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University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Self-evaluation report
September 2004
1
INTRODUCTION
The history of Cluj veterinary medical education goes back to the second half of the
XVIIIth century, more precisely to 1785, when under the auspices of Queen Maria Theresa,
was founded in Cluj, the Surgical medical Institute. Within this institution, a chair of
Veterinary Therapy began its activity, to become an essential landmark for the subsequent
development of veterinary medicine in this academic perimeter.
Founded in a difficult period of time, in the 1960s, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
in Cluj-Napoca was supported from the very beginning by remarkable personalities of
Romanian higher veterinary education, trained during an effervescent scientific and cultural
period, between the two world wars. Their contribution was essential to create a working
climate for the development of competitiveness, higher performances and achievement of an
exemplary moral and civic conduct.
The faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj was established in 1962, as a constitutive part
of the Agronomic Institute of that time, and later of the University of Agricultural Sciences
and Veterinary Medicine. From 1962 to 1974, the Veterinary Faculty represented a unit on its
own, while beginning with 1974 and up to 1989 it was integrated in the Faculty of
Zootechnical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. In 1990, it regained its denomination as
“Faculty of Veterinary Medicine”, being the largest of all the faculties of the University.
The Veterinary Faculty of Cluj-Napoca had been authorized at national level. Through
one of the PHARE projects, more precisely RO 00-IB-OT-01/2003, a program on mutual
recognition of veterinary diplomas between France and Romania, the European education-
oriented curricula, concordant with the Directives 78/1026 and 78/1027/EEC had been
adopted.
The material infrastructure, partly present from the beginning and then enlarged,
gradually created the possibility of obtaining good results within the educational process in
theoretical respects, by elaborating lecture notes, treaties, courses and experimental or
practical textbooks. Meanwhile, the results in scientific research were officially recognized
within the country and abroad.
In order to optimize the educational and scientific activities, the faculty has numerous
laboratories, lecture rooms, clinics, a hospital, a pharmacy as well as other units necessary to
integrate the theoretical training with the clinical practice/ experimental training.
2
Between 1996 and 2000, capital renewal operations were performed and buildings VI,
VII and the Faculty Hospital were covered with new roofs. Feasibility studies and a project
were made for a new investment: a new lecture room and its annexes. After 2000, with a
sustained support from the University, the restoration works in the clinics were intensified. In
2002, the Veterinary lecture Room was finished, while the annexes (Secretariat, rooms of the
Faculty council, administrative department of the faculty, a special room for the presentation
of diploma works) were finished in 2003. In 2004, the Emergency Room had been
accomplished.
Furthermore, in order to increase performance levels and the efficacy of the activities
performed, the faculty of veterinary medicine in Cluj established in the last years, stable
relationships of cooperation with various veterinary faculties around Europe, making possible
the membership of EAEVE. Implementing programs supported by the EU for the benefit of
both students and teaching staff, such as scholarships to EU countries and even US, enabled
exchanges and increased mobility.
The curricula for all the years of training had been modified according to the EU
directives, Governmental Decision 125/2003 and EAEVE principles, restructuring analytical
programs of the disciplines to avoid overlaps.
The length of studies in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was of 5 years till, 1990, after that
the curricula being restructured on 6 years of studies, the title awarded after the license exams
being that of “Veterinary Medical Doctor”.
Amongst the important decisions taken by the Faculty management were: introduction
of the European Credit Transfer System (1999), the species oriented clinical activities (2000),
tutorial system of education, introduction of the European oriented curricula, according to the
Directives 78/1026 and 78/1027/EEC (2003). One important change concerning the
organizational structure was that of introducing the four departments that replaced the former
five chairs.
In 2003, the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine has been
evaluated with a positive outcome, by the Association of European Universities, being
considered a success amongst the universities of the same kind in Romania.
Beginning with 2000-2001 academic year, the courses of master training have been
initialized, with several specializations such as: Animal pathology and Public Health,
Surveillance and control of animal products, Clinics and veterinary medical radiology,
Necropsy diagnosis and veterinary laboratory, Animal nutrition and nutritional pathology,
3
Applied veterinary epidemiology, Veterinary dentistry, Veterinary pharmacy, Biotechnology
in reproduction.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine enjoys nowadays the esteem and appreciation at
both national and international levels.
All the above details and the exquisite nature surrounding the Faculty, as well as at
last, but not at least, the specific traits of students’ lives in Cluj, made the Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca a place of great spirit and scientific load
within the Transilvanian geographic area.
4
CHAPTER 1. OBJECTIVES
1. Factual information
Prepare the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine to satisfy the requirements of the EAEVE
evaluation in November 2004;
Cooperation with local and national professional organisms (the College of Romanian
veterinarians, the National Authority for Veterinary Medicine and Food Safety, the General
Association of Romanian veterinarians, Veterinary Faculties) in order to expand the
provisions of Romanian-French PHARE program on the mutual recognition of veterinary
diplomas, for a free movement of professionals within the EU;
Improvement of the ECTS system in our faculty. Improvement of the regulations in
order to allow optimal participation in the ERASMUS/SOCRATES and CEEPUS mobility
programs;
Modernizing the Faculty curricula and contents of the disciplines, courses, seminars
and practicals, in order to respond to the Bologna Declaration (1999) and the Berlin
Conference (2003) on “Creation of an European Area for Higher Education” ;
Strengthening in the Faculty the master training (11 specializations) and frequency
doctorate (14 specializations) and conception in cooperation with the other faculties, the
College of Romanian Veterinarians and the General Association of Romanian veterinarians of
a national offer for life-long learning; initializing the introduction of a post-graduate training
forms such as Internship (1 year) and Residentship (3 years);
Development of the veterinary clinic and Emergency room for pets to meet the
requirements of the European evaluation of the faculty, stressing issues of animal protection
and welfare;
Amplifying the research activities with regard to the integration perspective in the
European Union Scientific Research Area, by choosing subjects of national and international
importance (World Bank, Framework 6 thematic areas); development of the research within
the Faculty by changing the existing research centers in Centers of Excellency; stimulate the
students’ involvement in research activities;
Stimulate the self-improvement of teaching staff; ensurance of an optimal proportion
between senior lecturers, professors and other teaching categories, attracting young teachers
by involvement in frequency doctoral studies;
5
Expanding the existing teaching facilities by continuation of the investments in the
new lecture room and annexes, by building a second floor on the Clinic of Infectious diseases
and garret on the clinics of Reproduction, Surgery and Internal diseases;
Initiation of a new investment for an “Integrated research and teaching basis for food
safety”.
2. Comments
The official list of developmental objectives for the Faculty is being established by the
Dean’s managerial program, improved and subjected to the approval of the Professors’
Council of the Faculty.
Amendments to this list of objectives are being done on yearly basis, upon the
proposal of the Professors’ Council and approved by vote.
Monitoring the developmental objectives is a task of the Commission on the quality
management, during its quarterly reunions, both at Faculty and at University levels, by
comparison planned/achieved activities, resulting from the objectives.
3. Suggestions
The main concern consists of an inappropriate payment system that does not stimulate
the competitive spirit of the teaching staff to better fulfil academic and research tasks.
Financing of the faculty should further be improved, dependent on the costs required
by the field of expertise.
6
CHAPTER 2. ORGANISATION
1. Factual information
Details of the establishment:
Name of the establishment: FACULTATEA DE MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ
CLUJ-NAPOCA
Address: Calea Mănăştur nr.3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
Telephone: +40 264 596384;
Fax: +40 264 593792;
Website: http://www.usamvcluj.ro
Title and name of the head of the establishment:
Prof. Dr.Vasile COZMA, Dean
E-mail: [email protected]
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca is part of University of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine
Address: Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
The leadership of the University:
RECTOR
Prof. Dr. Eng. Liviu MĂRGHITAŞ
VICERECTORS:
Prof. Dr. Ioan GROZA – Education and improvement of the teaching staff
Prof. Dr. Eng. Mihai RUSU – Strategy, development, informatization and
students’ problems
Prof. Dr. Eng. Doru PAMFIL – Scientific Vice-Rector
ADMINISTRATIVE GENERAL DIRECTOR
Economist Viorel PORUŢIU
7
Four faculties compose the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine namely: Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Faculty of Animal
Breeding Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
The University as well as its Faculties is part of the Ministry of Education and
Research.
The administrative structural diagram of the of the Faculty
PROFESSORS’ COUNCIL
The Council’s Board; Honorary members; Associated members
DEAN
VICEDEAN
CHANCELOR
CHAIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENTS
DEPARTMENTS
Preclinical Sciences Animal production
and Food Safety Paraclinical training Clinical training
Disciplines
8
The Faculty Council is composed of 27 members (20 teaching staff and 7 students),
elected by vote at the department level and students’ organizations, respectively. The
representatives of the auxiliary staff and of the trade unions are invited guests at the Council’s
Meetings. Between its meetings, the Professors’ Council accomplishes its tasks by the work
of different Committees, headed by a manager. These Committees are: Professional and
Reform Committee (Prof. Dr. Vasile Cozma), Scientific and Teaching Staff evaluation
Committee (Prof. Dr. Marina Spinu), Institutional and International Relationships’ Committee
(Senior Lecturer Dr. Emil Boldizsar), Deontological Committee (Prof. Dr. Eronim Suteu),
Administrative and Financial Committee (Prof. Dr. Ovidiu Rotaru). The Dean chairs the
Councils’ Meetings.
The organizational structure of the Faculty also comprises Master studies: Animal
pathology and Public Health (Prof. Dr. O. Rotaru), Surveillance and control of animal
products (Prof. Dr. M. Mihaiu), Clinics and veterinary medical radiology (Prof. Dr. I. Papuc),
Necropsy diagnosis and veterinary laboratory (Prof. Dr. Al.I. Baba), Animal nutrition and
nutritional pathology (Senior lect. Dr. G. Giurgiu), Applied veterinary epidemiology (Prof.
Dr. Gh. Rapuntean), Veterinary dentistry (Prof. Dr. A. Muste), Veterinary pharmacy (Senior
lect. Dr. V. Nuielean), Biotechnology in reproduction (Prof. Dr. I. Groza).
The veterinary profession and the general public takes part in the running of the Faculty
by the Honorary Members of the Professors’ Council (field professionals from the country
also members of the College of the Romanian veterinarians and the General veterinary
Association; Honorary doctors of the Faculty as well as distinguished staff members of the
cooperating faculties from abroad are honorary members of the Council: Prof. Dr., Tito
Fernandes, Prof. Dr. Lucilia Ferreira, Prof. Dr. Carlos Martins, Prof. Dr. Cristina Lobo Vilela,
Lisbon, Prof. Dr. Pascal Leroy, Prof. Dr. Bertrand Losson, Liege, Prof. Dr. Winfried
Drochner, Hochenheim, Prof. Dr. Daniel Tainturier, Nantes, Prof. Dr. Jerzy Kita, Warsaw,
DVM Lauers Summer, Denmark; representatives of the local authorities are also associated
members of the Council).
The Dean, Vice-Dean, Chancellor are elected by individual confidential vote of the
members of the General Assembly of the Faculty. The members of the Departments elect the
Heads of the Department by confidential vote.
9
2. Comments
The Faculty Council, through the Dean, leads the activity of the departments and the
other structures.
The Vice-Dean, Prof. Dr. O. Rotaru, coordinates master studies.
Responsible for the scientific research is the Chancellor of the Faculty - Prof. Dr.
Marina Spînu.
The Board of the Faculty is composed by the Dean, Vice-Dean, Chancellor, heads of
the Departments.
The Departments of the Faculty are led as follows: Preclinical Sciences – Prof. Dr.
Aurel Damian; Animal Production and Food Safety–Prof.Dr. Marian Mihaiu; Paraclinical
training – Senior Lect.Dr.Emil Boldizsar; Clinical Sciences – Prof. Dr. Aurel Muste.
The Faculty has 12 members in (10 teaching staff and 2 students) in the University
Senate.
The Faculty representative within the leadership of the University is Prof. Dr. Ioan
Groza, responsible of Education and improvement of the teaching staff.
3. Suggestions
Taking into account the specific traits of the veterinary education, the leadership of the
Faculty militated for a certain degree of autonomy within the University, accomplished at a
quite large extent, in the fields of educational management and scientific research.
In the future, the leadership autonomy at department level will be encouraged.
10
CHAPTER 3. FINANCES
1. Factual information
3.1. Expenditure
All the information regarding expenses refer to year 2003.
The quantum of the expenses is expressed in Euros and national currency – Romanian
Lei (ROL).
Costs of training
The numerator comprises:
a1 – salaries of the teaching personnel – 19,952,700,000 ROL (498,817.5 €)
a2 – salaries of support staff – 4,379,860,000 ROL (109,499.5 €)
b2 – expenditure relating to teaching – 1,009,030,000 ROL (25,225 €)
c1 – equipment relating to teaching– 835,030,000 ROL (20,875.75 €)
ROLCost 590,179,261,164
0835,030,000001,009,030, 0004,379,860, ,00019,952,700
(654.4 €)
Direct cost of the training for a diploma: 157,077,540 ROL (3,926.4 €)
* - the amounts were calculated in Euros based on a mean 40000 ROL / Euro exchange rate
11
Table 3.1.1. Annual expenditure of the establishment
(calendar year 2003)
National currency
(ROL)
Euros
a. Personnel
a1. teaching staff (82%)
a2. support staff (18%)
a3. research staff
Total for a
19,952,700,000
4,379,860,000
204,000,000
25,623,560,000
498,817.50
109,499.50
5,100.00
640,598.00
b. Operatting costs
b1. Utilities
b2. Expenditure relating specifically to
teaching
b3. Expenditure relating specifically to
research
b4. General operations (excluding the
above)
Total for b
4,426,410,000
1,009,000,000
202,000,000
1,089,000,000
6,726,410,000
110,660.25
25,225.00
5,050.00
27,225.00
168,160.00
c. Equipment
c1. teaching
c2. research
c3. general (or common) equipment
Total for c
835,030,000
32,000,000
153,000,000
1,020,030,000
20,875.75
800.00
3,800.00
25,475.75
d. Maintenance of buildings 8,281,000,000 207,025
e. Total expenditure 40,260,000,000 1,006,500.00
Table 3.1.2. Cost of veterinary training
National currency (ROL) Euros
1. Annual direct cost of training a student 26,179,590 654.40
2. Direct cost of training for diploma 157,077,540 3,926.40
3.2. Revenues
All the information regarding incomes refer to calendar year 2003
The quantum of the expenses is expressed in Euros and national currency (ROL)
12
Table 3.2.1. Annual revenues of the established
(Calendar year 2003)
National currency (ROL) Euros
a. revenue from the State or public
authorities
22,632,720,000
565,818
b. revenue from private bodies - -
c. revenue from research 670,500,000 16,762.5
d. revenue earned and retained by the
establishment
7,262,000,000
181,550
d1. registration fees from students 7,150,000,000 178,750
d2. revenue from continuing
education
1,607,264,000 40,181.6
d3. revenue from clinical
activities
38,000,000
950.00
d4. revenue from diagnostic
activities
74,000,000
1,850.00
e. revenue from other sources
world bank
Biotech
Other sources
8,057,518,000
5,200,000,000
2,000,000,000
1,057,518,000
201,437.9
130,000
50,000
21,437.9
f. total revenue from all sources 40,260,000,000 1,006,500.00
Table 3.2.2. Changes in public funding (in Euros)
Year 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Revenue 586,926 565,818 520,648 496,520 465,365
The income obtained by the activity of clinics, analyses for different beneficiaries
(farms, processing units for animal products, veterinary practitioners) remain at the disposal
of the Faculty, in a proportion of 70%. The University of Agricultural Sciences and veterinary
Medicine, in its quality of general administrator perceives 30%, redistributed according to
necessities, to the entire University.
The Faculty, in its turn, out of the income it obtains, distributes 5 to 60% directly to
those who bring this income (clinics, laboratories), the rest being redistributed within the
Faculty.
Concerning the budget funds, the Ministry of Education and Research allocates these
to the University. The University redistributes these funds to each Faculty dependant on the
number of budgeted students, enrolled in each accredited training form. Out of these funds,
the University retains 25%to organize the activities at academic level, for the benefit of all
faculties.
13
The budgetary fund allocated to veterinary training is higher in comparison with the
other forms of training within the University. This is the consequence of a legal provision
concerning education, stating each student within the higher medical training benefits of a
coefficient of 1.9 compared with 1.65 calculated for the other forms of training.
Concordant with the Law for Higher Education, The Statute of Teaching staff and the
financial statements in the University Chart, in our University there are two financially
functional compartments. On one hand, there are the funds that come from the Ministry of
Education and Research to support salaries, the educational process and investments and on
the other, the funds attracted by the University and the faculties, representing extra-budgetary
funds, used at the level of the “producers” in 70%.
Each year, the University jointly with the faculties, establishes the investment plan, the
funds for general and current repair, as well as fund for equipment acquisition, constituting
the necessary financial sources.
All the decisions regarding the setting up and use of funds are initiated at faculty level,
but final decisions and consumption of the funds are finalized at University level with the
Senate approval.
To meet the requirements of the labor market, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
offered, beginning with the academic year 1998-1999, places for the fee paying students in all
the training forms (long term, short term, distance learning). For this form of frequency, the
students pay the tax in ROL, by two or three installments.
In 2003, the fee for one year was of 500 Euro, paid as its equivalent in lei, at the
payment day’s exchange rate.
According to the legal provisions in force, during the training process, all the student,
independently on the training form they attend, have to pay, following the Senate’s decision,
fees for the following:
Enrolment fee 200,000 ROL
Re-enrolment fee 4,000,000 ROL
Re-examination fee 1,000,000 ROL
The funds consisting of these fees are being used according to the decisions, 70% by
the Faculty and 30% by the University.
