UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIARESERVOIR AND GAS LABORATORY(CGE 617)NAME: MUHAMMAD HAFIZSZUL BIN AMIRUSHAM 2013474602 MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN ABD RAWAIDA 2013876478 MUHAMMAD NUR FARHAN BIN ABD MANAN 2013623432EXPERIMENT6:FLUID SATURATION DETERMINATIONDATE PERFORMED:29 MAY 2015SEMESTER:4PROGRAMME/ CODE:EH 243/CGE 617

NoTitle Marks

1Abstract/ Summary

2Introduction

3Aims/ Objectives

4Theory

5Apparatus

6Procedures

7Conclusions

8Recommendations

9References

10Appendices

TOTAL

Remarks:

Checked by:

ABSTRACT:

Water saturation can be determined by many ways.One of the ways is by direct injection of solvent.Besides is centrifuge flushing,gas driven solventextraction dean-stark distillation method.So,in this experiment,we use dean-stark distillation as a method to determined water saturation.This is done by carried out by extracted water by dripping a solvent such as tolune that is vaporized,recondensed in a cooled tube and water is collected in calibration chamber where the solvent is over flow and drip back into the chamber.

INTRODUCTION:

Fluid saturation is define as the amount of the pore volume of a reservoir rock that is filled by water, oil or gas and measured in routine core analysis. This properties also can be expressed in mathematically by the following relationship: Fluid saturation = total volume of the fluid / pore volume

By applying the above mathematical concept it gives: So = volume of oil / pore volumeSg = volume of gas / pore volumeSw = volume of water / pore volume

Where So = oil saturationSg = gas saturationSw = water saturation

The importance of saturation measurements is reflected by the time and effort which has been devoted to gathering them. The most fundamental reservoir parameters which are oil, gas and water content are critical factors in determining how each hydrocarbon reservoir should be developed. Proportion of oil, gas and water is crucial during evaluation of formation. Without it, distribution of fluid cannot be evaluated and no informed decision can be made to develop oil and gas field. Saturation changes are critical to fluid flow and must be monitored carefully in order to optimize reservoir management and delay gas or water coning. Fluid properties around borehole change with time.The Dean-Stark method is commonly used to measure moisture content of items such as bread in the food industry. This equipment can be used in cases other than simple removal of water. One example is the esterification of butanol with acetic acid catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The vapor contains 63% ester, 24% water and 8% alcohol at reflux temperature and the organic layer in the trap contains 86% ester, 11% alcohol and 3% water which is reintroduced. The water layer is 97% pure. Another example is the esterification of benzoic acid and n-butanol where the ester product is trapped and the butanol, immiscible with the ester flows back into the reactor. Removing water in the course of these esterifications shifts the chemical equilibrium in favour of ester formation.

AIM/OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this experiment is to determine the fluid saturation in routine core analysis using rock sample.

THEORY:To determine the saturation of the fluid, there are a few types of method which can be run including, injection of solvent, centrifuges flushing and gas driven solvent extraction. In this experiment, we had used the method of Dean-Stark Distillation, which was an extraction method. It is called also as distilling trap. This apparatus is allowed us to selectively transfer amount of water to another container which allow us to calculate amount of water. This method of determine fluids saturation depends upon the distillation of water fraction and solvent extraction of oil fraction from the sample. Water and solvent are vaporized then re-condensed in a cooled tube in on the top of apparatus and water is collected in calibrated chamber. Oil content is calculated from weight difference and it is important that there was no sand grains are lost from the core. In this experiment we used Dean-Stark Distillation Apparatus for isolating the lower density of solvent in the water. The apparatus include boiling flask, inclined side arm, condenser, trap and beaker. The core to be analyzed is weighed and the measurement will include the weight of the sand grains, as well as the water and oil present in the pore space. Then the sample is placed within a tear in the apparatus, suspended above a flask containing a solvent such as toluene. By the way, toluene which has higher boiling point than water at 110 and the density is 0.87 , can be extracted from the water (boiling point at 100 and density of 1.00). Then amount of water can be calculated. The mixture of the toluene and oil are returned to the solvent flask. The water vaporizes, rises in the condensing tube until it is condensed, and collected back into the calibrated tube. Because it is heavier than the solvent, it collects at the bottom of the tube, where its volume can be measured.

APPARATUS:1) Dean-Stark apparatus2) Rock sample3) Solvent (Toluene)

PROCEDURE:1) A clean dry thimble was weigh.2) Cylindrical core plug was place inside the thimble. The thimble and sample was quickly weighed.3) The extraction flask was filled with toluene. The thimble was place with sample into the neck flask.4) The ground join fitting was tightened and cold water was start circulating in the condenser.5) The heater jacket was turned on and the rate of boiling was adjusted so that the reflux from the condenser is a few drops of solvent per second. The water circulation rate is adjusted so that excessive cooling does not prevent the condenser from reaching the core sample.6) The extraction was continued until the solvent was clear. 7) The volume of collected water was read. The heater was turned off and cooling water and place the sample into the oven until the sample weight does not change. 8) The weight thimble and dry core was obtained.9) The weight loss was calculated.10) The density of separate sample of oil is measured.11) The oil, water and gas saturation was calculated after the pore volume of the sample was determined.

CONCLUSION

There is no conclusion can be made due to the lack of necessary equipment needed to organize full experiment regarding fluid saturation by extraction. However, based on the data reviewed in previously done experiment, the saturation values of oil, gas and water content can be obtained either by using this extraction. Core sample from real time coring can provide best results due to its properties.

RECOMMENDATION:

1. The experiment is repeated twice to get the accurate result2. The sample must be free of air bubbles between the two lacking plugs.3. Avoid the parallax error.

REFERENCE:

1. YouTube, (2015).A Simple Dean-Stark Apparatus Explained. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxA-wwYnNjc [Accessed 8 Jun. 2015].2. James W. Amyx: Petroleum reservoir engineering - Physical Properties, McGraw-Hill,19603. John C. Calhoun,JR: Fundamentals of reservoir engineering, Revised edition copyright 19534. William D. McCain: The properties of Petroleum fluids second edition, Pennwalt books, Oklahoma,1990

APPENDICES: