr. Tom Walski Senior Product Manager

Mrs. Angela Suarez Application Engineer

I would also like to express my thanks and appreciation to all who helped and

supported me to complete my PhD, especially my older brother Prof. Mukhtar

Muamer Aburawe, who encouraged me and supported me financially to continue my

study.

http://mail.yahoo.com/

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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 25 March 2014 to conduct the

final examination of Salah Muamer Aburawe on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis

entitled, "Development of A technique for Real-Time Leakage Detection and

Location in Water Distribution Networks", in accordance with the Universities

and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra

Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the

student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy degree.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Desa Ahmad, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Mohd. Amin b. Mohd. Soom, PhD

Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Biswajeet Pradhan, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Md. Abdul Mojid, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Agriculture and Water Management

Bangladesh Agriculture University

(External Examiner)

________________________________

NORITAH OMAR, PhD

Associate Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date: 21 April 2014

http://profile.upm.edu.my/desa/en/profile.html

http://profile.upm.edu.my/aminms/en/profile.html

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Abdul Rashid Bin Mohamed Shariff, PhD

Associate Professor



(Chairman)

Noordin Bin Ahmad, PhD

Professor



(Member)

Thamer Ahmad Mahumd, PhD

Professor



(Member)

________________________________

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date: 21 April 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii

APPROVAL ix

DECLARATION xi

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Research Goal and Objectives 3 1.4 Scope of the Study 3 1.5 Significance of the Study 4 1.6 Thesis Organization 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Background 5 2.2 Non-Revenue Water (NRW) 6

2.2.1 Water Balance 6 2.2.2 Non-revenue Water Components 8 2.2.3 Water Loss Control and Reduction 8 2.2.4 Water Loss in Malaysia 9

2.3 Leakage Management and Control 14 2.3.1 Introduction 14 2.3.2 Leakage Management by District Metered Areas (DMAs) 16 2.3.3 Leakage Management by Managing Pressure 18

2.4 Leakage Detection and Location 19 2.4.1 Definitions 19 2.4.2 Current techniques for leakage detection 20 2.4.3 Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) for Leakage Detection 24

2.5 Hydraulic Modelling 26 2.5.1 Preface 26 2.5.2 Water Distribution System Computer Modelling 26 2.5.3 Computer Network Model 27 2.5.4 Hydraulic Leakage Detection Methods 30 2.5.5 WaterGEMS Hydraulic Modelling Software System 32

2.6 SCADA System 33 2.6.1 SCADA System Functions and Components 33 2.6.2 Leakage Detection Techniques Based on the SCADA

System 34 2.7 Geospatial technology and GIS integration 35

1.7.2 GIS as a base system for integration 35 1.7.1 GIS Integration With Hydraulic Modelling Software 36

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2.7.3 GIS Integration with the SCADA systems 36 2.7.4 GIS based water network monitoring and leakage

detection 36 2.8 Summary 38

3 METHODOLOGY 41

3.1 Introduction 41 3.1.1 Preface 41 3.1.2 Research Principle - Pressure Footprints 42 3.1.3 Systems Used 43

3.2 Theoretical Stage 46 3.2.1 Integration System 46 3.2.2 Theoretical Study 47

3.3 Practical Stage 48 3.3.1 Laboratory Study 48 3.3.2 Field Study and Network Modelling 50

3.4 Leakage Detection and Validation Stage 57 3.4.1 Non Leakage Scenario 57 3.4.2 Leakage Scenarios 57 3.4.3 Leakage Pipe Detection 57 3.4.4 Leakage Node Detection 58

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 59

4.1 The Theoretical Stage 59 4.1.1 Sample Results and Discussion 59

4.2 Practical Stage 67 4.2.1 Laboratory Study Results 67 4.2.2 Field Study Results 70

4.3 Summary and Discussion 104 4.3.1 Technique Principle 104 4.3.2 Technique Procedures 104 4.3.3 Technique effectiveness and Accuracy Requirements 105

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 107

5.1 Summary 107 5.2 Conclusion 107 5.3 Challenges and Limitations 108 5.4 Scientific Contribution 109 5.5 Recommendations 109