14
2. Comments
The financial sources attracted by the Faculty stay in its use only partially, since the
University perceives between 25 and 30%, the Faculty being left with 70 to 75%, trying to
support from these salaries, payment per hour taught (whether the case) and expenses due to
the teaching process.
It has to be mentioned that the veterinary training, by its specific traits, requires
substantial financial resources, because the financial support for hospital activities and clinical
training is considered to be up to 50-100 million lei (1250-2000 Euros) / month including
maintenance and treatment expenses for the animals.
This financial effort is being compensated in a proportion of only 50% from income
obtained by clinical examination fees, treatments and analyses for external beneficiaries.
The financial efforts of the Faculty above the budgeted funds are also being partly
compensated by the fee supported training. This form of training is limited, for the material
resources of young candidates are also limited, compared to the real costs of veterinary
training.
The number one priority for the use of increased funding would be institutional
development and improved of training quality.
3. Suggestions
The civil society of Romania, through its organisms in charge, should move on for a
realistic evaluation of medical training costs in general and veterinary medical training in
particular, and proceed to an equitable allocation of financial resources.
15
CHAPTER 4. CURRICULUM
1. Factual information
At national level there is a curriculum which applies to the veterinary higher
education. Within the PHARE RO-00/OT-01 programs, ”Mutual recognition of diplomas for
professional purposes”, on the occasion of the working groups’ reunion (12 veterinarians), an
analysis of the curriculum was accomplished. The frame program has been worked out by the
Ministry of Education and research, with the direct participation of the deans of all the
faculties of veterinary medicine in the country. Decisions concerning the changes in the
national curricula are made when a consensus has been reached.
The education programs are based on the UE Directives 1026/78 as well as
Governmental Decision 1477/2003, which approve the minimum compulsory criteria for
authorization and accreditation of higher education institutions within the medical, dentistry,
pharmacy, veterinary medical and architecture fields.
The faculty is free to modify around 20% of the frame programs, choosing the
solutions that correspond the best to its demands, with regard to local requests, material base,
teaching staff’s competence.
At faculty level, decisions concerning the curriculum and the content of the courses
are based on the professional commission’s proposals, which are approved by the Professors’
Council. The curricula are applied starting with the university year 2003/2004.
Decisions regarding the number of hours per discipline and the balance between
theoretical and practical training, are taken after consulting the professors, and are afterwards
approved by the Faculty Council and by the Senate.
The ratio of theoretical/practical training is 35% / 65%.
16
4.1. Curriculum followed by all students
Table 4.1.1: General table of curriculum hours taken by all students
Hours of training
Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
First
year 294/year 336/year 28/year -
148/year practical
probation + sport 806/year
Second
year 308/year 420/year 14/year -
120/year practical
probation 862/year
Third
year 322/year 322/year 56/year -
120/year practical
probation 820/year
Fouth
year 364/year 266/year - 182/year
120/year practical
probation 932/year
Fifth
year 308/year 84/year - 280/year
120/year practical
probation 792/year
Sixth
year 140/year 56/year 42/year 308/year
224/year practical
probation +
diploma work
770/year
Total 1736 1484 140 770 852 4982
Total hours in compulsory disciplines: 4982
Total hours in elective disciplines: 238
Total number of hours attended by all students: 5220
* Note: To the total number of hours attended by all students, 280 hours of optional
disciplines might be added.
17
Table 4.1.2: Yearly curriculum studies
First year, 2 semesters, 14 weeks each
Compulsory disciplines
Subject
Hours of training
Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Animal biology and
ecology 28 28 - - - 56
Vegetal biology 14 28 - - - 42
Biophysics 28 28 - - - 56
Anatomy 56 70 - - - 126
Chemistry/
Biochemistry 56 84 - - - 140
Cell biology,
histology,
embryology
28 42 - - - 70
Biomathematics,
computer science 28 - 14 - - 42
Genetics 28 28 - - - 56
Nutrition, agronomy,
control of fodder
quality
28 28 - - - 56
Techniques and
methods of
documentation
- - 14 - - 14
Sports - - - - 28 28
Practical probation - - - - 120 120
Total 294 336 28 - 148 806
18
Second year, 2 semesters, 14 weeks each
Compulsory disciplines
Subject Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Anatomy 28 84 - - - 112
Physiology 56 84 - - - 140
Cell biology,
histology, embryology 28 42 - - - 70
Biochemistry/Molecul
ar biology 14 28 - - - 42
Animal breeding 28 28 - - - 56
Animal production
systems 28 42 - - - 70
Nutrition, agronomy,
control of fodder
quality
28 14 - - - 42
Microbiology 56 56 - - - 112
Hygiene and
environment
protection
42 42 - - - 84
Ethology - - 14 - - 14
Practical probation - - - - 120 120
Total 308 420 14 - 120 862
Third year, 2 semesters, 14 weeks each
Compulsory disciplines
Subject Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Animal protection and
welfare 14 - 14 - - 28
Epidemiology 14 - 14 - - 28
Immunology 28 28 - - - 56
Parasitology 28 28 - - - 56
Pharmacology and
pharmacy 56 56 - - - 112
Pathological anatomy 56 84 - - - 140
Physiopathology 42 42 - - - 84
Anesthetics and
surgical propedeutics 14 28 - - - 42
Semiology and
medical imaging 56 56 - - - 112
Animal production
systems 14 - 28 - - 42
Practical probation - - - - 120 120
Total 322 322 56 - 120 820
19
Fouth year, 2 semesters, 14 weeks each
Compulsory disciplines
Subject Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Parasitology and
parasitic diseases 42 70 - - - 112
Anesthetics and
surgical propedeutics 28 - - 28 - 56
Pathology and internal
diseseas 56 - - 70 - 126
Pathology and surgical
clinic 28 - - 42 - 70
Infectious diseases and
preventive medicine 56 70 - - - 126
Reproduction,
obstetrics and
reproductive
pathology
56 28 - 42 - 126
Hygiene, food quality
and technology 56 56 - - - 112
Toxicology 42 42 - - - 84
Practical probation - - - - 120 120
Total 364 266 - 182 120 932
Fifth year, 2 semesters, 14 weeks each
Compulsory disciplines
Subject Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Pathology and internal
diseases 56 - - 70 - 126
Pathology and surgical
clinic 56 - - 56 - 112
Infectious diseases and
preventive medicine 56 - - 56 - 112
Reproductive
pathology 56 - - 70 - 126
Veterinary
dermatology 28 - - 28 - 56
Food inspection, foods
of animal origin 56 84 - - - 140
Practical probation - - - - 120 120
Total 308 84 - 280 120 792
20
Sixth year, 2 semesters, first semester 14 weeks, second semester 7 weeks
Compulsory disciplines
Subject Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Legislation and
deontology 28 - 14 - - 42
Veterinary
management and rural
economics
14 - 28 - - 42
Necropsy diagnosis
and forensics 14 56 - - - 70
Large and small
ruminants clinic 14 - - 70 - 84
Equine clinic 14 - - 56 - 70
Companion animals’
clinic 14 - - 56 - 70
Swine clinic 14 - - 42 - 56
Poultry clinic 14 - - 42 - 56
Nutrition and
metabolic diseases 14 - - 28 - 42
Practical work in
breeding units, animal
slaughter procedures
and animal products
processing
- - - 14 14 28
Practical work in
veterinary units - - - - 120 120
Drawing up the
diploma paper - - - - 90 90
Total 140 56 42 308 224 770
21
Table 4.1.3: Curriculum hours in EU-listed subjects taken by every student
Subjects Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
A. Basic subjects
Anatomy (incl. Histology and
embryology) 140 238 - - - 378
Biochemistry and molecular
biology 42 70 - - - 112
Biology (incl. cell biology) 42 56 - - - 98
Biophysics 28 28 - - - 56
Biostatistics 28 - 14 - - 42
Chemistry 28 42 - - - 70
Epidemiology 14 - 14 - - 28
Genetics 28 28 - - - 56
Immunology 28 28 - - - 56
Microbiology 56 56 - - - 112
Parasitology 70 98 - - - 224
Pathological anatomy
(macroscopic and
microscopic)
70 126 - - - 196
Pharmacy 28 28 - - - 56
Pharmacology 28 28 - - - 56
Physiology 56 84 - - - 140
Physiopathology 42 42 - - - 84
Scientific and technical
information and
documentation methods
- - 14 - - 14
Toxicology (incl.
environmental pollution) 42 42 - - - 84
B. Animal Production
Agronomy 14 14 - - - 28
Animal behavior (incl.
behavioral disorders) 14 14 - - - 28
Animal husbandry (incl.
livestock production systems) 70 70 28 - - 168
Animal nutrition and feeding 42 28 - - - 70
Animal protection and
welfare 14 - 14 - - 28
Environmental protection 42 42 - - - 84
Preventive veterinary
medicine (incl. health
monitoring programmes)
84 42 - 56 - 182
Reproduction (incl. artificial
breeding methods) 28 28 - - - 56
Rural economics 7 - 7 - - 14
22
C. Clinical subjects
Anesthetics 28 - - 28 - 56
Clinical examination and
diagnosis and laboratory
diagnostic methods
42 56 - - - 98
Clinical medicine 70 - - 266 - 336
Diagnostic imaging 28 28 - - - 56
Obstetrics 28 - - 42 - 70
Reproductive disorders 56 - - 70 - 126
State veterinary medicine,
zoonoses, public health and
forensic medicine
28 - - 28 - 56
Surgery 98 - - 126 - 224
Therapeutics 112 - - 140 - 252
D. Food Hygiene
Certification of food
production units 14 28 - - - 42
Food certification 14 14 - - - 28
Food hygiene and food
quality (incl. legislation) 28 28 - - - 56
Food inspection, particularly
food of animal origin) 28 42 - - - 70
Food science and technology 28 28 - - - 56
E. Professional knowledge
Practice management 7 - 21 - - 28
Professional ethics 14 - - - - 14
Veterinary certification and
report writing - - 14 - - 14
Veterinary legislation 14 - 14 - - 28
Total 1708 1484 140 744 - 4074
Table 4.1.4: Curriculum hours in other subjects taken by every student
Hours in course
Subjects Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Sports - - - - 28 28
Veterinary dermatology 28 - - 28 - 56
Practical probation - - - - 824 -
Total 28 - - 28 852 908
23
4.2. Elective subjects
They are chosen in the beginning of every academic year. The discipline becomes
obligatory once chosen.
A student has to attend the lectures of an elective discipline each year. The total
number of hours, in six years, is 238.
Table 4.2: Courses organized as elective subjects
Hours in course
Courses
within
elective
Lectures Practical
work
Supervised
work
Clinical
work Other Total
Elective
track 1
- English 28 28 - French 28
-German 28
Elective
track 2
- Clinical
laboratory 14 28
42 - Veterinary
mycology 14 28
Elective
track 3 (III rd
year)
- Cell
pathology and
comparative
oncology.
14 28
42 - Laboratory
animal
Biology,
breeding and
pathology
14 28
Elective
track 4 (IV th
year)
- Breeding and
pathology of
game and
exotic animals
14 28
42
- Veterinary
orthopedics 14 28
Elective
track 5
(V th
year)
- Safety of bee
and fish
products
14 28
42 - Radiology
and
radioprotection
14 28
Elective
track 6
(VI th
year)
- Functional
foods 14 28
42 -
Biotechniques
in
reproduction
14 28
Total 70 84 84 238
24
4.3. Optional subjects
Students can choose some of these disciplines.
Table 4.3: Optional subjects in the veterinary curriculum
No. Discipline
Year of
study Lectures
Practi-
cal
work
Super-
vised
work
Clinical
work
Oth
er
To-
tal
1. History of veterinary
medicine
I 28 28
2. Romanian language,
culture and civilization
I 14 14 28
3. Applied Modern
Languages
II 28 28
4. Sports II 28 28
5. Pet Breeding III 14 28 42
6. Experimental surgery V 14 28 42
7. Driving V 14 28 42
8. Project management VI 14 28 42
Total 98 28 126 28 280
4.4. Obligatory extramural work
These training sessions are part of the curriculum, and take place at the end of the
university year (years I-VI), as it can be seen in the table below
25
Table 4.4: Obligatory extramural work that students must undertake as part of their course
Type of practical work Minimum period Year of the course in which
work is carried out
Initiation in animal breeding and
exploitation; knowledge of
general sanitary veterinary
activities
120 hours = 4 weeks I
Knowledge of animal breeding
technologies and of general
preventive veterinary activities
120 hours = 4 weeks II
Specialty practical probation
period in accordance with the
activity programmes of the Cluj
county Veterinary Direction and
of the sanitary veterinary and
food security units
120 hours = 4 weeks III
Specialty practical probation
period the Cluj county
Veterinary Direction, in
zootechnical units and in food
industry units
120 hours = 4 weeks IV
Individual in the speciality
practical work in zootechnical
units, regional and local
veterinary institutions, food
industry units.
120 hours = 4 weeks V
Practical work related to the
diploma paper 120 hours = 4 weeks VI
Total 810 hours
4.5. Ratios
89.1
1
3414
1806
1683246
701736
trainingclinicalandPractical
traininglTheoretica
85.2
1
3866
1354
3866
584770
trainingpractical and lTheoretica
trainingClinical
Note: The practical work in the third and fourth year is included in the clinic.
26
4.6. Other information about the curriculum
The curriculum worked out means to provide students with adequate knowledge
regarding:
- the anatomy and physiology of healthy animals, their rearing reproduction hygiene and
fodder, as well as the technology of producing and preserving fodder
- the diagnosis and the treatment of animal diseases and specific knowledge on diseases
transmitted to man
- the hygiene and the technology of obtaining, producing and marketing animal products
- the adequate knowledge on legislative and administrative stipulations
- the adequate clinical and practical probation
The lectures are facultative in every discipline but the practical work is obligatory.
There are a few ways to verify the presence: roll-call and marking down absent or present,
discussion of group projects, surprise signed test papers.
A. Basic subjects
1. Anatomy (including Histology and Embryology)
In the curriculum two separate disciplines are set out: Anatomy of domestic animals (4
terms) and Cell biology, histology and embryology (two terms).
The Anatomy of domestic animals deals with the macroscopic morphology of each
apparatus and system and with the topographical anatomy. Each chapter presents general data
and characteristics of the species (equine, ruminants, swine, carnivores, rabbits and rodents,
poultry). The practical work aims at creating skills for the individual and group study, the
students have to examine bones, casts, corps, preserved pieces.
Cell biology, histology and embryology (microscopic and inframicroscopic anatomy)
study the normal morphological aspects of cells and tissues, as well as the embryonic
development of domestic animals. Through practical work, the discipline contributes to
forming the practical skills required for the application of histological techniques and to the
increase of knowledge necessary to a correct interpretation of histological aspects.
2. Biochemistry and Molecular biology
The discipline is taught in two terms (2 and 3) and deals with: elements of molecular
and macromolecular structure of animal organism, large classes of metabolites and enzymes,
vitamins, biochemistry of metabolic processes, principles of molecular pathology.
27
3. Biology (including Cell biology)
The Cell biology represents a part of the embryology (see 1. Anatomy). Elements of
biology are to be found in the disciplines: animal biology and ecology (the first term) in
which the rudiments of General ecology and bioecology of the main classes of living beings
are taught. The course deals with: the systemic structure of living matter, the ecological
factors and their influence on organisms, supraindividual biosystems. The practical work
deepens elements of bioecology of some classes of living beings. The Vegetal biology (1st
term) completes the knowledge in the field of biology.
4. Biophysics
For one term biophysics presents the notions necessary to the understanding of the
physical structure, physical features of living matter and of biological systems, of physical
processes and phenomena which form the base of the biological processes, of techniques and
physical methods of living organisms study. The practical work represents applications in
veterinary medicine.
5. Biostatistics
This is denominated as biomathematics and computer science (1st term) and aims at
acquiring the rudiments of working on a computer and of using statistics.
6. Chemistry
Bio-chemistry is studied in the first term. Main organic and non-organic elements are
taught, especially classes of biomolecules that have a structural role: proteins, glucides,
lipides.
7. Epidemiology
This deals with the basic notions of general epidemiology and epidemiology of
diseases transmitted to animals, caused by infectious and parasitic agents.
8. Genetics
This is also taught in the first term and presents basic elements of genetics
(cytogenetics, heredity laws, genetic determinism, genetic biotechnology, population genetics,
quantitative genetics, eredopathology), some elements of biostatistics being also used.
28
9. Immunology
This discipline deals with the origin and classification of immunological phenomena
(tumoral, cell), dynamics of immunogenesis phenomena and of immune response
(primary/secondary), notions of specific and non-specific immunostimulation and
immunopathology. Within the practical work the principles of immunologic diagnosis and
methods of distinguishing are presented.
10. Microbiology
During two terms, this discipline aims at teaching cell and special microbiology,
especially taxonomy elements necessary to identifying various species (bacteria, viruses,
microscopic funguses). Some laboratory techniques (general, special) are presented within the
practical work.
11. Parasitology
Parasitic diseases (3 terms) studies general parasitology notions, immunology in
parasitic diseases. Within the practical work, diagnostic techniques used in parasitic diseases
and clinical diagnosis are applied, together with examining the parasites’ morphology in order
to identify them.
12. Pathological anatomy
Pathological anatomy (2 terms) deals with notions necessary in order to understand the
general pathological processes (general pathological anatomy), the pathogenetic mechanism
of lesions (in organs and tissues) and diseases, as well as the macroscopic and microscopic
aspects of the lesions. Many fresh or preserved preparations (which present lesions) and some
cyto and histopathology are presented.
