the Primary Examination, to be obtained of the Secretary, imust be signed by the Dean of the Medical School or iother authority. Section I. of the Final Examination I

consists of three parts. Part I. includes the Principlesand Practiee of Surgery, Surgical Pathology, and Sur-gical Anatomy, Operative Manipulation, Instruments,and Appliances. Part II. includes the Principlesand Practice of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathologyand Morbid Histology; Forensic Medicine, Hygiene, iTheory and Practice of Vaccination ; and Mental Diseases.Part III. includes Midwifery, Gynaecology, and Diseases ofNew-born Children and the Use of Obstetric Instruments andAppliances. Part III. may be postponed to Section II. ofthe Final Examination, and candidates may enter forParts I., II., and III. together or separately. Section I.of the Final Examination cannot be passed before theexpiration of forty-five months after registration as

medical student, during which time not less than threewinter sessions and two summer sessions must have beenpassed at one or more of the medical schools connectedwith a general hospital recognised by the Society.Section II. of the Final Examination consists of twoParts. Part I. Clinical Surgery ; Part II. Clinical Medicineand Medical Anatomy. Section II. cannot be passed beforethe end of the fifth year.The course of study for the Primary Examination is

as follows:- Elementary Biology, not less than threemonths; Chemistry and Chemical Physics, six months;Practical Chemistry, three months; Pharmacy and Dis-pensing, three months; Anatomy, six months; PracticalAnatomy with Demonstrations, twelve months ; Physiology,six months ; Histology with Demonstrations, three months.The study of these subjects must be pursued at a MedicalSchool or at a place of instruction recognised by the Society.Evidence of having received instruction in the subjects ofPart I. of the Primary Examination before registration asmedical student will be accepted. Instruction in Pharmacyand Dispensing must be given by a registered medicalpractitioner or by a member of the Pharmaceutical Societyby examination or in a public hospital, infirmary, or

dispensary.The course of study for the Final, Section I., Examination

includes attendance on the Surgical and Medical Practice(with Post-mortem Examinations) at a hospital connected witha medical school for a period of three winter and two summersessions ; lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery,six months ; Practical Surgery, three months; Clinical

Surgical Lectures, nine months; Dressership, six months;Performance of Surgical Operations on the Dead Body ;lectures on Principles and Practice of Medicine, six months ;Pathology, three months ; Clinical Medical Lectures, ninemonths; Clinical Clerkship,8 six months; Forensic Medi-cine, Hygiene, and Insanity, three months ; Midwifery andGynaecology, three months ; Clinical Instruction in the same,three months ; a course of Practical Midwifery ; attendanceon twenty Midwifery cases. The course of medical studymust extend over the above-mentioned period of forty-fivemonths.The course of study for the Final Examination Section II.

includes either attendance on the Practice of Medicine Iand Surgery at a hospital or other institution recognised Iby the Society for a further period of twelve months,or six months as above and six months as a pupilof a registered practitioner holding a public medicalor surgical appointment, or attendance at two specialhospitals for six months (three months at each hos-pital), and for six months at a general hospital, all suchhospitals to be recognised by the Society. Evidence shallalso be given of practical instruction in Infectious Diseasesand in Mental Diseases (at a lunatic asylum or in the wardsof an institution containing a special ward set apart for thetreatment of mental diseases), and in any two of thefollowing subjects : Ophthalmic Surgery, Laryngologywith Rhinology and Otology, Dermatology, and Diseasesof Children. No candidate is eligible for the FinalExamination who has not completed the curriculum pre-scribed by the Society, in evidence of which a schedule,to be obtained of the Secretary, must be produced, signed bythe Dean of the Medical School or other authority. Prior toSection II. of the Final Examination the candidate mustproduce certificates : (1) of being twenty-one years of age;(2) of moral character ; (3) of the course of medical study ;and (4) of proficiency in vaccination signed by a teacher

8 These offices must be held at a hospital, or other institutionecognised by the society.

authorised by the Local Government Board. Candidatesintending to present themselves for examination are requiredto give fourteen days notice. A form for this purpose willbe sent on application.The fee for the three examinations is 15 guineas, or five

guineas for each examination, except in the case of personsholding a foreign diploma, who are required to pay the entirefee of 15 guineas. The Secretary to the Examiners attendsat the Hall of the Society, BlackfriaTs, E.C., from 10 to12 o’clock daily.

APOTHECARIES’ HALL OF IRELAND.The Apothecaries’ Hall of Ireland grants a full registrable

diploma entitling the holder to practise medicine, surgery,and midwifery. For this qualification there are fourexaminations, the fees for which are C5 5s. each, and forthe Fourth, or Final, ;E6 6s. The Hall grants the power topractise as an apotbecary throughout Ireland also, but thispower is not granted separately except to persons holdingother registered qualifications. The Hall grants its licenceto qualified practitioners whose names appear on the MedicalRegister who wish to add this to other qualifications. Thefee is Z10 10s. on examination. Further information canbe obtained from Mr. R. Montgomery, secretary of theApothecaries’ Hall, Mary-street, Dublin.

UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS.British and other practitioners holding registrable qual!^

fications are admitted to the examination for the Doctorateof the University of Brussels without further curriculum.It is essentially a practitioner’s examination and is separatefrom that intended for the Belgian students who take up themedical curriculum of the University. The fees are-Formatriculation, E8 12s. ; for 1st Part, 4 8s. for 2nd Part,E4 4 4s. ; for 3rd Part, E4 8s. ; for legalisation of diploma, 8s.-£22. Candidates who have paid in advance the fees for thethree examinations, and are unsuccessful in the first, recoverthe fees paid for the second and third ; those who fail in thesecond recover the fees paid for the third examination.Unsuccessful candidates are allowed to come up again threemonths after rejection on payment of examination fees only,provided this second appearance be in the course of the sameacademical year (October lst to June 30th), otherwise theymust renew the payment of the matriculation fee of £8 12s.There are three examinations, viz.-1st Part: General Medi-cine ; Pathology and Morbid Anatomy; General Therapeutics;Materia Medica and Pharmacology ; Special Therapeuticsand Mental Diseases. 2nd Part : Surgery ; Midwifery;Hygiene; and Medical Juxisprudence. 3rd Part : ClinicalExamination in Medicine at the Hospital ; Clinical SurgicalExamination ; Examination in Midwifery, consisting of ob-stetrical operations on the mannequin (doll and model ofpelvis) ; Examination in Operative Surgery, consisting ofsome of the usual operations on the dead subject, such asAmputation, Ligature of an Artery, &c. ; Regional Anatomyon the Dead Body, with Dissections; and Ophthalmology.The first and second parts are theoretical and the third ismainly practical and clinical. The time required for thethree examinations seldom exceeds ten days, and is usuallyless. Candidates have the option of passing each partseparately or of taking the three together, and the latter isthe usual course ; also of demanding a written examinationon payment of an additional fee of one guinea for each part,a rule of which candidates rarely or never avail themselves.The examinations, which are vivâ voce, take place on thefirst Tuesday in November, December, February, May, andJune. Candidates should appear with their diplomas at the

’

Secretary’s office not later than 2 P.M. on the day precedingthe examination. Most of the examiners speak Englih andthose who do not examine through the medium of an inter-preter who is a medical man ; the gentleman now acting in’

the latter capacity was appointed during the past academicalyear and speaks English fluently. Great importance isattached to practical knowledge, but candidates must also

’

possess sound theoretical knowledge, the standard requiredvarying with the subject. Pathological and other specimens,

are not usually shown. Dr. Crccq, the late examiner in

medicine, died during last autumn and Dr. Charpentier was: appointed in his place. There are in England at present: over 600 graduates holding this degree, and an English, Association of Brussels Medical Graduates has been in exis-

tence for many years.Further information may be obtained from Dr. Walter

Reeve, 38, Manchester-street, Manchester-square, W.

641

THE ARMY, NAVY. AND INDIAN MEDICALSERVICES.

Consequent upon the issue of the Royal Warrant

published in Army Orders dated July lEt, 1898, the

Army Medical Staff and the Medical Staff Carps were

formed into the Royal Army Medical Corps. Medicalofficers also have been placed, as regards sick leave ofabsence on full pay, on the same footing as thatlaid down for regimental officers. By a Royal Warrant,dated Nov. 10th, 1891, Art. 1208b of the Pay Warrantwas revised by inserting the words "an officer of ourArmy Medical Staff " afcer the words combatant officer,’

,

thus giving medical officers an equal title with combatantofficers to reckon time on half-pay towards retirement, whenthe half-pay has been due to ill-health contracted in the

performance of military duty. Under the Royal Warrantof July, 1895, time on half-pay not exceeding a year mayunder similar circumstances also reckon towards promotion.In the New Royal Warrant it is announced that the Queenhas been pleased to approve of the following ranks for theofficers of the Royal Army Medical Corps :-Colonel, Lieu-tenant-Colonel, Major. Captain, and Lieutenant. TheWarrant also states that the Medical Staff of the Armyshall in future consist of Surgeon-Generals (ranking as

Major-Generals). Officers of the Royal Army MedicalCorps holding appointments in the Household Troops areto be borne as se conded officers on the establishment of theRoyal Army Medical Corps. The substantive rank of theDirector-General of the Army Medical Service is that ofSurgeon-General.Admission into the Royal Army Medical Corps and