REFERENCES 111 APPENDICES 115

I Collecting Field Data, Work Plan Work Activities 115 II Hydraulic Model Building Steps 118 III Billing Data (Selected Monthly Consumption) 122 IV Estimating Node Demands Steps 132 V Estimating Node Elevations Steps 136 VI Model Calibration Steps 138 VII Theoretical Results 148 VIII Laboratory Experiment Results 165 IX Collecting Field Data, Flow and Pressure Readings 182 X Pressure Differences Among Field Data and Modeling Results. 195

BIODATA OF STUDENT 218 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 219

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

‎ 2.1 Water balance according to IWA 7

‎ 2.2 Non-revenue water percentages in Malaysian states (2002) 10

‎ 2.3 Non-revenue water percentages in Malaysian states (2008-2011) 11

‎ 2.4 Non-revenue water percentages in some Asian cities, 2004 12

‎ 2.5 Non-revenue water percentages in some countries, 2004 13

‎ 3.1 Fabricated Leaks 54

‎ 4.1 Theoretical Pressure Results at Five Selected Nodes 60

‎ 4.2 The monitoring nodes that are able to locate the leaks 97

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1.1 Examples of water leakage 1

1.2 The Technique for Real-time Leakage Location 3

2.1 Water burst 5

2.2 An example of typical components of NRW 8

2.3 Non-revenue water percentages in Malaysian States, 2008-2011 11

2.4 Non-revenue water percentages in some Asian cities, 2004 12

2.5 Non-revenue water percentages in some countries, 2004 13

2.6 Division of Distribution Network into DMAs 16

2.7 A Typical 24-Hour DMA Flow Profile 17

2.8 Leakage detection technology timeline 20

2.9 Manual Sounding 21

2.10 Ground Microphones 21

2.11 Leak noise Correlator 21

2.12 Acoustic Loggers 21

2.13 Digital Correlator 21

‎2.14 Tracer Gas Technique 22

‎2.15 Ground Penetrating Radar 22

2.16 Samples of the SCADA Sensors 34

2.17 Samples of the SCADA RTUs 34

3.1 Research Principle 43

3.2 A flowchart showing the Integrated System Units 44

3.3 A flowchart showing leakage detection and location procedures 45

3.4 The Integrated System 46

3.5 Network Sample for Theoretical Study 47

3.6 The designed network model with several leakage locations 49

3.7 A satellite Image of the Study Area 51

3.8 Pressure Monitoring Points (Data Logger Locations) 51

3.9 Measuring pressure before data logger installation 52

3.10 Data loggers installation 53

3.11 Data loggers after installation 53

3.12 Leakage fabricating at day-time and night-time 54

3.13 Locations of the Fabricated Leakage 55

4.1 Selected Nodes and Leakage Locations for Results Presentation 59

4.2 Pressures at Nodes in Different Scenarios 61

4.3 NeTwork Pressure Footprints (NTPFs) 62

4.4 NoDe Pressure Footprints (NDPFs) 63

4.5 Pressure Differences in the Case of Leakage at Node J-10 64




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4.10 Pressure Behaviour with Changes of the Initial Pressure and Leakage Volume @ Leakage Location (01) 67





4.15 Pressure curves (Pressure Footprints) - Low Initial Pressure 69

4.16 Pressure curves (Pressure Footprints) - High Initial Pressure 69

4.17 Flow Readings at DMA Entrance within Field Study Period 70

4.18 Average Flow Pattern during Working Days 71

4.19 Average Flow Pattern during Holidays 71

4.20 Pressure FootPrint (PFP) at Node (J-136) During Weekdays 72







4.27 Average Field Flow Vs Model Flow at P-95 (No Leak Scenario) 75

4.28 Average Field HGL Vs Model HGL at J-136 (No Leak Scenario) 76







4.35 A comparison between field readings and modelling results for both the non-calibrated and calibrated models (Flow at P-95) 80

4.36 A comparison between field readings and modelling results for both the non-calibrated and calibrated models (HGL at J-136) 81

4.37 A comparison between field readings and modelling results for both the non-calibrated and calibrated models (HGL at J-156) 82

4.38 A comparison between the field readings and modelling results for both the non-calibrated and calibrated models (HGL at J-147) 83