13. Pharmacy
The discipline describes medicinal forms and galenic preparations, control methods of
pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical legislation and vigilance. The practical activities consist in
presenting and prescribing medicinal substances (term 5).
29
14. Pharmacology
The Pharmacology (term 6) deals with notions of general and special pharmacology.
The activities consist in presenting and prescribing medicinal substances.
15. Physiology
This discipline (2 terms) offers the necessary knowledge for the understanding of
functional processes from the animal organism (physiology of internal medium, of
cardiovascular apparatus, of respiration, of digestion, of excretion and reproduction, of
nervous and endocrine system etc.) for the understanding of functional integrity relations
between all structures and of interrelations of the organism with the environment. Through
practical work, the functional properties of organic systems are rendered evident.
16. Physiopathology (fifth term)
It ensures the understanding of mechanisms that influence the initiation and
development of diseases (fever, shock, normal and pathological reactivity of organism) and
represents the functional alterations of different systems in pathological status. The practical
activities complete the theoretical notions.
17. Methods of scientific and technical documentation
The discipline is taught in the second term of the first year. Its aim is to lay the
scientific foundations by using documentation methods, birotics and internet navigation.
18. Toxicology (including environmental pollution)
This discipline deals with: physiopathology, specific and nonspecific therapy of
intoxications, the diagnosis and treatment of the main syndromes, the prophylaxis of
intoxication and the main mycotoxicoses. The intoxication with different groups of organic
and inorganic substances is amply presented (theoretically and practically). One chapter refers
to environmental and industrial pollution and to the diseases caused by this.
In addition to this, a series of matters regarding the environmental pollution (atmospheric
pollution, soils and water pollution) are dealt with at the discipline “Environmental hygiene
and protection” (term 3).
30
B. Animal production
1. Agronomy
It is a distinct part of the Nutrition, nourishment, fodders quality control, agronomy
discipline. There are presented basic elements for knowledge and technologies of plants’
cultivation.
2. Animals behavior (including pathological behaviors)
It can be found in the etology curriculum (the 4th
semester). It approaches the
behavioral physiological basis, the behavioral systems and the importance of knowing the
behavioral types.
3. Animal breeding (including the production systems for the farm animals)
Found as two disciplines: the animal breeding and animal production systems.
The animal breeding – follows the supply of notions concerning: the animal external
analytical exam, taxonomic criteria, improvement and selection. The practicalc deal methods
of inhabitant characterization series, the ‘t’ test, the pedigree establishment and the appraisal
of the improvement value.
The animal production systems – offers information about: the morphological and
productive characteristic features of some breeds from different species, the growing
technologies, the productive performances’ improvement methods in correlation with the
results obtained internationaly. The pets growth (an optional discipline) completes the data
about pets.
4. The animal nourishing and feeding
The discipline is called Nutrition, fodders sanitary-veterinary control and agronomy
and it assures the theoretical and practical knowledge about the rational feeding of domestic
animals (the appraisal of the fodder nourishing value, the animal s’ requirements, the varied
feeding of species and animal cathegories) and the veterinary control of fodders.
5. The animal protection and welfare
It is taught to the students in the 5th
semester. Notions on bodily and preventive
hygiene are being presented. The animal welfare corresponds to the chapter: „Special hygiene
requirements and measures in the animal breeding and exploitation”.
31
6. The environment protection
The discipline is found in Veterinary hygiene and environment protection. There are
presented notions about the environment hygiene (water, air, earth, shelter hygiene), elements
of water and pasture protection.
7. Preventive veterinary medicine (including health pursuit programs)
It can be found in the Infectious diseases and preventive medicine disciplines. General
and specific measures for control of animal diseases and the zoonoses prevention.
8. Reproduction (including artificial insemination)
It can be found in the Reproduction and reproduction pathology discipline at which
can be added Reproductive biotechnologies (elective descipline).
The reproduction treats the reproductive morphology and phisiology of different
animal species. Clasical and modern reproductive biotechnologies are presented.
9. Rural economy
It is taught as part of the Veterinay management and rural economy discipline.
C. Clinical subjects
1. Anaesthology
It is taught as part of the Anaesthology and surgery propaedeutics discipline.
2. Clinical control and diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis methods
It can mostly be found in the curriculum of Semiology and medical imagistic and
nutritional and metabolic diseases. Its object consists of knowing and using the animal clinical
examination methods and of defining, classifying and characterizing the main semiological
notions. The checks, clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis elements are being learned in all
clinical subjects (Internal medicine and clinics, Surgical pathology and clinics, Cell pathology
and comparative oncology) and in basis disciplines (like Microbiology, Biochemistry,
Pathological anatomy, Physiopathology, Parasitology and parasitic diseases, Toxicology and
intoxications).
32
3. Internal medicine
There are obviated the disciplines: Pathology and internal medicine clinics and
Nutritional and metabolic diseases. The disciplines approach apparatus and systems diseases
of different species. It follows the clinical investigation, the direct clinical exam, the
paraclinical investigation, the diagnosis and forecast establishment and also the treatment and
prophylaxis of some internal diseases. The diseases that involve metabolic disturbance or
defficiency diseases are treated separately.
4. Imaging diagnosis
Knowledge of radio diagnosis, radio therapy, radio intoxication, radio protection are
being teached as part as the Semiology and medical imaging discipline, as well as the
Radiology and radio protection discipline (optional – the 9th
semester). The ecographic
diagnosis is being done and taught within the Reproduction and reproduction pathology and
Internal medicine clinics.
5. Obstetrics
It is part of the Reproduction, obstetrics and reproductive pathology discipline (the 8th
semester). The chapters concerning obstetrics approach the problems (diagnosis, treatment)
about pregnancy, birth and puerperal period of different animal species.
6. Reproduction disturbances
It can be found in the Reproductive pathology discipline (two semesters: the 8th
and
the 9th
). Infertility, sterility, andrology, udder pathology are presented.
7. State veterinary medicine, zoonoses, public health and legal medicine
Zoonoses are being taught at the following disciplines: Infectious diseases and
preventive medicine and Exotic and game animal’s breeding and pathology (elective
discipline) parasitology and parasitic diseases, being presented the diseases and their impact
on humans. Notions of forensic medicine are found in a chapter of the Necropsic diagnosis,
where there are taught legal previsions concerning the diseases produced by bacteria, viruses,
prions, etc. and their impact on the public health.
33
8. Surgery
In the teaching the Pathology and surgical clinics are extended on three semesters. The
discipline treats the basic surgical techniques and diagnosis of surgical diseases in different
animal species.
9. Therapeutics
Therapy elements are included in the basic and clinical disciplines (Surgical pathology
and clinics, Surgical propaedeutics and techniques, Internal pathology and clinics, Nutritional
and metabolic diseases, Reproduction and reproductive pathology, Infectious diseases,
Parasitic diseases, Dermatology, Cell pathology and comparative oncology, Exotic pathology,
Toxicology and intoxications, Pharmacology).
D. Food hygiene
1. The food production units approval
This is a part of the discipline: Products and animal origin food inspection and control,
in the chapter that treats the hygienic previsions on position, endowment and operating
procedures processing, consumption and animal origin products’ control units.
2. Food certification
It is part of the discipline: Animal products and animal origin food inspection and
control. Students learn about the certification of products legal previsions and penalties on the
slaughtering and food processing units, also the settlements concerning food circulation and
marketing.
3. Food hygiene and quality (including Legislation)
In the teaching plan it can be found the in Food hygiene, quality and technology. This
includes the study of conditions, previsions and hygienic, technological and qualitative
settlements on products and animal origin food categories. All the stages are covered, from
the primary production to processing, packing, storing, transportation, marketing.
4. Food inspection, particularly the animal origin food
Elements of animal origin food inspection are studied as part of the Products and
animal origin food inspection and control discipline.
34
Meat and meat products, milk and milk products, eggs and egg products, honey, fish
and other aquaculture products are studied
The optional discipline The security of bee and fish products (the 9th
semester) can be
added.
5. Food science and technology
Elements of animal origin food technology are being studied as part of the Food
hygiene, quality and technology. In addition, this field is covered by the optional discipline –
Functional food (the 11th
semester).
E. Professional knowledge
1. Practical management
It can be found as chapters in the discipline: Veterinary management and rural
economy.
2. Professional ethics
It is part of the discipline: Legislation and deontology (one semester) in the chapter:
Veterinary medical deontology.
3. Veterinary certification
Data concerning the veterinary certification and report writing are partially taught in
the Legislation and deontology discipline within practical activities.
4. Veterinary legislation
Legislation and deontology (one semester) presents the general legislative process
notions of general theory of law, national and international regulation concerning the animals’
and animal products’ circulation and the legislation about the veterinary medicine practice.
The veterinary previsions concerning the animal origin food control are presented in
the Food hygiene, quality and technology.
35
4.7: Specific information on the practical clinic training
* Clinic shifts are mandatory and represent an essential part of practical training of all
students from terminal years (V and VI).
This practical clinical training is being done by mandatory clinical shifts in the clinics
of:
Internal Medicine (2,6 weeks);
Surgery (2,6 weeks);
Obstetrics-Gynecology (2,6 weeks);
Infectious Diseases (2,6 weeks);
Dermatology and Parasitology (2,6 weeks).
In the 6th
year the practical clinical training of students is being done in 5
specializations (Pathology and Species Clinic):
1. Specialization in small and large ruminants;
2. Specialization in equine;
3. Specialization in swine;
4. Specialization in poultry;
5. Specialization in pets.
* The 5th
year extends on two semesters, each semester of 14 weeks. Clinical shifts are
being done during those 14 weeks of each semester.
In the first semester, the duration of the residential course for each of the 5 clinics
above mentioned is of 2,8 weeks of 10 hours / week. In the second semester this residential
course for each of these clinics is of 3,5 weeks of 12 hours / week.
The 6th
year is composed of two semesters too:
1st semester – 14 weeks;
2nd
semester – 7 weeks.
Shifts are done at the 5 above mentioned clinics, during those two semesters
concerning each student’s options.
This year the residential course length is 4,4 weeks for each clinic and each senior
student, every week has 5 hours of clinic.
* Students’ presence is mandatory in the clinic, during the time specified in the
timetable, usually between 8-14. If by 14 hours the activity in the clinic has not ended, the
students’ presence will be prolonged by the time the activity is over.
36
* The activities the students undertake are as follows:
case history for animals presented for clinical examination;
clinical examination of the animal;
drawing the observation sheet;
suggesting the paraclinical examinations which are to be performed for a correct
diagnosis and interpretation of the results;
case presentations to the professor that supervises the development of the clinical
training and discussions on various aspects;
taking part in the treatment of the animal with the professor;
follow-up along case until the animals cures or dies
* Students groups for the clinical shifts are composed of 7-9 individuals.
* The animal examination principles are aquanted with the students in the discipline
“Semiology and medical imagistic”. Furthermore, in each clinic, students are accustomed
with the specific examination ways for each clinic.
Before starting the clinic shifts period, the students perform practice in each clinic as
follows:
Internal medicine clinic during 4th
year, perform practical activities such as drawing the
clinic observation sheet, semiological examination, the methodology of clinic examination of
diffrent systems, clinical diagnosis exercises on real and hypotethical cases;
Propaedeutics and surgical clinic perform on the 4th
year, propaedeutics and surgical
semiology, ophtalmology, orthopaedics and imaging; the student assist to surgeries performed
in the clinic.
In the 4th
year, 2nd
semester in the Obstetrics-Gynecology clinics exercises of
obstetrical-gynecological and andrologic examinations are performed, dystocia and the its
manual rectification are presented, as well as surgical-obstetrical procedures which are
applied in these cases.
In the Parasitic diseases clinic and the museum of parasitic diseases, in the 4th
year,
students are accustomed with the parasites morphology, their biology and their ways of
spreading, as well as with the methods of parasitological diagnosis.
In the Infectious diseases clinic specific symptoms of infectious diseases, the general
methods of their diagnosis, exercises of diagnosis of these diseases on real or hypothetical
cases are presented.
* Students in final years will participate in turn in the emergency room, 24 hours a
day, along with the doctors that work there, according to the schedule made by the clinic
37
coordinator. They clean the hospitalized animals’ cages, clean and feed the animals, perform
treatments indicated by the doctors.
* Students have to take part in the mobile clinic activities.
The activities in the mobile clinic are done weekly or as often as necessary, up on the
animal breeders’ request or the veterinary authorities request. Students’ activities are as
follows:
take part in the identification of the animals presented for clinical examination;
writing up the case history of the animals that are to be examinated;
drawing the clinical observation sheet;
performing the animal clinical examination;
taking part in the fast diagnosis;
taking part with the professor in the therapy.
The hours spent in the mobile clinic, during the mandatory weekly activities, are
included in the 4.1.3. table. The activities performed on the individual request of the animal
breeders, are not included.
4.8: Specific information on the practical training of food hygiene
Hygiene, quality and food technology and Inspection and control of products of
animal origin disciplines perform major practical training activities in production units and
other specific units.
Because of this, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, has collaboration conventions
with 5 slaughterhouses, 4 meet processing units, 3 milk processing and treatment units, 3
food storage units, one milk quality control regional laboratory, one food waste control
section, one section of physico-chemical and microbiological control that belong to The State
Veterinary Laboratory Cluj and 3 units of distribution / and place on market.
The slaughterhouse S.C. “Everest” – is placed 5 km from Cluj. It is accesable by tram
and two local buslines.
The slaughterhouse S.C. “Elendoris” is placed in a nearby village, at 6 km from the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. One can reach it by a local bus.
The poultry slaughterhouse S.C. “Oncos” is placed 8 km from the faculty. There are
local means of transportation. It is a large capacity slaughterhouse that processes up to 20000-
50000 birds daily.
38
These slaughterhouses are the main training units for students. During these activities
students have at their disposal one locker room, rooms where the students can learn the
technique of organs and carcasses examination. “Everest” slaughterhouse has distinct lines for
processing bovine and swine while at “Elendoris” slaughterhouse bovine and swine are
processed separately in the same premises.
Students access is allowed only under the supervision of specialized academic staff,
large groups of students are dispensed into 3 small groups (5 students), each small group
being guided by a professor.
During practical activities hours, students have the possibility to put into practice
activities from various fields (documents’ control, examination before slaughter, bleeding,
skinning control, examination of the head, organs and carcasses, control of refrigerating and
freezing facilities).
The slaughterhouse S.C. “Mariflor” Gherla and S.C. “Marele Alb” Turda are visiting
slaughterhouses. These are located 30 km the first and 20 km the second from the faculty,
transportation being done by the mini-buses belonging to FVM Cluj-Napoca.
These slaughterhouses have a large capacity and are used for bovine and swine
processing.
These units have meat processing facilities, possibilities for complete follow-up of the
technologiy being created: animal – slaughter – storage meat products – half-products –
slaughter secondary products.
Meat products’ factories “Discovery” and “Maestro” are the main units for practical
activities in meat technology. These are closed units and have specific endowments for an
industrial processing.
S.C. “Napolact”, with its fresh milk products section from Baciu and cheese sections
from Huedin and Dej, offer the possibility for students’ training in milk industrial processing.
The milk quality control regional laboratory Floreşti, through its endowments with
performing and automatic apparatus offers a good training space for students in the milk
quality control field.
Refrigerating storage facilities Baciu as well as those belonging to Metro store, are
visiting units for the 5th
year students, offering the contact with the realities of such profile
units.
39
2. Comments
* The teaching plan underwent a series of changes that allow the future training of a
veterinarian in concordance with the requirements of European integration. Thus, a series of
meetings had taken place in the country and in France. A new legislative frame through
Governmental Decision 1477/2003 has been put in place.
* Due to a great variety of cases in pets from urban zones, a reorientation of faculty
clinic activity was due, concurrent with the implementation or thoroughgoing study of some
disciplines such as Pet clinics, Veterinary Dermatology, small animals breeding, Exotic
pathology, Cell pathology and Comparative oncology.
* Reports might be influenced by reducing the duration of the course in favor of
increasing the time for individual study in the library or internet, hours of clinics and
supervised work. For this, students have to have access to a non restricted adequate
documentation (internet, photcopies, e-mail, video materials).
* The teaching plan aims to:
- realize a training that allows graduates to rapidly integrate in solving veterinary
problems raised by breeding on farms and private micro farms in the center and north-west of
Romania;
taking the teaching process up to the requirements of the European Community and
the European professional corps in the veterinary field;
increasing the efficiency of actions and of veterinary services in order to become
competitive both at national and international level.
* The teaching plan is revised and restructured by the Faculty Council, based on
proposals of heads of disciplines and of departments. These changes are approved by the
University Senate.
* In the near future, major development changes of the teaching plan could encounter
problems like:
food security;
surveillance and control of emerging diseases
animal protection and welfare
toxicological supervision and of environment protection
40
3. Suggestions
A more performant equipment for the emergency rooms, clinics and less for
amphiteaters would improve the training process
To ensure the necessary funds, the faculty will train a certain number of tax paying
students and will increase the revenues from other resources (scientific research and
paraclinical activities, specialized expertise).
41
CHAPTER 5. THE TEACHING PROCESS: QUALITY AND
EVALUATION
1. Factual information
5.1. The teaching programme
Within the framework of modernizing, new teaching-learning-evaluation methods
have been applied.
The curricula for the disciplines studied at FVM Cluj is being established according to
the National Teaching Plan and comprises framework objectives of the veterinary medical
profession as well as reference objectives.
