University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne, Switzerland ... Start Emissions From ScootersDr... · UFAFP Ufficio federale dell’ambiente, delle foreste e del paesaggio UFAGC Uffizi

1

University of Applied SciencesBiel-Bienne, Switzerland

IC-Engines and Exhaust Gas Control

Cold Start and Particle Emissions of Scooters

Dr. Jan CzerwinskiProfessor IC-Engines

Lab. For Exhaust Emission Control (AFHB)University of Applied Sciences,

Biel-Bienne, Switzerland

BUWAL Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und LandschaftOFEFP Office fédéral de l’environnement, des forêts et du paysageUFAFP Ufficio federale dell’ambiente, delle foreste e del paesaggioUFAGC Uffizi federal d’ambient, guaud e cuntrada

Swiss EPASAEFL - Swiss Agency for Environment,

Forests and Landscape

BUWAL- Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald and Landschaft



BUWAL Dipl. Ing. F. ReutimannDr. M. Delisle

Matter Engineering, ETHZDr. M. KasperDipl. Ing. Th. Mosimann

TNO ARTEMIS WP 500Dipl. Ing. R. Gense

WMTCDr. A. Paul

EMPADipl. Ing. Ch. BachDr. M. Weilenmann



2



Investigated scooters

2-stroke, 50 ccair coolingvariomat, vmax = 60 km/h2,5 kW at 6800 rpmweight empty: 81 kgconstr. year: 2000 (22 km)original: with ox. cat.

4-stroke, 125 ccwater coolingVariomat, vmax = 95 km/h8,5 kW at 9000 rpmweight empty: 136 kgconstr. year: 1999 (33 km)original: without catalyst

Yamaha EW50 SliderAprilia Leonardo 125



Sampling and measuring set-up for nanoparticulates analysis of the scooters

60mm

Nanomet

test bench

L= 25 - 30 mm

L = 8mExhaust

*)

scooter

dilution air

MD

PASDC

CPCETH

SMPS

e)

3.53m

f)

diameter = 320 mm

CVS

ELPI

a)



0

20

40

60

0 50 100 150 200 250 300cooling time [s]

v [km

/h]

cond. cycle

real cycle

Driving cycle for warm-up after the cold start and for nanoparticulates analysis

Characteristic parameters of the driving cycle (ZUS 98)cycle t s v=0 v=const stab v stab a v mean a+ a-

[-] [s] [m] [s] [%] [s] [%] [m/s] [m/s2] [m/s] [m/s2] [m/s2]cond. 291 1888.2 24 8.2 65 22.3 12.592 0.872 23.36 1.062 -0.777real 291 1895.4 21 7.2 59 20.3 11.956 0.768 23.29 0.909 -0.722



Cold StartsCold Starts

3



Temperatures: spark plug (SP) & cooling water (mot.) after the start with different cooling time

APRILIA 125 w/o cat.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120time [s]

t [°C

] & v

[km

/h] t. mot. 2

t. mot. Ref.

t. SP 2

t. SP ref.

cond. cycle

t. SP 3

t. SP 4

t. mot. 3

t. mot. 4

ref. ... cold 3 ... 30 min 2 ... 15 min 4 ... 60 min



Temperatures of the spark plug (SP) after the cold start with different cooling systems

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120time [s]

t [°C

] & v

[km/h

]

cond. cycle

Yamaha 50 air cooling

Aprilia 125 water cooling

Emissions after cold start with different cooling time APRILIA 125 w/o cat.

CVS diluted exh. gas

0

250

500

750

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

HC [p

pm]

ref. ... cold 2 ... 15 min3 ... 30 min 4 ... 60 min

ref.

2

34

HC

0

11

22

33

44

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70time [s]

NOx [

ppm

]

NOx

0

525

1050

1575

2100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

CO [p

pm]

CO

Comparison of the emissions CO & HC accumulated during 1.5 min & 5 min after the cold

start dependent on cooling timeYAMAHA with cat.; tamb. = 25°C

0

4

8

12

16

ref. 5 10 15 30 60 90 90*)cooling time [min]

CO [g

/km]

CO

1.5 min.