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4.43 A comparison between the field readings at leak day and modelling results using the calibrated model (Flow at P-95) 88

4.44 A comparison between the field readings at leak day and modelling results using the calibrated model (HGL at J-136) 89







4.51 A comparison between modelling results in case (no leak) with the modelling results (in case Leak at J-03) (HGL at J-136) 92

4.52 A comparison between the modelling results in case (no leak) with the modelling results (in case Leak at J-03) (HGL at J-156) 93


4.54 A comparison between the modelling results in case (no leak) with modelling results (in case Leak at J-03) (HGL at J-142) 94



‎4.57 A comparison between the modelling results in case (no leak) with the modelling results (in case Leak at J-03) (HGL at J-140) 95

4.58 The monitoring nodes that are able to locate leakage No. (L-01) at J-125 97









4.67 The distance difference between the correct location and the detected location of leakage (L-04) 102



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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC Asbestos Concrete

AWWA American Water Works Association

CAD Computer Aided Design

CIS Customer Information System

DMA District Metered Area

DXF Drawing Exchange File

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

GIS Geospatial Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

HGL Hydraulic Grade Line

ITA Inverse Transient Analysis

IWA International Water Association

MNF Minimum Night Flow

NRW Non Revenue Water

NTPF Network Pressure Footprint

NDPF Node Pressure Footprint

PRV Pressure Reducing Valve

RTU Remote Telemetry Unit

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

WaterGEMS Water Geospatial Engineering Modelling System

WDS Water Distribution System

WHO World Health Organization

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CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Most water utilities worldwide suffer from the problem of water loss causing significant effects not only on operational processes of the water system but also on the financial, social and environmental aspects.

Water losses can be classified to direct losses, which is the physical losses in the water system due to the loss in the amount of treated water because of the leaks in pipes, as well as the damage that may affect the facilities of water system directly, and indirect losses, which appear as economic or commercial losses (Farley et al., 2008; Pilcher et al., 2008).

Figure ‎1.1 Examples of water leakage

There is clearly evident that the problem of water loss is a very complex issue and has impact on water systems. In this regard, it is reported that more than 32 billion cubic meters of water are lost annually worldwide from the distribution networks because of the problem of leakage, while more than 16 billion cubic meters of water are consumed by users, either unmetered or not correctly metered because of theft and robbery (Kingdom et al., 2006).

Therefore, reducing water loss will not only increase the amount of water needed for consumption but also preserve the availability of water and protection from leakage and theft.

Water means money, it is even more valuable than that; it means life itself. So, before searching for new water resources, we should think about preserving what is available right now. Therefore, leakage in water supply networks is the most important threat facing water resources of any country, especially in countries that are already lacking water resources.

The problem of leakage in water distribution networks is a significant issue that costs a lot per year, which further complicates the problem that the location of the leakage is usually hidden underground (Gallet et al., 2012). In order to address this problem, effective techniques must be developed to detect and locate leakages in real-time so as to prevent exacerbation of the

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problem. Developing a method to detect leakages is no longer the main obstacle now as there are many methods and techniques currently available and used to perform the task. The question that arises now is “How‎effective‎are these methods in solving such problem radically?”.

1.2 Problem Statement

The most important characteristics of leakage detection techniques in water systems are ease of application, cost of implementation, as well as accuracy and speed of getting results through them. Some leakage detection techniques rely on hardware and equipment to detect leaks in limited pipes, and this is usually preceded with the use of these techniques with other theoretical and analytical methods to identify some hot spots which are expected to be leakage points (Hunaidi, 2010).

Hence, researchers are still trying to find an analytical method which can be used to detect the exact location of leakage in water distribution networks. What has been reached so far is an estimation of the leakage location with error rate that is possibly related to tens of meters which are sometimes through hot spots (Bentley, 2006). The problem is exacerbated when there are leaks in more than one location in the network at the same time, as well the lack of reliability in demand data as a result of illegal consumption of water (EPA, 2010). Traditional methods of leakage detection in water distribution networks, which mostly rely on acoustic techniques are both time consuming and costly. In addition, their weakness that affects the efficiency in the use of non-metallic pipes has encouraged researchers around the world to develop analytical methods based on the high analytical capabilities of the computer to solve this problem (Puusta et al., 2010).