Framework objectives envisage the formation and development of a flexible thinking
in the students as well as of certain abilities and specific action ways for the veterinary
profession, development of mobile and the distributive attention. These are useful in noticing
and understanding signs and symptoms and analyzing the biological processes.
Reference objectives monitor the progress accomplished in gaining new capacities,
new knowledge to enable the veterinary students competencies in the subsequent fields:
Healthcare in farm animals and pets;
Control of animal origin food quality and protection of human health;
Toxicological surveillance in animal raising;
Obtaining biological products and pharmaceuticals for veterinary use;
Scientific research in specialized institutions;
Teaching in veterinary high schools and faculties;
Teaching plans are perfected by the den’s office, following suggestions from the
disciplines, are validated by the Chairs and approved by the Professors’ Council. They are
evaluated each trimester and follow the synchronization of the activities with corresponding
units within the EU.
The head of the discipline perfects analytical programs (contents of the disciplines).
Coordination in teaching of the disciplines within the departments is being realized by
direct consultative work, restricting in consensus the teaching materials in order to prevent
overlap.
The total number of disciplines in the Teaching plan for the 6 years of studies is of 60
(10 disciplines/ academic year, out of which 2-3 optional, 1-2 facultative ones). For the
42
facultative disciplines the offer is relatively small, being given the impossibility of teaching
personnel to be stabilized on a reduced number of hours.
The teaching process in our Faculty follows a logical, gradual pattern, from simple to
complex from theory to practice. Fundamental disciplines ensure basic knowledge for
preclinical discipline that will subsequently trigger the transition to clinical specialty training.
Teaching methods are continuously changing. Case studies, debates, computer assisted
learning have been more and more frequently in use.
Following the same pattern of improving the content of the lectures, they become
more practical, more formative, which makes them more attractive and pragmatic. Modern
technical presentation methods such as audio, video techniques, Power Point presentations,
problem based learning, algorithms, modeling and active participation are frequently used.
Lecture notes stand for an innovative and systematic approach of the subject taught, approach
improved by the students with suggested bibliography the access.
In order to develop and consolidate the practical abilities of the students, there are
agreements that support the teaching process, between the Faculty and other veterinary
institutions, such as the Cluj County Veterinary Direction, the “Green Cap” Experimental
farm, veterinary practices and farms within Cluj or its surroundings, etc.
Some of the practical classes and probation periods take place in these institutions,
while some of their specialists present lectures on various topics at the Faculty.
About 50 students perform practical training of 2 to 3 months on private farms in
Germany, France and Holland.
Drug- or food supplies’ producing companies (Pfizer, Novartis, Whiskas, Intervet, and
Farmavet) organize within the Faculty thematic lectures, round tables, with the participation
of the interested students (undergraduate, master or doctoral). The proportion of indoor
teaching has been continuously diminished, reaching from 36 h/week 12 years ago, to 26
hours/week nowadays, in order to leave the students enough time for individual studiesand
other activities, including research.
The curricula has been restructured to comprise 20 to 25 per cent fundamental
disciplines, 50 to 70% specialty disciplines and 10 to 15% complementary disciplines. The
actual proportion of 1/1 refers to lectures/practical activities (laboratories, seminars, projects,
practical) for fundamental disciplines and ½ for some of the applied disciplines.
New master and doctoral programs have been promoted, dependant on the profiles of
the research centers, the academic training being correlated with the research methodology.
43
5.2. The teaching environment
The teaching staff and the teaching support staff involved in the teaching process
benefit of facilities that help them improve pedagogical capacities and their education in
specialty through: improvement training, post graduate training, master or PhD in Romania or
abroad (France, Germany, Spain, Portugal) or by enrolling in the foreign language courses or
pedagogical training within the University.
Presentation of the PhD theses, publishing scientific papers or specialty books/treaties,
certificates of competency in foreign languages or pedagogic studies offer the possibility of a
faster promotion, according to the criteria grid for teaching positions.
5.3. The examination system
The Faculty examination system functions according to a central policy of
examination, perfected and approved by the Professors’ Council, that establishes and
approves the examination procedure for each discipline (written, oral, practical, “during the
route”, multiple choice, reports, etc.).
During the academic year, there are two examination sessions (winter and summer),
concordant with a pause in the teaching period, as well as a “behind exams” session, in the
fall.
The dominant examination form consists of oral exams. Only those students that have
passed their practical exam may perform the oral exams and its grade represents 60% of the
final grade.
The presence of two cycles of studies, cycle I (years I to III) and 2 (years IV to VI)
does not allow the students to pass from the first to the second cycle, unless all the exams for
the first cycle were passed. Within the cycle (first or second), the student can move to the next
year with 1 or 2 non-promoted disciplines, on the condition they do not count more than 10
credits.
For the disciplines that have a “during the route” (continuous) examination, the
students are being verified either during the entire semester or after 7 and 14 weeks of
teaching, respectively. In this last case, the mean of the two grades represents the final mark.
There are no external examiners, except the practical probation period in productive
units, where the final grade takes into account the recommendation of the vet who supervised
the student during that period.
Two reexaminations are allowed.
44
The exams within a study year have to be promoted by the end of the reexamination
session, 10 days before the beginning of the new academic year, unless credited within the
cycle.
The beginning of new courses is not being conditioned by being promoted any
previous ones.
5.4. Evaluation of teaching
The main method to evaluate the quality of the training and implicitly the teaching
process is being represented by the analysis of each discipline’s activity by the Professors’
Council of the Faculty. Aspects connected with quality are being discussed and propositions
for improvement are being done.
The basics of evaluation include: the preparation and management of the courses and
practicals, expressed by the clarity of the lecture objectives, internal logic of the lecture’s
organization, frequency of use of certain methods to facilitate learning, such as examples,
applied training, demonstrations, etc. The course is being adapted according to the feed back
from the students. They comment on the comprehensiveness of the subject taught scientific
rigor of the information, correlation with and knowledge transfer to other courses or connect
disciplines. Other criteria involve appropriate answers of the students to the questions,
communication abilities of the students, clearness of the presentation, adequate rhetoric.
The students’ results after the exams reflected by the correctness of the evaluation, use
of adequate methods to examine the students and the quality of various teaching products are
indicated by the amount of knowledge accumulated, gaining competencies, scholarships or
publishing papers in the reviews.
The evaluation is homogenous within the Faculty, the themes being established by the
Professors’ Council, based on the teachers’ and students’ proposals.
The students participate in the evaluation process of the teaching, but this activity is
optional, based on questionnaires, the results of those being interpreted mainly by the teaching
staff of the discipline.
The teaching staff also participates in the evaluation process by attending
interdisciplinary evaluation Committees at lectures and practicals. These activities are
finalized with a general report presented, sustained and discussed within the Faculty Council.
45
5.5. Student welfare
The Faculty manages Students’ Hostel VIII that accommodates 425 students and has a
small buffet. The Sports rooms, cantina, the Central club of the University ensure recreation
and meals for the students of the Veterinary Faculty as well.
For those students that have social problems, the Faculty grants social scholarships,
material help, tax exemption, leisure camps, trips for studies and recreation.
By its permanent contact with the General Association of Romanian veterinarians and
the College of Romanian Veterinarians, the Faculty helps its graduates to find a working place
in developing their professional careers, mediatizing all the offers on the work market.
2. Comments
We consider that the curricula for veterinary medicine, as it exists in our faculty is
well conceived, characterized by an appropriate quality, corresponding to the nowadays and
perspective requirements of the veterinary profession in Romania.
The curricula as it is, has a traditional component and a dynamic component, imposed
by the continuous evolution in the field of knowledge and information exchange. Both
preclinical and clinical disciplines share such components, new data and
techniques/technologies in laboratory work, clinical training and research penetrating
Romanian veterinary training.
The external examiners are useful only in the disciplines where they directly work
with the students for a longer period of time. Occasional round tables or conferences
presented by these are useful to the students, but an exclusive evaluation of such activities
would be incomplete.
The participation of the students in elaborating and monitoring the courses and
curricula is beneficial, but motivated students, led by realism and responsible for such
activities should do it.
3. Suggestions
In order to diminish the examination time and increase the efficacy of and
objectiveness of the grading, logical medical thinking/conduct will be taken into account as
46
well as the clearness, precision and conciseness of the answer, understanding of the
phenomena and not the mechanical memorizing of it.
During the semester, the students will be attracted to the continuous learning process
by presentation of reports on certain topics of interest and clinical cases that complete their
education.
Only students who have proven good learning results as well as pedagogical abilities
will be able to take teaching positions in higher education.
The quality of teaching/learning process could be improved by:
interactive courses, where the student would be more than a receptor;
avoiding overlap and repetitions, unnecessarily hardening the teaching process;
use of alternations of various techniques to facilitate receptiveness of the students
(sensorial, audio-visual)
development of a logical creative and pragmatic thinking, starting with the
preclinical period of studies, by presenting the medical significance, where
appropriate, for each fundamental notion
development of managerial capacities of the future veterinarian, required by the
dynamics of the working places and use of performing technical means in the
veterinary practice
accomplishment of a reasonable program of academic mobility and circulation of
the information with the help of an informational network
veterinary study lines in international languages.
47
CHAPTER 6. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
1. Factual information
6.1: Premises in general
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, owns a complex of buildings
located within the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca,
on Mănăştur Str. no. 3-5, on the Western side of the city. Educational facilities are: the lecture
rooms, the clinics, the laboratories, the hospital, the emergency room and other two different
buildings that are functionally related, corresponding to the attached situation plan (annex l).
The building complex is located in a very representative dendrological park and the
access roads for the reception of all kinds of animals to the clinic and the hospital of the
faculty are very easy to follow.
6.2: Premises used for clinics and hospitalisation
These represent 40% of the whole space of the Faculty. In concordance with the
attached situation plan, the clinics and hospital zone is composed of 3 well individualized
subzones as it follows:
1st Zone – marked red – obstetrics and reproductive disorders’ clinic, surgery clinic
and internal diseases clinic.
2nd
Zone – marked blue – emergency hospital and cattle, horses and small animal
hospital.
3rd
Zone – marked black – Parasitic diseases clinic zone, infectious deseases clinic
zone and the hospitals that belong to them.
Table 6.2.1: Places available for clinics and hospitalisation
- number of hospitalisation spaces for cattle - 15
- number of hospitalisation spaces for horses - 10
- number of hospitalisation spaces for small ruminants- 30
- number of hospitalisation spaces for swine - 30
- number of hospitalisation spaces for dogs - 25
- number of hospitalisation spaces for cats - 15
The number of animals that can be accommodated in the isolation spaces:
- small animals - 20
- farm animals and horses - 3 + 2 = 5
48
6.3: Premises for animals
Except the spaces for animals used for clinical and hospitalization purposes, the
Faculty has a facility used for growing animals for teaching purposes, called the “Green Cap”
Experimental Teaching Station. The main body of the ETS is located 3 km West from the
Faculty and it has got facilities and shelters for growing and exploiting all categories of
livestock. There are appropriate conditions for teaching the breeding, exploitation, animal
welfare and the production technologies, mainly for the milk.
6.4: Premises used for theoretical, practical and supervised teaching
Our Faculty structured its teaching plan to follow four main training directions, linked
to one another and with its own infrastructure each:
- fundamental training direction;
- preclinical training direction;
- clinical training direction;
- animal production, hygiene, animal welfare and food safety.
For each of these directions, the Faculty has facilities that ensure the theoretical
training in lecture rooms. It also has specialized laboratories, clinics and hospitals for learning
the practical part, the correlation of the two being done on the experimental farm or those
units processing animal origin foods that have a collaboration contract with the Faculty.
Table 6.4.1: Premises for lecturing
Number of lecture halls: 1 + 5 amphitheaters.
Number of places per lecture hall
Hall A1 A3 A2 Albastru MV1 Fishery
Places 88 180 180 130 40 40
Total number of places in lecture halls: 658
49
Table 6.4.2: Premises for group work
Number of rooms that can be used for group work (supervised work): 47 + 6*
* - Amphitheaters.
Number of places in the rooms for group work:
Fundamental Sciences 14 rooms 240
Chemistry: 1/20 20
Anatomy: 1/20+1/20+1/20+1/10 70
Histology: 1/20+1/10 30
Physiology: 1/20+1/15 35
Biophysics: 1/20+1/10 30
Genetics: 1/20+1/15 35
Computer science: 1/20 20
Preclinics 12 rooms 170 places
Physiopathology: 1/15+1/10 25
Pharmacology: 1/15+1/10 25
Pathology: 1/15+1/15+1/10 40
Microbiology: 1/15+1/15 30
Semiology: 1/15+1/15 30
Ecology: 1/20 20
Clinics 18 rooms 180 places
Reproduction: 1/10+1/10+1/10 30
Surgery: 1/10+1/10+1/10+1/10+1/10 50
Internal medicine: 1/10+1/10+1/10+1/10 40
Parasitology: 1/10+1/10+1/10 30
Infectious Diseases: 1/10+1/10+1/10 30
50
Animal production, control and food safety
6 rooms 70 places
Food inspection: 1/10+1/10 20
Nutrition: 1/10+1/10 20
Hygiene: 1/15 15
Animal breeding: 1/15 15
Lecture halls, amphitheatres 5 rooms 658 places
A1: 1/60 88
A2: 1/80 180
A3: 1/80 180
MV1: 1/30 40
The Blue Amph.: 1/130 130
Fishery 1/40 40
Total number of places in rooms for group work 658 + 610 = 1268
Table 6.4.3: Premises for practical work
Number of laboratories for practical work by students: 29.
Number of places per laboratory
Laboratories rooms places
1. Chemistry 1/20 20
2. Anatomy: 1/20+1/20 40
3. Histology: 1/20 20
4. Physiology: 1/20 20
5. Biophysics: 1/20 20
6. Genetics: 1/20 20
7. Computer science: 1/20 20
8. Physiopathology: 1/15 15
9. Pharmacology: 1/15 15
10. Pathological anatomy: 1/15 15
11. Microbiology: 1/15 15
12. Semiology: 1/15 15
13. Ecology: 1/20 20
51
14. Reproduction: 1/10+1/10 20
15. Surgery: 1/10+1/10 20
16. Internal medicine: 1/10+1/10 20
17. Parasitology: 1/10+1/10 20
18. Infectious Diseases: 1/10+1/10 20
19. Food inspection: 1/10+1/10 20
20. Nutrition: 1/10 10
21. Hygiene: 1/15 15
22. Animal breeding: 1/15 15
Total number of places in laboratories: 405 places/ 29 rooms
All the rooms presented above ensure the requirements for the safety and good health of the
students, as follows:
1. Each student has 1,8 to 2,5 m2 and an air volume of 2,5 – 5 m
3 .
2. Each room has very good ventilation and access spaces and exits required by any hazardous
situation.
3. Each room has a place for the students to dress in safety equipment.
4. Each room has places for hand washing and hygiene.
5. The students get firstly informed about the protection measures specific for each
laboratory; the students sign in a table to acknowledge attendance to this first training session.
6.5: Diagnostic laboratories and clinical support services
- Diagnostic laboratories = 9
- Departments – sections for clinical activity – 7
Diagnostic laboratories
Clinical laboratory for internal diseases
Bacteriological and virological diagnostic laboratory
The pathological anatomy diagnostic laboratory
The parasitological diagnosis laboratory
The toxicological diagnosis laboratory
The biotechniques in reproduction - laboratory
52
Surveillance of the environmental hygiene and animal welfare - laboratory
The control and safety of foods of animal origin - laboratory
The quality and safety of forages - laboratory
Central clinic support services
1. radiology and imaging diagnosis
2. forensic medicine and necropsy diagnosis hall
3. experimental animals’ sector
4. sterilisation of instruments and surgical material - block
5. anaesthesiology ward
6. the emergency hospital and the watch service
7. the administrative-supply sector
6.6: Slaughterhouse facilities
The Faculty does not have its own facilities in this field because the legislation is very
restrictive in this domain. But it has established protocols with 8 slaughterhouses for large
animals, small animals and poultry, where students can go directly for practical applications.
These units are placed on a 5-8 km radius area from the Faculty and the access to them
is very easy and it can be done with convenient means of transportation.
The veterinarian authority has to authorize all the slaughterhouses and they are
included in the UE standard harmonization process.
6.7: Foodstuff processing unit
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine owns two experimental workshops for meat and
milk processing but the endowment is limited because of the sanitary laws from Romania and
UE, for this field. Therefore, for the rigorous teaching of the students, the faculty has
concluded protocols with 15 processing units for every food product and animal product
needed.
53
6.8: Waste management
All the compartments of our Faculty use and handle products and biological materials
at a high rate of risk.
For the control and elimination of this risk, every laboratory, clinic and hospital is
connected to a circuit with 4 different levels of administration of the hazardous, both chemical
and microbiological materials.
LEVEL I – obtaining, handling and processing the high hazardous products, under the
strict supervision of qualified people.
LEVEL II – the handling of hazardous materials during the entire processing
procedure, done by highly qualified specialists.
LEVEL III – each compartment has isolation and chemical inactivations means for the
products at high risk that have been used.
LEVEL IV – directing all products and materials at high risk to the cremation unit of
the necropsy diagnosis laboratory.
6.9: Future changes
At the point of founding and building the complex of buildings of FVM Cluj-Napoca
(1962-1967), the teaching in the Romanian veterinary medicine was mainly based on the
study of livestock and in a very small proportion, on small animals or pets. The new
orientation forces the FVM to make substantial changes :
1. Realizing secure circuits for animals and animal origin products, integrated in the
learning process.
2. Setting in place and development of the hygiene, production and animal welfare
sections.