5 min.

*) w/o blower

0

2

4

6

8


HC [g

/km]

HC1.5 min.

5 min.

4

Comparison of emissions CO & HC during 1.5 min after the cold start – 2-stroke / 4-stroke;

with / without catalysttamb. = 25°C

048

12162024


CO [g

/km]

CO

*) w/o blower

2-st. with cat.

2-st. w/o cat.

4-st. with cat. 4-st. w/o cat.

0

2

4

6

8

10


HC [g

/km]

HC



ParticleParticle AnalysisAnalysis



Particulate emissions analysis

• PM gravimetric measurement

• SMPS – Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, TSI

• ELPI – Electrical Low Pressure Impactor, DEKATI

• NanoMet – System consisting of:PAS – Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (Eco Chem PAS 2000)DC – Diffusion Charging Sensor (Matter Eng. LQ1-DC)MD19 tunable minidiluter (Matter Eng. MD19-2E).



Measuring procedure

cold start - acceleration to 30 km/h - constant speedwarm cycle - bag sampling, PMcooling down during 30 mincold cycle - bag sampling, PM

5



Nanoparticulates at v = 30km/h, with cold startYamaha EW 50, with catalyst

0.0E+00

2.0E+05

4.0E+05

6.0E+05

8.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.2E+06

1.4E+06

0 50 100 150 200-2.0E+06

0.0E+00

2.0E+06

4.0E+06

6.0E+06

8.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.2E+07

1.4E+07

1.6E+07

1.8E+07

PAS 2000LQ1-DCCPC3025

CPC: through DMA, set on 100nm

PA

S 2

000

[fA] &

LQ

1-D

C [

m2/

cm3]

coun

ts C

PC

302

5 [1

/cm

3]

time [s]

LQ1-DC short in Overrange

NanoMet & SMPS

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

0 50 100 150 200

2.stage, Di=83nm3.stage, Di=137nm

4.stage, Di=215nm5.stage, Di=330nm

1.stage, Di=43nm

time [s]

coun

ts d

N/d

logD

p [1

/cm

3]

ELPI



Nanoparticulates at v=30 km/h, with cold start & warm up for 2-stroke / 4-stroke; with/without catalyst

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

0 50 100 150 200

SMPS set on 100 nm

time [s]

2-stroke

4-stroke

with cat.

w/o cat.

with cat.

w/o cat.

coun

ts C

PC [1

/cm

3 ]

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

-1 49 152

ELPI stage 3: 137nm

2-stroke

4-stroke

w/o cat.

with cat.

with cat.

w/o cat.

time [s]

coun

ts d

N/d

log

Dp

[1/c

m3 ]

0 time [s] 50 100 150 200



Nanoparticulates at v=30 km/h, with warm enginefor 2-stroke / 4-stroke; with/without catalyst

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

4-stroke

2-stroke

ELPI total [1/cm3]

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

4-stroke2-stroke

PAS [fA]

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

w ithcat.

w /ocat.

4-stroke

2-stroke

DC [ m2/cm3]

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+10

1 10 100 1000

SMPS PSD - spectra

d [nm]

2-stroke

4-stroke

with cat.

w/o cat.

with cat.

w/o cat.

coun

ts d

N/d

log

Dp

[1/c

m3 ]



Nanoparticulates at transient cycle, with cold startYamaha EW 50, with catalyst

0.00E+005.00E+041.00E+051.50E+052.00E+052.50E+053.00E+053.50E+054.00E+054.50E+05

0 50 100 150 200 2500.0E+00

2.0E+05

4.0E+05

6.0E+05

8.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.2E+06PAS 2000LQ1-DC

PAS

2000

[fA]

time [s]

LQ

1-D

C [

m2/

cm3]