Based on the above argument, it is concluded that the efficiency of any method is determined by three key factors, which are, accuracy, cost and time. These factors can show the efficiency of the method and its effectiveness in carrying out the task. Therefore, the problem of leakage detection not only lies in finding a method to do that particular task, but an ideal method is characterized by better accuracy to reduce the field work required for repairing as well as reduce the current application cost due to the expenses of field devices, and get a quick alert for the presence of leakage through real-time monitoring.

Since location is the main issue, a combination of hydraulic modeling technology with geospatial techniques help to improve the accuracy and reduce the cost. Adding the SCADA system to the combination allows access to field data in real-time, which contributes to reduce the leakage detection time. Figure 1.2 shows the cycle of targeted leakage detection phases, starting from field data collection phase until maintenance phase.

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Figure ‎1.2 The Technique for Real-time Leakage Location

In this research, an attempt was done to find an analytical technique for leakage detection in water distribution networks, to be systematically developed and validated. Furthermore there are needs to take into consideration the three key factors to ensure access to a perfect solution for aforementioned this problem.

1.3 Research Goal and Objectives

The major goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an analytical technique for real-time leakage detection in water distribution networks for more accurate results and cost saving.

Hence, the specific objectives to achieve the stated goal are as follows:

i. To develop the analytical technique for leakage detection in water distribution networks.

ii. To design the conceptual model of an integrated system that can be used to perform the task of leakage detection.

iii. To validate the developed technique by establishing real field leakage scenarios and comparing between field and simulated pressure values.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to develop an analytical technique to detect leaks in water distribution networks. The research covers conducting laboratory experiment and establishing real field leakage scenarios to verify the designed technique. The research also demonstrates the outlines the integrated geospatial system that can be used for leakage detection based on the designed technique.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is that it will produce an improved technique to detect leaks in water distribution networks, which may contribute to resolve this issue in an effective manner by improving the accuracy, reducing the cost and saving the time required for locating the leakage.

The proposed technique provides the three key factors required for an effective leakage monitoring and detection, while the methods and techniques used at the present time do not meet the three key factors at once, demonstrating failure in their performance, and thus inability to provide an ideal solution to the problem.

1.6 Thesis Organization

The thesis is organized in the following manner. Chapter Two presents a literature review of the five important topics related to the research, namely, non-revenue water, leakage detection and location, hydraulic modelling, SCADA systems for monitoring and controlling and integration of geospatial technology with other related systems.

Chapter Three presents the research methodology and the stages involved in the research work, starting with the development of the target technique for leakage detection and location, proposing an integrated system to perform this technique, and conducting a laboratory experiment and field works to verify and validate the developed technique. This has been done through three main stages: theoretical stage, practical stage, leakage detection and technique validation stage.

Chapter Four discusses the results obtained in the three stages of the research work, together with their comparison and discussion.

Chapter Five is devoted to the conclusions based on the discussion of the results, as well as the recommendations for future research.

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6. REFERENCES

Allen, M., Iqbal, M., Arirangarajan, S., Lim, H. B., and Whattle, A. J. 2011. Real-time in-network distribution system monitoring to improve operational efficiency. Journal – American Water Works Association

Baumberger, L., Hart, V., and Darkwah, S. 2007. Effect of GIS-Based Demand Allocation on Water Distribution System Modeling. Florida Water Resources Journal.

Beck, S., Curren, M., Sims, N., and Stanway, R. 2005. Pipeline Network Features and Leak Detection by Cross-Correlation Analysis of Reflected Waves. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

Bentley. 2004. The Fundamentals of SCADA. Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley. 2006. Bentley WaterGEMS, Water Distribution Modeling and Management.

, Bentley Systems. Burn, S., DeSilva, D., Eiswirth, M., Hunaidi, O., Speers, A., and Thornton, J. 1999.

Pipe Leakage – Future Challenges and Solutions. Pipes Wagga Wagga, Astralia.

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Documents

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIApsasir.upm.edu.my/50023/1/FK 2014 65RR.pdfUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA SALAH MUAMER ABURAWE FK 2014 65 DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR REAL-TIME LEAKAGE DETECTION