3. Development of the animal origin products’ and its hygiene sections.
2. Comments
The majority of the buildings of the Faculty are adequate for the purpose they serve,
being designed from the very beginning for teaching.
54
The equipment used for teaching purposes in the clinics more than in the laboratories
are partially adequate for modern training. All the disciplines should be provided with
computers and network systems.
The maintenance of the buildings and equipment is mostly satisfactory; the lack of
funds sometimes hardens the renewal process.
New buildings were already built to meet the requirements of the EU integration
(Emergency room), but all the old buildings should gradually undergo a restoration process.
The following objectives were realized:
1. New compartments in the hospitals, so each species can have appropriate conditions
for hospitalizing.
2. Restructuring the space in the clinics, so that large and small animals could follow
separate tracks.
3. Finalizing the building of the emergency room and permanent watch services, with
the veterinary students taking active part.
3. Suggestions
The equipment used for teaching is in many of the cases obsolete, replacements by
purchasing new and modern apparatus, mainly audio-visual machines such as overheads, dia-
projectors, video players, internal circuit television, video cameras. A special interest should
be awarded to informatics and access to Internet.
The founding of a research center for Food hygiene and food safety, where the
students would gain “hands on” competencies in food control, would be of help in training
both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
55
Annex 1
56
Annex 2
SITUATION PLAN
C
B
A
A – Preclinic building
B – Clinics – Internal medicine
- Surgery
- Obstetrics, Reproduction
Pathology
C – Hospital
57
Annex 3
SITUATION PLAN
A
C
B
A – Infectious Diseases
B – Parasitology Clinic
C – Pathology, Forensic medicine
58
CHAPTER 7 : ANIMALS AND TEACHING MATERIALS OF
ANIMAL ORIGIN
1. Factual information
7.1. Basic subjects
ANATOMY
For teaching the practical part of the studies, the Discipline Anatomy of the Domestic
Animals uses as teaching aids domestic animals and different parts of the animal body like:
bones, joints and organs.
Castings, drawings, video films and slides are used for training purposes.
To study the muscles, the blood vessels: arteries, veins and lymphatic system, the
nervous system and the topography of the organs horses, donkeys, sheep, dogs and rabbits are
used, alive or prepared as teaching aid.
In the laboratory classes, bones from different species are used as well as fresh or
preserved organs.
Beside all these material aids, the Discipline also has a very representative museum
that contains many well-preserved pieces for direct “hands on” training.
Bone collection
Tarsal
(sets)
Phalanx
1
Phalanx
2
Phalanx
3
Coxal
bone Femurus
Tibia and
fibula
Horse 7 120 100 12 25 130 120
Large
ruminants 14 160 140 50 6 30 25
Sheep and
goat - - - - 30 40 50
Swine - - - - 12 28 40
Dog - - - - 20 40 25
Cat - - - - 4 5 4
Rabbit - - - - 40 30 15
59
Bone collection
Skeletons Skulls Mummies Scapula Humerus
Radius
and ulna
Carpals
(sets)
Horse 1 12 1 80 90 70 4
Donkey 1 - 1 - - - -
Cow 1 20 1 45 35 21 3
Buffalo 1 - - - - - -
Lama 1 - - - - - -
Sheep 1 11
- 40 30 17
-
Goat 1 - -
Swine 1 8 - 60 40 30 5
Dog 1 14 1 30 35 18 7
Red deer 1 - - - - - -
Bear 1 - - - - - -
Panther 1 - - - - - -
Wolf 1 - - - - - -
Coypus 1 - - - - - -
Rat 1 - - - - - -
Goose 1 - - - - - -
Lion 1 - - - - - -
Tiger 1 - - - - - -
Cat 1 - - 6 4 4 -
Duck 1 - - - - - -
Ostrich 1 - - - - - -
Fox 1 - - - - - -
Human 1 - - - - - -
Rabbit - 6 - 9 30 14 -
Bone collection
Cervical
vertebrae
Thoracic
vertebrae
Lumbar
vertebrae Sacrum Ribs Joints
Horse 150 20 70 6 170
150
Large
ruminants 30 40 15 2 40
Sheep and
goat 60 60 65 5 80
Swine 20 30 20 1 20
Dog 60 85 70 10 120
Cat 8 14 6 2 6
Rabbit 30 50 45 4 10
60
Formaline preserved preparations
Head Intestines
Head
sections Lungs
Urinary
system
Genital
system
Heart
Horse 2 6 6 4 6 6 6
Large
ruminants 4 4 4 2 4 2
2
Sheep and
goat 4 5 2 3 3 1
4
Swine 3 3 3 3 2 1 2
Dog 4 6 6 6 6 6 7
Cat 2 2 - 1 2 2 1
Rabbit 6 5 4 4 4 2 2
All the animals that are used for dissection are clinically healthy, reformed or
wounded (dogs) not showing any signs of transmissible diseases.
The animals are subjected to euthanasia, respecting all the requirements to lessen pain,
using tranquilizers.
The bones and the organs come from different animals used as teaching aid (horses,
donkeys, dogs, rabbits), and as well from animals subjected to euthanasia (pets, dogs and cats
given up by their owners for euthanasia, suffering from chronic, untreatable, non contagious
diseases) and farm animals (cows, pigs, sheep, rabbits and birds). The bones and the organs
are prepared by special techniques for anatomical study or preserved by formaldehyde
treatment. The fresh carcases for disections are kept in refrigerators for the duration of use.
The organs are preserved in recipients (different types of glass jars and basins) filled with
10% formaldehyde, being very well washed with water before use in the labs. The technology
of preparing the bones goes through all the steps: cleaning, washing, whitening and removing
the fat with various chemicals (hydrogen peroxyde) after which being kept in a special room
until being used as teaching aids.
During one academic year, for 120 students 25-35 reformed horses, 40-50 sheep, 6-10
dogs, 20-30 rabbits and a different number of cats (10-20-25) are used. The teaching aid is
provided by purchase by the University or the Faculty, by sponsorships and donations.
61
PATHOLOGY
Table 7.1: Number of necropsies over the past 3 years
Species Number of necropsies
2003 2002 2001
Farm/large animals cattle 24 27 11
equines 10 18 12
small ruminants 86 100 98
pigs 82 159 95
other* 457 659 708
Small/pets dogs 997 360 95
cats 8 16 21
others* 36 33 24
Total 1700 1372 1064
* Farm birds (hens, chickens, turkeys, ostriches, pheasants, quails), deers, rabbits;
** Other small/pets / - fox, pigeon, cage birds, reptiles, small rodents, fish;
Additional sources of material for the teaching of necropsies and pathological anatomy:
1. Animals included in experiments:
a. Mice and rats – about 150 for year;
b. Rabbits – about 50 for year;
2. Organs from slaughterhouse:
a. Bovine, pigs – about 500 kg.
b. Chickens – about 250 kg.
3. Biopsy samples
a. 2004 – 20 samples;
b. 2003 – 107 samples;
c. 2002 – 91 samples.
4. Museum of pathology - about 1,000 pieces in formaline:
a. Infectious diseases
b. Parasitic diseases
c. Nutritional diseases
d. Malformations
e. Reactive lesions and regeneration
5. Collection of histological slides – about 100,000 slides:
6. Pathology images:
62
a. Pictures – about 5,000;
b. Slides – about 5,000;
c. Digital pictures – about 5,000
7. Wax embebed samples – about 10,000 cases.
7.2. Animal productions
The activity of the disciplines involved in animal productions is organized with the
students in the faculty laboratories, faculty farm (“Green Cap” Experimental Farm) and on
several other farms (Someşeni, Jucu, Apahida).
On the faculty farm (“Green Cap” Experimental Farm) the studied species are: cattle,
horses, pigs, sheep, chickens.
The themes of the practical laboratories are: evaluation of the animal productive
performances, evaluation of the reproductive material, fodder quality, mechanical milking
systems, etc. The number of animals that the students work on are the following: 220 cattle,
20 horses, 100 pigs, 400 sheep and 3000 fowls.
Our faculty is also involved in tehnical assistance for some microfarms around Cluj-
Napoca, where the students’ access is permited: Jucu Horse Farm, Bonţida, Cojocna Sport
horse farm, Someşeni Dairy farm, S.C. Victoria Apahida – swine farm, Hoia farm specialised
in sheep breeding, sport Club A.S. Victoria, etc.
The numbers of animals on these farms vary: Someşeni Farm – 150 dairy cows, S.C.
Apahida – 600 pigs, Jucu Farm – 180 horses, Hoia Farm – 400 sheep, Horse Club A.S.
Victoria – 50 horses.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca also cooperates with several other
farms in our region:
63
Farms that cooperate with the Veterinary Faculty
Nr.crt Farm name Adress Tel/fax Administrative
person
Surface , from: Animals
Total Used Propr Cattle Pigs Fowls Sheep
1 S.C.AGRIMPEX SRL
APAHIDA
Cluj Napoca ,Str.
Alverna nr.63 0264231979 BUDA IOAN 80 70 10 103 100 190 -
2. S.C.BIZO IMPORT-
EXPORT
Cluj Napoca, Str.
Nic.Titulescu Nr.
145 Ap.8
0264231668 BIZO IOAN 1,5 - 1,5 - - 63083 -
3 S.C. DELGIA SRL
Cluj Napoca ,Str.
Nasaud Nr. 16
Ap. 49
RATIU
MARIANA 0,32 - 0,32 - - 11428 -
4 ORGANIZATIA ECCE
HOMO APAHIDA
Cluj Napoca , Str.
H.Barbusse Nr. 43 0264437179 BALAS LIVIU 1,00 - 1,00 15 76 - -
5 ORGANIZATIA ECCE
HOMO AITON
Cluj
Napoca,Str.H.
Barbusse Nr. 43
0264437179 BALAS LIVIU 52 - 52 29 127 - -
6 S.C.PATA PROD SRL
Com.Apahida
,Sat. Pata ,Str. Gh.
Cosbuc F.N.
0264431811 COSTIN
GHEORGHE 1,5 - 1,5 - - 11000 =
7 S.C.PROLACT SRL Aschileu Mare
Nr.80 0264595432
PRUNEAN
EMIL - - - - 30 - -
8 S.C.MAYER PANE
SRL-BACIU
Com.Baciu , Str.
Principala Nr. 825 0264260402 MAIER IOAN - - - - 110 190 -
9 S.C.PLANT EXTRACT
SRL-BACIU
Com. Baciu , Sat
Radaia 0264260688
PEEV IGOR
KIRIL 10,23 3,48 6,75 - - - -
10 S.C.AGROFLIP SA
BONTIDA
Com.Bontida ,Nr.
834 0264262275
FLORIAN
LIVIA 163 - 163 342 60487 - -
11
S.C.TRANSILVANIA
SPORT HORSE
COMPANY SRL
BONTIDA
Cluj Napoca,
Str.Oasului Nr. 27 0264262291
MARIUS
BRAEKSTAD 523 523 - - - - -
12 S.C. AGROCOM CLUJ
SUC. HUEDIN
Loc. Huedin ,Str.
Pr. A. Muntean
Nr. 72
0264351414 PITIC
DUMITRU 300 300 - 237 54 - -
64
13 S.C. BASTO SRL CLUJ
Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Str. Cpt. Grigore
Ignat
0264416328 STAN MARIA 128 128 - 306 - - -
24
STATIUNEA
DIDACTICA
EXPERIMENTALA -
FLORESTI
Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Calea Floresti ,
Nr. 56
0264452272 ROTAR IOAN 45 45 - 227 117 - -
15 S.C. ONCOS IMPEX
SRL CLUJ
Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Str. Donath Nr .
76
0264265927 ONACA
VASILE 1,54 - 1,54 - - 228243 -
16
SUCURSALA
PENTRU
REPREZENTARE SI
PROTOCOL
VICTORIA CLUJ
Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Str. Napoca , Nr.
16
0264598776 GIOARSA
DORIN 66 66 - 13 2973 23043
Over
110
ha/surf
ace
17 S.C. KARNA SRL
FLORESTI
Loc. Floresti ,Str.
Cetatii F.N. 0264265102
LEAHU
ADRIAN 0,26 - 0,26 - - 24000 -
18 S.C. GEMATO PROD
SRL FLORESTI
Loc. Floresti , Str.
Cetatii , F.N. 0264265102
MUDURE
MARCELA 0,39 - 0,39 - - 24000 -
19 S.C. LORIETE SRL Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Str. Tazlau ,Nr. 1 0264423973
SZAKACS
PETER 0,2 - 0,2 - - 26000 -
20
S.C. AMARETO
IMPEX SRL
FLORESTI
Loc. Floresti , Str.
Gh. Doja 0264265539
COBORZAN
VIORICA 3,74 - 3,74 - - 92000 -
21 S.C. ALE-AVIS SRL
CLUJ
Loc. Cluj Napoca
, Str. Gh. Dima ,
Nr. 15 , Ap. 16
0744391865 BALAS
CAMELIA 0,27 - 0,27 - - 24000 -
22 S.C. ASENA SRL
FLORESTI
Loc. Floresti , Nr.
15 0264265492
TARTA
SILVIU 0,27 - 0,27 - - 23500 -
23
STATIUNEA DE
CERCETARE SI
DEZVOLTARE
AGRICOLA TURDA-
TURDA
Loc. Turda , Str.
Agriculturii , Nr.
27
0264311680
0264311792 HAS IOAN 1484 1484 - 36 303 - 672
65
On all these farms, practical activities are being organized concerning various
subjects, such as: studies on morphologic types, examination of dynamic in horses, analytical
and synthetic examination in horses, preservation methods for nutrients, etc.
7.3. Food hygiene
The educational programs mentions the details included in this discipline.
On the IV th
year the discipline called “Technology, hygiene and food products’
quality” includes two semesters – 56 hours of lectures and 56 hours of practical applications.
The practical activity is being organized up to 80% in food industry units based on a
cooperation contract, signed between the unit and the Faculty.
On the Vth
year the discipline deals with “Food control and examinations for food
safety”, including two semesters: 56 hours lecture and 84 hours practical activities.
Practical activities are organized in two separate modules:
- animal products’ examination and inspection in productive units, processing methods
corresponding to the principle „from stable to table”.
- practical applications for evaluation of the pshysico-chemical, microbiologic and
toxic qualities of food products.
All practical activities take place either in specialized units or in the Faculty’s food
control laboratory.
FVM has cooperation conventions with 5 slaughter houses, 4 meat processing units, 3
milk processing units, 3 food storehouses, one milk control laboratory, one psihico-chemical
and regional microbiological examination unit, one EST diagnosis unit from state Veterinary
Laboratory Cluj, 3 distribution units.
List of the slaughterhouses:
1. Slaughter house CS Everest Cluj-Napoca – large capacity slaughter house for cows
and pigs.
2. Slaughter house CS Elendoris Baciu – small capacity slaughter house – cows and pigs.
3. Slaughter house CS Oncos Floreşti – poultry slaughter house, large capacity.
4. Slaughter house CS Mariflor Gherla – visiting slaughter house.
5. Slaughter house CS Marele alb Turda - visiting slaughter house.
66
Meat processing units:
1. Discovery Cluj-Napoca
2. Maestro Cluj-Napoca
3. Mariflor Gherla
4. A.F. Mureşan Cluj-Napoca
Milk processing units:
1. SC Napolact – fresh milk products unit – Baciu
2. SC Napolact dairy products unit – Huedin
3. SC Napolact dairy products unit – Dej
Food storehouses units:
1. Baciu
2. Metro – Floreşti
3. Bila - Cluj-Napoca
On the VIth
year, the students have to participate in a food security practical training –
1 semester, 14 hours of lectures, 28 hours practical activities, the objective being to train them
in HACCP and GMP.
7.4. Consultations
Number of the weeks when the clinics are open 52
Consulting days/week 5
Consulting hours/day 12
When the clinics are closed the faculty offers a non-stop emergency service (see
chapter 7.7)
67
Table 7.4: Number of animals received for consultation in the past three years
Species Number of patients
2003 2002 2001
Farm/large animals:
Cattle 987 1005 995
Equines 985 995 1002
Small ruminants 630 480 500
Pigs 685 630 750
Fowl 62 83 75
Total farm/large animals 3349 3193 3322
Small/pets
Dogs 4114 3996 4012
Cats 2032 1997 2068
Guinea pigs 13 11 8
Caged birds 9 14 6
Rabbits 25 21 15
Ostriches 3 1 -
Turtles 18 21 12
Hawks 1 - -
Total small/pets 6215 6061 6121
7.5. Hospitalisation
The hospital is divided and separated for different species, being functional all year
round. With a non-stop activity it ensures emergency assistance and also patient’
hospitalization.
Table 7.5: Patients hospitalised in the clinics in the past three years
Species Number of hospitalizations
2003 2002 2001
Farm/large animals
Cattle 304 297 309
Equines 758 762 735
Small ruminants 143 115 138
Pigs 42 29 31
Fowls - - -
Total farm/large animals 1247 1203 1213
Small/pets
Dogs 1039 1006 1011
Cats 512 497 491
Guinea pigs 11 9 5
Caged birds 7 11 3
Rabbits 15 12 9
Ostriches - 1 -
Turtles 2 3 -
Hawk 1 - -
Total small/pets 1587 1539 1519
68
Operated animals in the past three years
Species Patients number
2003 2002 2001
Farm/large animals:
Cattle 173 158 160
Equines 512 506 497
Small ruminants 96 94 82
Pigs 21 14 10
Total farm/large animals 802 772 749
Smalls/pets:
Dogs 609 612 604
Cats 307 291 301
Guinea pigs 1 - -
Caged birds 2 2 -
Ostriches 2 1 -
Turtles 3 2 -
Hawk 1 - -
Total smalls/pets 925 908 905
7.6. Vehicles for animal transport
Sick animals from different farms are transported to the faculty clinics with a truck
(number CJ 08 USA) which correspond to the hygiene reglementations. The owners are not
charged for this service.