NanoMet

0.0E+002.0E+064.0E+066.0E+068.0E+061.0E+071.2E+071.4E+071.6E+071.8E+07

0 50 100 150 200 2500

25

50

75

100

125CPC3025v

v [k

m/h

]

coun

ts C

PC 3

025

[1/c

m3

SMPS

time [s]

CPC: through DMA, set on 100nm

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

0 50 100 150 200 2500

25

50

75

100

1251.stage, Di=43nm 2.stage, Di=83nm3.stage, Di=137nm 4.stage, Di=215nmv

ELPI, CVS-diluted

time [s]coun

ts d

N/d

logD

p [1

/cm

3]

v [k

m/h

]

6

Integrated nanoparticulates of selected size at transient cycletime 250 sec.

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1

SMPS

coun

ts C

PC

302

5 [1

/cm

3]

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1

ELPIco

unts

dN

/dlo

gDp

[1/c

m3]

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+10

1

SMPS

coun

ts C

PC

302

5 [1

/cm

3]

1.E+08

3.E+08

5.E+08

7.E+08

9.E+08

1.E+09

1

ELPI

coun

ts d

N/d

logD

p [1

/cm

3]

SMSP set on 100nm

SMPS set on 100 nm

ELPI stage 137nm

ELPI stage 137nm

Aprilia 125 (4-stroke)

Yamaha EW 50 (2-stroke)

without catalyst, cold start with catalyst, cold start without catalyst, engine warm with catalyst, engine warm



Summary (1)

after a cooling period of 30 min the emission level is similar to that of a long-cooling cold start

the catalyst has no positive influence on the emissions (CO and HC) in the short period (1,5 min) after a cold start, it becomes efficient in a longer term operation

cold start



Summary (2)the cold start causes also higher particle mass- andnanoparticulates emissions

2-stroke engine has higher particulate emissions than the 4-stroke engine, this emission riches the level of a diesel engine, but consists mostly of the condensates of unburned lube-oil

4-stroke engine has a very low particulate emission, which consists mostly of insoluble fraction



Summary (3)the catalyst has different, sometimes controversial influences on the particulate number concentrations, it can:

- change the basis engine emissions by influencing the air-fuel ratio and the gas exchange (here: richer operation of the 2-stroke engine)

- change the number of solid particulates through the deposition and removal effects (here: general reduction of particle counts for the 4-stroke engine)

- change the number of soluble particulates (condensates) through the oxidation of hydrocarbons (diminishing of part. number) or oxida-tion of sulphur (increasing of part. number)

Those two later effects depend on the gas flow and temperature of gas and catalyst.

7



Further Further ResearchResearch



Peugeot scooter Looxor TSDI 2-stroke on the chassis dynamometer



Peugeot 2-stroke Direct Injection System (TSDI)

gasoline injector

air injector



Sampling and measuring methods of oil aerosols

Influences of oils and fuels

Catalyst light off and ageing

8

CH: BUWAL, EV, BfEAFHB, EMPA, ME, TTM+ Industry

PM, PC emissions, basics,technology for reduction,inputs for legislation

4 scooters, severaloilsfuelscatalysts

Project A

Environmental impactsEMPAAnalytics of VOCGreenhouse-, ozone-potentials

Project E

Swiss Emission Factors

JRC Ispracomplementarytime independent

Project B

VTT Finlandcomplementarytime synchron &coordinated

Project C

ToxicityNetwork FranceProf. Morin

ev.

Catalyst efficiencyfield testEMPA

(BUWAL)

time independent

Transferof technologys

Transferof technology

Project D

2 years

PM …particle massPC …particle countVOC…volatile organic compounds

India complementarytime independent

Project F



If engine

is bad…

let’s improve it !

Thanks for

Thanks for

attention!attention!

Documents

University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne, Switzerland ... Start Emissions From ScootersDr... · UFAFP Ufficio federale dell’ambiente, delle foreste e del paesaggio UFAGC Uffizi