Sometimes (acute diseases, severe injuries and at big distances, holidays) the owners
bring the animals with theirs own transportation means.
7.7. Emergency service
Emergency service was reorganized afer 01.10.2004 with a new location according to
the actual standards.
Emergency services consist of surgery, orthopedy, obstetrics and ginecology, intensive
care, internal medicine etc.
Emergency veterinary services are available 24 hours/day, 7 days a week, 52
weeks/year. In some difficult cases, depending on the disease of the patient, the head of the
concordant department is called to give medical assistence to sick animals. They come
quickly because they live 0,5-6 Km distance arround faculty.
69
7.8. Mobile clinic
The clinics work 40 hours/week.
Out-of-hours emergency services are available on calls, in collaboration with field
vets.
One bus (45 places) and two mini-buses (16 places each) are available to transport the
students with the mobile clinic.
During one year, the mobile clinic performs examinations as follows: 1,850 cattle, 380
horses, 2,750 sheep, 1,850 pigs, 13,850 fowls.
The average number of visits made every year to farms by the mobile clinic is: 80
cattle farms, 50 swine farms, 25 horse farms, 60 poultry farms, 80 sheep farms.
7.9. Other information
The Faculty is involved in a sterilization program for the stray dogs. Students, along
with the surgeons from the faculty, participate weekly in dog shelter activities (str. Bobâlna).
The level of clinical service offered by the establishment compared to outside
practices is higher because the faculty owns:
- services of radiology, radioscopy, endoscopy and ecography
- specialized vets
- inhalatory anaesthesia
- laboratory for biochemical analysis
- hospitalisation
- non-stop emergency service
- mobile clinic
- animal transportation
All these facilities can be found only partly in private practices or clinics,
Out of all cases, 65% decide as first option by the faculty clinics and other 35% are
sent by private practices and clinics. For farm animals, the first option of the owner is their
local vet because most of the farms are located in small villages around Cluj. Difficult cases
are brought to faculty clinics.
70
The clinical specialisations covered by the faculty are: abdominal surgery, orthopedy,
stomatology, ophtalmology, andrology, gynecology, obstetrics, radiology, ecography,
cardiology, gastroenterology, endocrinology, parasitology, mycology, dermatology, infectious
diseases, intensive therapy. The coverage is 5 days a week, according to the activity of the
clinics.
For clinical services the taxes are minimal, established by the College of Romanian
Veterinarians while in private practices, as far as we know, the taxes are higher.
We have co-operation relations with the practitioners. They send to the faculty clinics
the sick animals and we sent them back with the diagnosis and therapy recommendations.
When the animals’ owners ask for that, the treatment can be done in our clinics. Milking cows
and horse farms have good relations with the faculty veterinarians. When are asked for, our
vets with the students resolve their veterinarian problems. In the private practices, students are
welcome for practical stages. Their activities are then discussed in the faculty with the
professors for a better understanding of the cases.
There are good relationships between Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and: Veterinary
Police, Veterinary Direction, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Zoological
Gardens and Animal Welfare Societies. In those structures, students are taught in specific
subjects like: veterinary regulations, animal and food imports, veterinary medicine for
companion animals, exotic animal pathology, etc.
All cases presented at the faculty clinics are registered separately in each clinic being
introduced in a database. In the future all data from clinics, diagnosis laboratories will be kept
on computers accessible for each veterinarian from the faculty.
7.10. Ratios
7.10.1. Animals available for clinical work
Refference year is 2003.
Ratio: students/production animals
0.31
1
349,3
108
*
animalsproductionofnumber
yearlasttheingraduatedstudentsofnumber*
* poultry examined by the mobile clinic are not included
71
Ratio: students/companion animals
5.57
1
215,6
108
animalscompanionofnumber
yearlasttheingraduatedstudentsofnumber
7.10.2. Animals available for necropsy
Ratio: students/post-mortem examinations
7.15
1
700,1
108
necropsiedcadaversofnumber
yearlasttheingraduatedstudentsofnumber
2. Comments
Although the faculty has many facilites for education activity, there are a lot of things
to be done.
New, modern veterinary equipment is needed along with the modernizing of the
diagnostic facilities.
Clinical services must develop also in: cancer therapy, diagnosis of immune diseases,
reproduction biotechnologies in companion animals.
Emergency service will function at high standards ensuring a complete veterinary
assistance.
The local conditions and circumstances that can negatively influence the ratios from
chapter 7.10 are mainly the decrease of production animals and pet patients, creation of
private clinics, the higher interest of field vets and providing animal welfare. In the positive
way, the ratios could be influenced by a higher quality of the faculty services due to
specialized equipment and hospitalisation facilities with permanent assistence.
3. Suggestions
All the ratios are satisfactory according to the indicative table in annex I.
In 2004, the hospital was modernized and there are new premises for increasing the
number of hospitalized animals according to animal welfare regulations.
For the mobile clinic we will collaborate with field vets (24 private practices and 60
large animal clinics) because our country has many farms of small and large ruminants.
72
CHAPTER 8: LIBRARY AND LEARNING RESOURCES
1. Factual information
8.1. Library
General description of the library / libraries belonging to the university, available for
students.
The USAMV Library, Cluj-Napoca, holds the position of a central library and is
placed under the University leadership.
The main objective of the USAMV central library is supporting the process of
education, by offering the teaching material for all the specializations. The library also
supplies the informational basis for scientific research and professional development of
students teaching staff, doctoral and MA students.
How the library is managed (ex. the library committee)
The library functions according to a regulation sanctioned by the Senate of USAMV
Cluj-Napoca and is managed by a chief appointed by the Rector of the University.
The library leadership is assisted by the Scientific Council, i.e the Director of the
“Book Fund Development Department” and a teacher chosen by each faculty. On the proposal
of the Scientific Council, The Senate agrees on the annual funds designated for the
development of the library activities. Within the limits of these funds, the library can do the
following activities: internal and international exchanges of publications, delivery of the
USAMV Bulletin (the Agriculture, Horticulture, Zootechny and Biotechnology, Veterinary
Medicine series) and other publications of the Academic Press publishing house; book
acquisition and subscription to internal and external publications.
The library consists of the following sections:
1. Completing and organizing collections
2. Information and documentary
3. Periodicals, subscription, exchanges
4. Loan
5. Free access to shelf
6. Internet
73
7. Electronic database
8. Spiral binding, photocopying, lamination.
It also comprises the department libraries, organized by the faculties with which the
central library cooperates.
The timetable is established by the Scientific Council and can be modified periodically
to meet the students’ and teaching staff’s requirements. If requested, the library also offers the
following services at cost: photocopying, printing, spiral binding, lamination. Free services
offered are: access to the online catalogue for the 1980-2004 period, access to traditional
catalogues; consulting publications in the free shelf access room; loaning publications;
assistance with identifying publications in the catalogues and on-line data base; consulting the
data base on CD-rooms and DVD-rooms; access to Internet.
The library is the main beneficiary of the book and information exchanges, and it is to
be included in the protocols of collaboration, which will be established with other university
and academic institutions.
Main Library
The main library is not exclusively destined for veterinary medical education. It serves
all four faculties that belong to USAMV Cluj-Napoca.
Beside taht, the library also serves the colleges that represent the short-term education
units of the Faculty.
Acquisition budget for the last 3 years
Year Local currency Euro/Dollars
2000 60.458.607 ROL 3719 $
2001 251.982.923 ROL 3908 $
2002 468.608.315 ROL 3931 $
2003 488.805.731 ROL 5875 $ and 651 €
Number of full-time employees
There are nine full-time employees out of who eight are librarians and one is secretary
typist. There are no part-time employees.
74
Number of journals/periodicals and books received yearly
Year Periodicals Books Total
2000 47.393 volumes 158.854 206.247
2001 47.671 volumes 160.694 208.233
2002 48.030 volumes 163.064 211.094
2003 48.521 volumes 155.229 203.200
Number of seats for students in the reading hall: 36
Library timetable:
Working days Weekend
University year
Monday – Friday 8 – 20 8 – 14
Session 8 – 20 8 – 14
On holiday - -
Number of volumes lent
- for students per academic year
Year Number
2000 272.504
2001 290.521
2002 307.811
2003 315.550
Subsidiary library
(Description of discipline libraries and condition for the students’ access)
Most of the disciplines possess their own book fund, which is recorded both by the
central library and by each discipline. The volume of this book fund varies from one
discipline to another and is used both by the teaching staff and by the students included in
research groups, or those preparing their diploma papers. The access to the disciplines book
fund is only restricted during the weekend and on holiday.
Each discipline has a very strict record of its own and loans are made for a short time
period and at special request for those outside the discipline.
75
The central library keeps the book records every year, by making a periodical
inventory.
The disciplines can enrich their book fund, on request addressed to the central library,
and within the limits of the funds granted by each faculty, or by the University.
8.2. Information technology services
a) Audiovisual services
Each discipline possesses its own database in this field. There is a variable number of
videotapes within each department. They represent recordings of special clinical cases, or of
experiments presented in doctoral theses, or, as it is the case with preclinical disciplines
(Physiology, Physio pathology, Nutrition etc.) of didactic experiments that replace those made
directly on laboratory animals (mice, rats, frogs, etc.). There are no special employees to serve
recording.
The total number of available videotapes for the discipline is around 175-180, and of
those recorded in the last 5 years is approximately 65-70. The materials recorded on the
cassettes can be viewed in the laboratories used for teaching activities with the students.
The number of seats depends on the size of the laboratory and varies between 15-24,
which is the number of the students in a group.
The number of hours designated for viewing the tapes depends on each discipline,
being influenced by the number of didactic materials.
Timetable Working Days Weekend
- during the normal schedule 8 – 18 -
- during the holiday - -
b) Computer service
76
Students have free access to the computer services of the University which is part of
the central library. The timetable is the same as for the central library and access is permitted
during the working hours, on the basis of a membership card, issued by the central library.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has its own computer department, with 10
computers to which the students have access only during the working hours.
Moreover, each discipline has a variable number of computers, depending on the
number of teaching staff in the discipline, and on the financial resources (research grants)
which allow purchasing and maintaining them in a good estate.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, in its turn, is involved in equipping the
disciplines with computers not older than 3 years.
The total numbers of computers per faculty is 52, out of which around 20 are 3 years
old or less, the rest being older. Students have free access to these computers, as far as they
are involved in the activities taking place in various disciplines and as far as their training
hours correspond to working hours.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine offers special services designated to computer.
There is a full-time teacher, that familiarizes students with various activities on the 10
available computers. For this purpose, interactive CD-ROMs are also available.
The faculty establishes the schedule and it represents 2 hours weekly per each group
of students.
2. Comments
Library
The specialty journals and books, which belong to the central library or to the
disciplines’ libraries, are extremely useful for the students’ and for teachers’ training.
The teaching staff constantly uses the magazines’ room and the library’s book fund in
order to update their knowledge.
On the other hand, this database is very important in the research process, especially
as a basis for the bibliographical documentation, necessary for writing scientific papers and
diploma works.
As for the students, they use the library services to accumulate material relevant to
courses and laboratories they attend during the teaching program.
77
At the same time, the present book fund is also used for literature surways, which
represent an important aspect of students’ activities, at least for those disciplines that adopt
such an approach of the didactic process.
Unfortunately, because of the lack of an optimal financial support, the library does not
always offer the latest update on the major fields of interest, at least as far as the specialty
magazines and journals are concerned.
Luckily, the free access that both the students and the teaching staff of the Faculty,
have to the Internet compensates for this shortcoming.
The working hours, the access rooms and the personnel of this sector represent aspects
that satisfy the teachers and students demands, at least for the time being.
IT Facilities (individual training)
For the students individual study the library offers 36 seats in the reading room in
addition to the 20 seats in the magazines and specialty journals room.
Although the services that the library offers are of the best quality, the factor which
impedes the development in this field is the limited financial support, that the University anf
the Faculty have in order to update the main foreign specialty publications (magazines,
journals, reference book, etc.).
3. Suggestions
For the development and modernization of the library with regards to european
standards we have considered the following suggestions:
supplimentary finance in order to enrich the international veterinary book
inventory, to increase the number of journals and other veterinary periodicals from
Europe and around the world.
supplimentary investments for implemetation of a on-line registration system to
electronic veterinary journals
increasing the number of computers for a more rapid acces to information
implemetation of a network system in order to faciliate the link between the
departments and central library
78
CHAPTER 9: ADMISSION AND ENROLMENT
1. Factual information
9.1. STUDENT NUMBERS
The method of organising and unfolding the admission contest
Now, the admission in the higher educational sistem at the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine is made according to the educational Law no. 84 / 1995, modified and republished
in 1999. The order 3017 / 15.01.2003, considering the general criteria of organising the
admission in the state higher educational system, the Law 441 / 2001 for the approval of the
Emergency injunction of the Government no. 133 / 2000 regarding the state undergraduate
and postgraduate tax paying educational system.
General criteria regarding the admission
The admission in the state higher educational system at the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine Cluj-Napoca, a national authorised faculty according the Governmental decision
696 / 17. 08. 2000, takes places as follows:
a) On places financed from the state budget - frequency education
b) On places with fee - frequency education
A candidate can participate to the admission by choosing different speciality from the
same institution in the same time or different higher educational institutions, on positions
financed from the state budget, but he can be admitted to a single university with places
financed by the state budget.
The candidate who is admitted to several universities must choose the university
where he wishes to be finaced by the state budget, by presenting there the file with the
original documents in due time designated by the University’s Admission Committee.
The graduates with a university degree from a private university have the right to
follow a second faculty at a state university on the places financed from the budget after
succeeding the admission contest.
79
The graduates without a university degree from the public or private university have
the right to participate in the admission for studying a new speciality, in accordance with the
following:
a). if the first speciality was budgeted, the second must be payed for;
b). if the first speciality was obtained in a private institution or a tax-paying state
educational system, the second can be obtained if the admission requests are met.
The graduates with a degree from a short term trainig (college) can continue their
studies in a long term trainign (faculty), in the same speciality, after contest, regarding the
available places established by the University’s Committee. The admitted candidates will
attend the difference exams settled by the Faculty’s committees and they will be placed in the
third year of studies in the faculty, after passing the difference exams.
The necessary documents for a candidate’s admission
Romanian citizens can apply for the admission contest in higher education. They must
be high school graduates with graduation diploma or an equivalent diploma.
To apply for the USAMV Cluj-Napoca admission contest, the candidates must possess
their identity card and all the necessary documents gathered in a personal record, including:
application form
school-leaving examination diploma (copy or original)
birth certificate- a legalized copy
medical certificate
recruitment certificate, military book
three photos
a certificate to prove the student estate and a school-leaving examination diploma
(legalized copy) (the original is held at the first university), or a faculty or college diploma (in
original or legalized copy) for those who apply for a second specialization.
receipt proving the payment of the admission fee
the teacher’s children, the orphan children from at least a parent, the children coming
from the orphanage, the children of the martyr heroes of the Revolution are excluded from the
admission fee.
Application for the postgraduate education admission contest requires the following:
80
the high-school graduation diploma and the university degree (or its equivalent), both in
original
birth certificate- a legalized copy
three photos identity card type
Both admission to the university and admission to the postgraduate education implies
that the candidates must also have documents that prove their particular situations (a legalized
copy of the parent’s death certificate - when the candidate is an orphan; a certificate from the
orphanage - when it’s the case; a legalized copy of the parent’s death certificate, being the
martyr hero of the Revolution or documents proving that the parent(s) is (are) teacher(s).
The admission takes place between the 10-18 of July and if there are vacant places, a
second admission session is being organized between the 8-12 of September.
All the students admitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine attending the classes
(budget + tax paying) in the academic year 2003-2004, during the 6 years of studies, can be
seen in the table no. 9.1.1. The higher number of male students (531), representing 65,9%
from the total of the students, compared to female students (269 and 34,1%) can be noticed.
The number of native students is prevalent (792), representing 98,2% out of the total
student numbers.
The number of foreign students is 14, that is 1,7% from the total. 7 of them are from
Europe and 7 are from outside the U.E., representing 0.8% from the total of the students.
The number of students during the 6 years of studies varies. The higher number of
students in the first years of study can be noticed. This number decreased in the last 2 years,
due to the selection, the quitting and expelling of the students along the years.
Table 9.1.1: Undergraduate student composition
Academic year 2003-2004
a Total number of undergarduate students 806
b Male students 531
c Female students 275
d Number of native students 792
e Number of foreign students 14
-from U.E. 7
-outside U.E. 7
f I-st year 130
g II-nd year 132
h III-rd year 164
i IV-th year 155
j V-th year 117
k VI-th year 108
81
Table 9.1.2: Postgraduate student composition
Total number of students 198
Males 163
Females 35
Romanian 191
foreign 7
UE 3
non UE 4
1st year students 57
2nd year students 43
3rd year students 33
4th year students 33
5th, or subsequent, year students 32
Total number of students (undergraduate and postgraduate) is 806 + 198 = 1004
9.2. Student admission
Since 1962 until now, the admission criteria used at the University of Veterinary
Medicine Cluj had been different:
During 1962- 1997 the contest consisted of tests at two disciplines: the XII grade
Biology and the Pathology of domestic animals, or the X and XII grade Organic Chemistry.
During 1997-1999 the contest was based on multiple choice test system (the XII grade
Biology and the X and XII grade Organic chemistry).
Since 2000, the selection had been made calculating the mean ofthe high-school years
and the graduation high-school diploma examination mark, at a 50% percent participation in
the final average each.
For the postgraduate studies (the master) the criteria are:
a) the average of the marks from the six university years - 50%
b) the average of the final exams (graduation) - 50%
At the end of the admission, ranking of candidates is made in a decreasing order of
their grades.
If there are several candidates with an equal rank after the admission to either
undergraduate or postgraduate education (budget and tax paying), distribution criteria that do
not surpass the number of places aproved by the Education and Research Committee, are
applied.
In this case, the distribution criteria are:
82
1. The average from the high-school
2. The average of the gigh school graduation diploma
3. The average of the XII grade Biology.
The candidates who didn’t succeed in obtaining a budgeted place can choose the tax
paying education, within the annual number of places established by the Education and
Research Committee.
The high-school graduates, with a school-leaving examination, who obtained special
results at international cotests (called “Olympics”) or the I, the II or the III prize at a national
contests during the last two years of studies, can apply for the next university year without
taking the exams at the disciplines they had already promote.
The enrollement of the “Olympic” students is made according to the number of the
places established for the next university year at the budgeted education form, with the
approval of the University’s committee.
Regarding the knowledge of admitted candidates, there is a higher degree of
competence in the students that come from specialized veterinary high schools in specialized
topics, while those from other high schools are more competent in fundamental topics.
This variability is present among the students from the first year. Starting with the
third year, the level of knowledge between students is less heterogeneous.
The number of budgeted places has been established by the Ministry of Education and
Research together with the Universities and the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine. In the
future, the number of places will be established by the Ministry of Education and Research,
The College RomanianVeterinarians and the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine.
The number of admitted students can be supplemented over the established number
when a candidate graduated a budgeted faculty, owns a diploma and subscribes for tax paying
education. In this case, the number of places is limited. The changes in the annual number of
places are due to the market absorption potential.
The data regarding the numbers of candidates on budgeted and tax paying places as
well as the number of students admitted in the last ten years is shown in table 9.2
The number of candidates from 1994 to 2003 varied between 254 in 1994 and 844 in
2001. The number of candidates increased from 254 in 1994 to 414 in 1998, than decreased to
378 in 1999 and increases again to 844 in 2001, in 2003 reaching to 534 candidates.
The number of admitted candidates was 75 in 1994 and 220 in 2000. For the academic
year 2003-2004, the number of admitted students was of 170.
83
The supplemented places, which consist of candidates admitted as national contests
winners, students owning a national scholarship, students with the second faculty or students
which applied based on their own money varied between 0 in 2000 and 10 in 1997 and 2001.
Table 9.2. Intake of veterinary students
Year Applying for
admission
Number of admitted
Budgeted and fee Supplimeted
2003 534 170 6
2002 536 170 1
2001 844 170 10
2000 552 220 -
1999 378 130 4
1998 414 149 7
1997 373 85 10
1996 329 80 7
1995 291 75 5
1994 254 75 7
The number of admitted students six years ago (1998) was 149 in the first year from
which 90 graduated in the sixth year.
During the six years, 35 students quit due to a variety of reasons (expelled,
transferred).
Table 9.3.1. Student flow (admitted in 1998; total 149)
1st year -
2nd year -
3rd year 2
4th year 3
5th year 19
how many have graduated 90
how many have dropped out or been
asked to leave.
35
how many are not in any identifiable
year
0
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The number of graduates in the last six years was similar, varying between 81 in 2002
and 96 in 2003 and 108 in 2004.
Table 9.3.2. Number of students graduating annually (from undergraduate training) over the
past five years
Year Number graduating
2004 108
2003 96
2002 81
2001 83
2000 91
The request for finishing one year from the course is to get a mark of at least 5. The
evaluation modality is established together by teachers and students at the beginning of each
year (oral, written, multiple choice test).
The number of graduate students which study for a period of 6 years is 85%. 10%
graduate in 7 years and 5% after 8 years. This 15% refers to students which graduate in our
faculty. The transferred students are not kept in our records after leaving our faculty.
Table 9.3.3: Average duration of studies
Duration of attendance number
k. 4 years 0
l. 5 years 0
m 6 years 90
n. 7 years 15
o. 8 years 3
p. 9 years 0
q. 10 - 13 years 0
r. more than 13 years 0
Average duration of studies of the students
who graduated in year N: 6,19
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The requirements for progressing to a subsequent year of the course is to obtain 50
credits (out of 60) from the exams in that year. The rest of 10 credits will be credited exams
which the students have to pass in the following year.
A student is obliged to leave the course when: the students obtain less than 50 credits;
fail to pass a credited exam in the following year; severe indiscipline; if misses more than
50% of the practical training hours, except medical reasons (in this last case he will repeat the
year).
2. Comments
The Faculty can establish the number of students that can be admitted according to the
space, infrastructure and teaching staff availability.
The numbers of admitted students are based on labour market, the budget and the
school’s capacity to teach (spaces and teaching staff).
The curricula are equivalent at national and European levels so the same topics are
taught and students can benefit of the ECTS and will be able to work in countries that signed
the partnership of degree recognition with our country.
The students’ progress is obvious because the information is taught gradually (from
simple to complex) with a theoretical basis and an applied practical training.
A highly professional teaching staff sustains the high level of students’ performance.
This staff is always available to the students and they periodically examine the students.
The probable percentage of graduate students can be determined approximately
60,4%, a pretty high percent because until the 6th
year the selection was rigorous.
The number of students coming from urban locations is increasing compared to rural
locations.
3. Suggestions
In the future we plan to re introduce the admission system based on multiple choice
test in biology (34%) along with high school graduation diploma mark (33%) and overall
highschool average mark (33%).
We plan to introduce a threshold between the first cycle and the second cycle, so
students cannot pass from the first cycle to the second one unless if they pass all the exams.
We will encourage the young graduates to enrolle to postgradute studies by creating
extra places with fee.
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CHAPTER 10. ACADEMIC AND SUPPORT STAFF
1. Factual information
Table 10.1: Personnel on the establishments
Budgeted
posts (FTE)
Non-
budgeted
posts (FTE)
Total
(FTE)
1. Academic staff
Teaching staff
Research staff
Consultant professors
Associate professors
Total academic staff
73
-
73
1 1 2
- 4,5 4,5
38,6 - 38,6
112,6 5,5 118,1
2. Support staff
responsible for the care and treatment of
animals
responsible for the preparation of practical
and clinical teaching
responsible for administration, general
services, maintenance, etc.
engaged in research work
others
Total support staff
11
-
11
21 -
21
24 -
24
- 5 5
- - -
56 5 61
3. Total staff
168,6
10,5
179,1
Table 10.2: Allocation of personnel to the various departments
Name of
Department
Academic staff (seniors
lecturers+lecturers) Other
Support staff
Full
prof.
Assistant
prof.
Associate
prof. Assistant
Technical / animal Admin./
general Teaching Research
1 5 8 7 2 4 - 7
2 4 5 6.6 6 5 - 4
3 4 9 8 6 6 - 6
4 6 11 17 7 17 5 7
Total 19 33 38.6 21 32 5 24
4.5
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Table 10.3: Personnel responsible for undergraduate teaching
A. Number of budgeted and non-budgeted teaching staff
involved in undergraduate teaching
118,1
B. Number of research staff involved in undergraduate
teaching
-
C. Total number of personnel responsible for undergraduate
teaching
(A+B)
118,1
Ratios
Ratio: teaching staff/undergraduate students
number of teaching staff = 118.1 = 1
number of undergraduate students 806 6.82
Ratio: teaching staff/support staff
number of teaching staff = 118.1 = 1
number of support staff 61 0.52
The University our faculty is part of has 254 teaching staff and 276 support staff, and
our faculty can benefit of this support staff.
a. Selection and hiring of the teaching and support staff.
In the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca
(USAMVCN), all teaching or auxiliary staff positions are obtained by competition, in
concordance with the Teaching staff Law (84/1995), USAMVCN Chart (2000) and the
University Senate’s decisions.
Hiring of the teaching personnel is being done depending on: faculty needs, financial
resources and the competence of the candidate. An evaluation committee composed of
internal and external specialists, named by the Rector’s order organizes the contests.
For preparatory and assistant positions, candidates must be licensed, in the field of the
vacant position or a similar one. Recently, the Senate introduced a request a master diploma
and the candidate must prove competency in a foreign language. The contest comprises
written and oral examinations and also a foreign language exam. A list of publications, in
addition to the CV, is also needed.
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For a lecturer position, a public presentation has to be performed, in front of the
committee members and students besides a complete CV. The list of publications must
contain at least 12 articles, and the candidate has to be either a PhD student or have a PhD
diploma.
For these positions, the Senate validates the contests’ results, and the employment is
being carried out by the Rector’s Order, without the involvement of the Ministry of
Education.
To fill in a higher teaching positions such as senior lecturer or professor, the
candidates have to be PhD in the field of the position or a similar one, with a satisfactory
scientific and professional activity to satisfy the minimal general criteria established by the
Senate.
After the confirmation by the Senate, the National Council of University titles,
diplomas and certificates (CNATDCU) within the Ministry of Education and Research are
evaluating the candidate’s file. This organism, following some specific criteria, will accept or
reject the candidate. The Ministry of Education and Research’s decision confirms the
position.
Professors with special merits may apply according to the Senate criteria, for doctorate
advisor -ship. These professors’ files are evaluated directly by CNATDCU based on some
specific criteria and the Ministry confirms the accepted candidates. The maximum number of
students for a PhD supervisor is ten.
The Senate is approving the consultant professor title for the teaching staff that retired,
but continues special scientific activities. They also stay as PhD supervisors, they publish
scientific papers, direct grants, are members of at least one international organization. The
renewal of the consultant professors’ position is made on yearly basis.
The associate teaching staff may only take vacancies, for per hour payment or
cumulated with their own position, but they usually hold a permanent position outside the
University. The position is occupied by hiring a person with the Dean’s and the Professors’
Council’s approval. The candidates must be trained according to the position they apply for.
The confirmation is being done every half year.
The invited associate professors may take vacant positions, or specially created
positions, as the training needs require, for a determined period of time. Outstanding
specialists from practice may also be invited to present conferences, for a honorary. The
payment for this kind of activities is being discussed in the Professors’ Council and approved
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by the Dean from the budget or other revenues of the Faculty. The Rector can approve the
prolongation of the employment period for the associate professors.
The administrative staff is employed by a contest, the result of which have to be
confirmed by the Labor Direction of the County. The contest comprises a practical and a
written exam. The Rector names the evaluation committee.
b. The Faculty Teaching Council sets up the structure of the departments.
This is being done depending on the similarities of the disciplines, their location in the
teaching plans, teaching cycle.
According to the Statute and USAMV Chart, in one Department there must be a
minimum of 15 teaching positions, out of which at least 12 have to be taken.
c. In the last years, the Ministry of Education and Research, following the requests from
USAMV and FVM, offered financed positions for frequency PhD students.
Thus, the selection for the teaching staff is more efficient. The major problem consists
of the low salaries for junior positions, which are still non-attractive, compared to those in the
private field of practice, private clinics, farms or companies. Unfortunately, the Ministry of
Education and Research does not finance the resident and internship courses.
d. Within the FVM there is requirement and are possibilities to employ young
specialists, but the positions are not being taken because of the low level of payment.
The movement of the professors from the teaching field to other fields and from other
fields to teaching exist but the percentage is low (1-2%). Usually, the requests are in a higher
number than positions, but the unsatisfactory salary acts as a repellent.
e. Additional staff is not being employed from service income.
The legal provisions allow the employment of additional staff from the research
revenue, but the numbers of such people in our faculty is low.
f. USAMV Chart and the faculty professional regulations allow the teaching staff to
work in private clinics in their spare time.
Usually, there is an agreement of these private clinics with the Faculty, specifying that
students may have their practical training or work there as volunteers, supervised by the
teaching staff or the practitioners.
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The main aim is to encourage the young specialists to have private practices and
improve their financial status, but also to offer places for students’ practical training, mainly
in pet medicine.
g1. A considerable number of teaching staff members from the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, participate in internal and international scientific meetings.
The person involved pays the financial support for the participation (usually from
research grants). For some of those people who have papers accepted for oral presentations,
the Faculty can subsidize, in a reduced percentage, the tuition fee and some of the
accommodation costs. Some of the teaching staff takes the advantage of being abroad on
various scholarships where the duration is longer, such as master or doctoral studies, and
participate in congresses or symposia. Some private companies offer sponsorship.
g2. Scholarships through joint cooperation agreements with other faculties or research
institutions can be obtained.
These are financed according to the provisions that regulate the bilateral agreements.
Other possibilities to obtain financing are to apply to international organisms that finance
research, such as Marie Curie scholarships, Nato scholarships, and so on.
g3. There is a provision concerning the sabbatical leave in the Internal Regulations of
the University but non of the teaching staff took advantage of this so far.
2. Comments
The necessary number of teaching staff for the teaching and research process in the
Faculty is a management problem. The Dean and the Teaching staff Committee of the faculty
decide on this issue. The criteria taken into account are the budget, teaching needs, the staff’s
needs, and replacement needs.
The insufficient budget will influence the number and the quality of the teaching
staff. At this moment, there is a satisfaction balance between young and experienced teaching
staff (60%-40%).
The future efforts will be directed to improve the balance between teachers and
students, but this will depend on the evolution of the budget and the other sources for income.
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The quality of the training and research activities performed by the teaching staff is
evaluated at University and Faculty levels in the specific Committees. They examine discuss
each candidate to be promoted and analyze the structure of the teaching staff.
The levels of the teaching staff salaries’ in FVM are above the mean value of salaries
within the country economy. The salaries for full professors were doubled in January 2004.
In general, the level of the payment does not satisfy the expectancy of the teaching staf
and is not concordant with the level of professional performances of the trainers, in
comparison with remuneration offered in the private sector, which is much higher.
Solving the problem of the hiring and retaining the teaching personnel and support
staff is a matter of budget and extra budgetary funds, as mentioned before.
Post gradual education, such as master and frequency PhD courses, provide excellent
material for replacement of retired teaching staff. The colleges that function within the
University allow a selection for the support staff.
The teaching staff sometimes faces social problems, connected with accommodation
and commutation, partially solved by the University and the Faculty, by ensuring rooms in the
students’ dormitories or in the block of flats the University has, but these resources are
limited.
Mostly veterinarians (90%), represent the teaching staff with few professionals from
connected professions (four chemists, one physicist, one specialist in computers, one
economist and one philologist), having a permanent job in FVM Cluj Napoca.
3. Suggestions
1. The improvement of the faculty academic management by extra budgetary funds.
2. The development of more specialized assistance and better services activities, for attracting
other financial resources in FMV budget.
3. The teaching staff promotion based more on the quality not the quantity of performed
activities.
4. The compulsory payment by the Ministry of Education and Research of the expenses of
invited professors to enhance mobility.
5. The establishment of the resident ship and internships as a possibility for the graduates’
specialization and to ensure the replacement of the retiring teaching staff.
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6. The increase of the financing by the Ministry of Education and Science per student and
reduction of rate between professors and students.
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CHAPTER 11. CONTINUING EDUCATION
1. Factual information
11.1. Continuing education courses held at the establishment
Table 11.1.1. Courses organized by the establishment itself in 2003
Title of the course Number of
participants
Total number of
hours of the course
Diagnosis and control of infectious equine anemia 84 4
Surveillance of pesticides/residues in meat, milk
and animal origin products
Directive 96/102/EEC
Directive 96/23/EEC
70 4
The identification of animals within the EU
Directive 92/102/EEC
Regulation 97/820/EEC
Regulation 2000/1760/EEC
94 6
Animal protection and welfare – EU legislation
Directives 88/166/EEC; 99/74/EEC; 91/629/EEC;
91/630/EEC; 98/58/EEC; 91/628/EEC,
91/497/EEC; 93/119/EEC; 64/433/EEC.
120 6
Table 11.1.2. Courses organized by the establishment itself in the preceding year
Title of the course Number of
participants
Total number of
hours of the course
Bovine tuberculosis- epidemiology, diagnosis and
control 80 6
Differential diagnosis and treatment in convulsive
intoxications of carnivorous pets 38 4
Veterinary border controls in the EU 46 4
Commerce and use of veterinary pharmaceutical
products - regulations
Directive 65/65/EEC
Regulation 81/851/EEC
Regulation 81/852/EEC
50 6
Differential diagnosis in acute abdominal disorders
in horses 50 6
Differential diagnosis in swine infectious
neurological diseases: classical swine fever, edema
disease, Teschen disease
90 6
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Table 11.1.3. Courses organized at the establishment by outside bodies in the most recent
year (2003)
Title of the course Number of
participants
Total number of
hours of the course
Courses organized by lecturers invited through TEMPUS - PHARE, Socrates programs or
open lectures
Applied epidemiology 30 40 h
Recognition of diplomas in professional
purposes – legal regulations 20 10h
Development and consolidating the
managerial and administrative performances 120 8h
The involvement of the teaching staff of the institution in development of the
continuing training organized by outside bodies:
Organizer/Title of the course Number of
participants
Total number of
hours of the course
Cantacuzino Institute
Monitoring resistance of bacteria to
antibiotics 60 6h
Intervet
Scientific seminary “Chicken industry” 100 8h
A novel approach to classical swine fever 80 6h
Swine pathology – a scientific seminar 90 6h
A&S Pasteur
Modern methods to determine mycotoxins,
the immune status of the animals, and
decontamination efficiency (modules)
120 6h
SC Farmavet
Drug presentations Department meetings
11.2. Distance learning (including via internet)
Whether the Faculty is being involved in the distance-training offer, please specify the
nature and volume of this work:
The Faculty has contracts with the National Authority for Veterinary Medicine and
Food Safety, County Veterinary Laboratories, Food Control Laboratories in largest cities, by
e-mail and Internet, for information and professional messages.
95
2. Comments
The Veterinary Faculty in Cluj, in cooperation with the General Association of
Romanian Veterinarians and the College of Romanian Veterinarians in North Western
Romania, have joint continuous training programs. They organize conferences, round tables,
practical demonstrations, closed by handing the students certificates of participation with
points, valuable for professional qualification.
We have to mention that the interest of Romanian veterinarians for continuous training
is generally low. The Romanian veterinarians do not take an active part in the activity of
European veterinary organizations.
3. Suggestions
Establishment of the themes according to the requests from the veterinary authorities
and dependant on the epidemiological situation, if the case, of various regions;
Improvement of the knowledge on EU regulations and harmonization with the internal
legal provisions.
Initiation and development of participation of the Romanian veterinarians to European
programs, as well by direct contact and by coordination of the central and local veterinary
authorities.
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CHAPTER 12. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION
1. Factual information
12.1. Clinical postgraduate training (interns, residents)
According to the Romanian legal provisions, for the veterinary training, opposite to
human medicine, there are no recognized and applied educational steps similar to internship
or residentship.
Subsequently, the veterinary authority, in cooperation with the College of Romanian
Veterinarians proposed a training system to be carried out within the premises of the
veterinary faculties and designated to improve the professional qualification of the graduates.
This program comprises practitioners that participate on yearly bases in six courses of clinical
training, presented by the Faculty’s teaching staff.
Table 12.1.1. Postgraduate clinical training courses
No. Clinical discipline Duration (h)
No. of students (2001-
2003)
Diploma or
title
awarded Full time Half time
1
Reproductive failures
induced by ovary diseases
in ruminants
8 40 - Participation
certificate
2 Parasitic and micotic skin
diseases in dogs and cats 6 35 - “
3
Limping in farm animals:
etiology, diagnosis and
therapy
8 45 - “
4
Equine rhabdomiolysis
syndrome: clinical traits,
laboratory findings,
pathogenesis and therapy
8 42 - “
5 TSE in animals 8 38 - “
6
Security of animal
products in the circuit
“from stable to table”
8 39 - “
12.2. Taught postgraduate courses
Besides the already mentioned data, the faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj
organized Master courses, including 9 specializations.
97
Table 12.2.1. Taught postgraduate courses
No. Clinical discipline Duration No. of students
Full time Half time
1 Animal pathology and Public Health 3 semesters 10 -
2 Surveillance and control of animal
products “ 10 -
3 Applied veterinary epidemiology “ 7 -
4 Veterinary pharmacy “ 3 -
5 Clinics and veterinary medical
radiology “ 7 -
6 Animal nutrition and nutritional
pathology “ 3 -
7 Necropsic diagnosis and veterinary
laboratory “ 5 -
8 Veterinary dentistry “ 1 -
9 Biotechnologies in reproduction “ 4 -
Dependent on the theoretical and practical performances of the students, scholarships
can be granted.
Out of the 9 specializations, one (Surveillance and control of animal products) does
not include clinical training.
Every year, approximately 10-30% of the graduates of the Faculty in Cluj enroll for
Master studies.
12.3. Post-graduate research programs
Traditionally for our Faculty and also according to the Romanian veterinary
regulations, graduation from the master courses is being accomplished by a dissertation exam,
including the presentation of a theoretical and experimental study on a certain topic.
The subject of the thesis is established during the studies; the research is being carried
out based on a plan, in agreement with the coordinator. This way, annually 10 to 30 research
topics are engaged.
In the academic year 2003, 12 theses were finalized:
1. Researches on “in vitro” reproductive cycle in dermacentor reticulatus tick and aspects
of the tick attack therapy in mammals and birds
2. Management of the bovine reproduction by embryo transfer
3. Contamination risk evaluation through the content of Echinococcus cysts in currently
slaughtered pigs
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4. Evaluation of the efficacy of certain sanitation tests for surfaces in food industry
5. A comparative study on the dynamics of composition parameters for cow and buffalo
milk
6. Apical resection in canine
7. The influence of certain pharmaceutical compounds on weight gain in broiler chickens
8. Dental implant in dogs
9. The level and dynamics of heavy metals and arsenic in milk and milk products
processed on specific plants
10. Harmonization of EU and Romanian legislation on preventing prionic diseases in
animals
11. The level and dynamics of nitrates, nitrites in pork meat products in correlation with
the risk of nitratamine production
12. Epidemiological studies on external otitis in dogs
Postgraduate education is being well represented in the “doctoral (Ph.D.) studies”
system. The status of the Ph.D. educational program in 2003 was represented below:
1. Total number of Ph.D. advisors in veterinary medicine in Cluj: 19
2. Total numbers of students (2001-2003) - 148, out of which:
- frequency (4 years of studies) : 32
- non-frequency (6 years of studies) : 116
- paying foreign students: 7
Out of the total of 148 students, 11 are non-veterinarians.
In 2003, 4 thesis were presented:
1. Contributions on canine behavior;
2. Morphological and biochemical studies on spontaneous and experimental
tumor tissues;
3. Research on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of dermatomicoses
of domestic carnivores;
4. Researches on the consequence of Pteridium aquilinum consumption on
horses.
The master students benefit during their studies of a study scholarship of 1,600,000.00
lei (40 Euros), dependant on their performances.
99
The frequency doctoral students benefit of a monthly scholarship of 3,200,000.00 lei
(80 Euros) for the whole duration of their studies (4 years).
2. Comments
The postgraduate education has to be further developed on three basic directions:
1. Specific clinical training designated for practitioners by short courses (1 to 6-12
days);
2. Specialization in specific fields, within the Master courses, of 1 to 2 years (in our
Faculty, 3 semesters=1.5 years); the specialization have to be selected according to the market
needs;
3. The highest level of education through the doctoral program of studies has to
become an integrated part of the teaching and research programs of the Faculty.
3. Suggestions
In order to further harmonize the training programs with those approved in the EU,
our Faculty aims to develop specialization courses in more limited fields such as:
- anesthesiology;
- radiology;
- veterinary ecography;
- veterinary ophthalmology;
- Pathology of milking cows, etc.
Proposals will be made to the Ministry of Education and Research, Ministry of
Agriculture and the National Authority for Veterinary Medicine and Food Safety to introduce
the educational forms of Internship and Residentship.
100
CHAPTER 13. STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1. Factual information
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj is a higher education institution, which
also became famous in the field of scientific research due to its important body of specialists.
The proof of its prestige consists in the fairly large number of research grants (over 30 every
year), financed by government (Ministry of Education and Research), and also in the last few
years, by foreign beneficiaries (World Bank, UE).
The local and foreign financing of research themes has been obtained by the staff of
various disciplines but also as a result of interdisciplinary collaborations within the “High
Performance Centers” in the fields of nutritional and metabolic pathology, zoonoses and
comparative medicine.
Collaboration contracts involving students’ practice, have been drawn up with
Research Centers ”Birkberck College-University of London (Anatomy); Ministry of
Agriculture of the Baden– Wurtenberg -Land (Nutrition and Nutritional Pathology); LVK and
LOK Denmark (Animal sciences); Lebensmittel hygiene in Chemistchen Veterinarium-
tersuchurg-Samt-Sttutgart Germany (hygiene and animal welfare); F. V. M. Lisbon –Portugal
(Epidemiology and legislation); F. V. M. Cordoba-Spain (Microbiology and
Morphopathology); F. V. M. Murcia –Spain (Microbiology); Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Infectious diseases, Legislation); I.N.R.A. Tours-France; F. V. M.
Liege-Belgium (Parasitology, Morphopathology, Genetics,); The Hygiene Institute
Hohenheim-Germany (Nutrition, Biochemistry, Hygiene).
The students’ scientific research activity will be presented including the coordination
of this activity (who and how), the place of putting it into practice as well as objectives and
validation of results.
The teachers, during their research activities, also train those students who are more
interested in this aspect of the medical training or simply do scientific research for their
diploma work and become the coordinators of students’ research activity and bear
responsibility for the latter’s results.
The research activity takes place in the research laboratories of the disciplines, apart
from those designated for students’ laboratory work. The disciplines that train students in
scientific research are both basic and clinical disciplines.
101
As for the equipment of these research laboratories, it should be emphasized that,
although great efforts have been made for it, these are no last generation or competitive
apparatuses. Despite these shortcomings, the students can improve and develops the
knowledge acquired during the courses.
In accordance with the objectives and the complexity of the students’ three main
directions can be identified within this activity:
- research for the completion of the diploma work on a certain subject;
- research carried out by the students that enroll to a certain discipline in the
students’ debating society;
- research within the group that works at a certain discipline to prepare and
carry out a research grant.
Research activity within the frame of the diploma paper
All the students take part in this activity, starting with their 5th
year of studies. This
work usually takes up two semesters, and it is being finalized by the end of the 6th
year, when
the students present the diploma work in front of a license commission. Usually, the students
decide upon the discipline and they choose one of the research subjects suggested by the
coordinators within that discipline. After that, the research protocol and the contents of the
diploma work are designed in agreement with the coordinator and approved by the
Professors’ Council of the Faculty. The diploma work has two parts, the first including
bibliographical references on the subject and the second, concerning personal research data,
discussed with the coordinator and interpreted together with him/her. In order to pass this
exam, the students have to be ranked with a minimal grade of 6 (in Romania, grades range
between 1- minimum and 10-maximum).
Research carried out by the students that enroll to a certain discipline in the students’
debating society
These debating societies are open to all the students, interested to join, depending
their own will and available time, a team doing research within one or the other of disciplines,
on a various particular topics, along the years. Co-working with students coming from
different years of studies, strengthens the team-working spirit while the debates within the
group allow an exchange of experiences for all the participants, learning to design
experiments, analyze data and write a scientific paper. This completes the students
professional profile and improves the medical thinking. The students write up their results and
102
communicate and/or publish them within the Students’ Yearly Symposium at the Faculty in
Cluj or other Faculties, or even participate in the Faculty’s Yearly International Symposium.
Presentation of these papers or even prizes they can obtain at these symposia are one of the
criteria in evaluating the scientific value of the diploma paper and finally ranking the student.
In December 2003, besides the Yearly Symposium of the Students, F. V. M. Cluj
hosted an international student symposium, organized by the Association of Veterinary
Students from Cluj and the International Association of Students in Veterinary Medicine.
Forty foreign students, from faculties of Veterinary Medicine in U.E., Croatia, Hungary,
Moldavia, U.S.A., took part in this symposium. The scientific papers presented under the
guidance of the teaching staff, were published in USAMV Bulletin, distributed to participants,
thus contributing to present the research results of our students to other veterinary medicical
students all over the world.
Research within the group that works at a certain discipline to prepare and carry out a
research grant
The students may also participate, together with a research team, to fulfil the
provisions of a research grant proposal that has been accepted for financing. Basically, the
research within such a team has a more pronounced interdisciplinary character, is being
carried out under the supervision of a general coordinator of the team, not by the leader of a
certain discipline and includes cooperation with institutions outside the Faculty. The students
for such projects are usually selected from those who are members of different debating
societies, by their coordinators, once they have proven qualities and interest in research work.
Not all the students, but up to 30% could be elected to take part in this work. The
outcome is being represented by papers and reports, sent to national or international
symposia, where the students’ names appear as participants.
Other information concerning the students’scientific research
The time that students dedicate to scientific research has not been rigorously
monitored for each objective of the research they are involved in. According to the advisors, it
can vary from 6-8 hours per week for the diploma work. Practical laboratory work is being
combined in this case with study of the literature, for the first part of the work as specified.
In order to overcome the constraints caused by lack of funds, reagents, animals, briefly
financing, for the students’ research, some of their themes represent part of research grants of
different disciplines or research Centers.
103
2. Comments
FMV Cluj has the infrastructure and a fairly well equipped library, to satisfy the
requirements for students’ research purposes.
Students have access to spaces specially designed for scientific research, and also the
possibility of getting familiarized with a research equipment specific for various disciplines.
Although the laboratories are not equipped at the highest level of performance, there is the
possibility of performing good quality research, mainly responding to the demands of the
national medical veterinary activity. The students integrate in multidisciplinary research
groups, having the possibility to broaden their knowledge on practical tests in various sectors
of the veterinary research activity. Participation within the financed multi-institutional
research grants allows the students to use the equipment of other higher educational
institutions (Faculty of Human Medicine, Cluj, Faculty of Biology), in order to perform
certain laboratory investigations. Although the student scientific research is good on the
whole we believe that the students must get more involved in this type of activity, and
especially in the activities that take place in the high performance centers and prestigious
laboratories in our faculty.
Those students who take part in the international students’ exchange programs
(Socrates) have access to the research infrastructure of the faculties they visit as well as the
guidance of experts in those educational establishments.
3. Suggestions
Encouraging the students of our school to participate in higher numbers in the
exchange programs, would widen their horizon in research as well as in theoretical training,
considering that the faculties they visit are better equipped than the Faculty in Cluj.
Broadening the number of the European schools within the Socrates contracts the Faculty
already has, will offer multiple possibilities for research training, according to the student’s
interest and the research profile of the school.
New contracts, signed between the Faculty in Cluj and other institutions (National
Institute of Diagnose and Animal Health, the Pasteur Institute), with a scientific research
profile will grant the access of the students to a better infrastructure.
Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 4
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................. 4
2. COMMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
3. SUGGESTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2. ORGANISATION......................................................................................................................... 6
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................. 6
2. COMMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. SUGGESTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 3. FINANCES .................................................................................................................................. 10
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1. Expenditure........................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Revenues ............................................................................................................................................... 11
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 14
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER 4. CURRICULUM .......................................................................................................................... 15
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 15
4.1. Curriculum followed by all students ..................................................................................................... 16
4.2. Elective subjects ................................................................................................................................... 23
4.3. Optional subjects .................................................................................................................................. 24
4.4. Obligatory extramural work ................................................................................................................. 24
4.5. Ratios .................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.6. Other information about the curriculum .............................................................................................. 26
A. Basic subjects ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
B. Animal production ............................................................................................................................................... 30
C. Clinical subjects ................................................................................................................................................... 31
D. Food hygiene ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
E. Professional knowledge ....................................................................................................................................... 34
4.7: Specific information on the practical clinic training ............................................................................ 35
4.8: Specific information on the practical training of food ......................................................................... 37
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 39
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 40
CHAPTER 5. THE TEACHING PROCESS: QUALITY AND EVALUATION ......................................... 41
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 41
5.1. The teaching programme ...................................................................................................................... 41
5.2. The teaching environment .................................................................................................................... 43
5.3. The examination system ........................................................................................................................ 43
5.4. Evaluation of teaching .......................................................................................................................... 44
5.5. Student welfare ..................................................................................................................................... 45
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 45
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER 6. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................ 47
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 47
6.1: Premises in general .............................................................................................................................. 47
6.2: Premises used for clinics and hospitalisation ...................................................................................... 47
6.3: Premises for animals ............................................................................................................................ 48
6.4: Premises used for theoretical, practical and supervised teaching ....................................................... 48
6.5: Diagnostic laboratories and clinical support services ......................................................................... 51
6.6: Slaughterhouse facilities ...................................................................................................................... 52
6.7: Foodstuff processing unit ..................................................................................................................... 52
6.8: Waste management ............................................................................................................................... 53
6.9: Future changes ..................................................................................................................................... 53
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 53
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 54
CHAPTER 7 : ANIMALS AND TEACHING MATERIALS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN ................................. 58
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 58
7.1. Basic subjects ....................................................................................................................................... 58
7.2. Animal productions .............................................................................................................................. 62
7.3. Food hygiene ........................................................................................................................................ 65
7.4. Consultations ........................................................................................................................................ 66
7.5. Hospitalisation ..................................................................................................................................... 67
7.6. Vehicles for animal transport ............................................................................................................... 68
7.7. Emergency service ................................................................................................................................ 68
7.8. Mobile clinic ......................................................................................................................................... 69
7.9. Other information ................................................................................................................................. 69
7.10. Ratios .................................................................................................................................................. 70
7.10.1. Animals available for clinical work .............................................................................................................. 70
7.10.2. Animals available for necropsy .................................................................................................................... 71
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 71
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 71
CHAPTER 8: LIBRARY AND LEARNING RESOURCES .......................................................................... 72
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 72
8.1. Library .................................................................................................................................................. 72
8.2. Information technology services ........................................................................................................... 75
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 76
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 77
CHAPTER 9: ADMISSION AND ENROLMENT .......................................................................................... 78
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 78
9.1. STUDENT NUMBERS .......................................................................................................................... 78
9.2. Student admission ................................................................................................................................. 81
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 85
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 85
CHAPTER 10. ACADEMIC AND SUPPORT STAFF ................................................................................... 86
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 86
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 90
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 91
CHAPTER 11. CONTINUING EDUCATION ................................................................................................. 93
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 93
11.1. Continuing education courses held at the establishment .................................................................... 93
11.2. Distance learning (including via internet) .......................................................................................... 94
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 95
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 95
CHAPTER 12. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION .......................................................................................... 96
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 96
12.1. Clinical postgraduate training (interns, residents) ............................................................................ 96
12.2. Taught postgraduate courses .............................................................................................................. 96
12.3. Post-graduate research programs ...................................................................................................... 97
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 99
3. SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 99
CHAPTER 13. STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ............................................................................. 100
1. FACTUAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................. 100
2. COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 103
3. SUGGESTIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 103