Indian Medical Services is gained as the result of com-petitive examination. Under special conditions the admissionmay take place by nomination under the authority of theSecretary of State for War. The number of nominatedcandidates is not to exceed in number those admitted to theArmy Medical School by examination. The candidates arenominated by the Secretary of State, who invites suchgoverning bodies of public schools of medicine in the UnitedKingdom or Colonies, as he may think proper, to proposeprobationers. The Secretary of State for War will from timeto time fix the order of precedence and the proportion inwhich the several schools of medicine shall be offered thenomination of candidates. Candidates for both servicesmust, before being admitted to examination, possess adouble qualification to practise Medicine and Surgery, andbe registered under the Medical Act. They are also nowrequired to produce certificates of having acted as a medicalclinical clerk for six months, as surgical dresser foranother six months, and of having had not less thanthree months’ instruction at an ophthalmic hospital or

the ophthalmic department of a general hospital, includinga course on errors of refraction. They must also furnish

satisfactory certificates of moral character. A candidatefor the Royal Army Medical Corps must be between theages of twenty-one and twenty. eight, in good mental andbodily health, and must sign a declaration upon honour thathe is of pure European descent; for the Indian Service a can-didate must be between twenty-one and twenty-eight, of soundbodily health, and a natural-born subject of Her Majesty.Both are examined as to physical fitness by a Board ofMedical Officers. These conditions being satisfied, the can-didate is admitted to the competitive examination, whichis usually held in London twice a year, in the monthsof February and August. An entrance fee of f,1 is requiredfrom each candidate admitted to the competition, and is pay-able at the conclusion of the candidate’s physical examina-tion, if he be pronounced fit. No candidate for the IndianService will be allowed to compete on more than threeoccasions. The subjects of examination are divided intocompulsory and voluntary. The former comprise Surgery(1200 marks), Medicine, including Therapeutics and theDiseases of Women and Children (1200 marks), Anatomyand Physiology (600 marks), Chemistry and Pharmacy, anda practical knowledge of Drugs (600 marks). The examina-tion in Medicine and Surgery will be in part practical, andwill include operations on the dead body, the applicationof surgical apparatus, and the examination of medicaland surgical patients at the bedside. The eligi-bility of the candidate for admission into the service isdetermined by the result of this part of the examination.By an Army Order dated May 1st, 1895, no candidate shall be considered eligible who shall not have obtained atleast one-third of the marks obtainable in each of the

compulsory subjects, and at least one-half of the aggregateof marks for all the compulsory subjects. The voluntarysubjects are French (200 marks), German (200 marks),Hindustani (200 marks), and Natural Sciences : (cc) Physics(300 marks) ; (b) Zoolcgy (300 maiks) ; (c) Geologyand Physical Geography (300 marks) ; and (d) Botany(300 marks). A candidate may not present himself forexamination in more than two of the subjects includedunder the term "Natural Sciences." A number lessthan one-third of the marks obtainable in each of thevoluntary subjects will not be allowed to count in favour ofa candidate who has qualified in the compulsory subjects.Although the results of the examination in voluntary subjectsdo not affect the question of the eligibility of the can-

didate for a commission, they influence his position onthe list, which is determined by the numbers obtainedunder the two heads conjointly. A candidate for theRoyal Army Medical Corps when submitting his applicationmay also enter for the Indian Medical Service, subject to hissatisfying the Secretary of State for India that he is eligibleunder the regulations for that service. The names of thesuccessful candidates for the two services will be placed onone list in order of merit, as determined by the total numberof marks each has obtained in both the compulsory andvoluntary subjects. So far as the number of vacancies willpermit, the successful candidates will be allotted, accordingto their position on the list, to the service for which theyhave expressed a preference, subject to their having beenaccepted prior to examination as eligible for that service.After having passed this examination the successfulcandidates for both services are sent to the Army MedicalSchool at Netley as "surgeons-on-probation," receivinga daily pay of 8s. and certain allowances, to go througha four months’ course of instruction in the special dutiesrequired of them in the services. They are required toattend the Royal Army Medical Corps mess at Netley and toconform to the rules and regulations thereof. The staff ofthe school consists of four professors, all of them men ofhigh standing in their special departments. The Pro-fessorship of Military Medicine is held by ColonelK. Macleod, M.D., I.M.S. Colonel W. F. Stevenson, M.B.,is Professor of Military Surgery ; Colonel J. L. Notter, M.D.,of Military Hygiene ; and Dr. A. E. Wright, of Pathology.There is an Assistant Professor for each of these subjectswho is an officer of the Royal Army Medical Corps. Thelectures on Military Surgery include gunshot and otherwounds, transport of sick and wounded, duties of armymedical officers in the field, on board troopships andtransports, recruiting, and other duties incident to militaryservice. Those on Military Medicine treat of tropicaland other diseases to which soldiers are exposed in thecourse of their service, the mortality and invalidingby disease, in peace and war, at home and abroad, themanagement of lunatics under the conditions of militaryservice, &c. The course of six lectures on Lunacy andMilitary Asylum work is delivered at the Netley LunaticAsylum by Lieutenant-Colonel Chester, M.B. The courseof Hygiene comprises the examinations of water and air,the general principles of diet, with the quality and adul-terations of food and beverages, the sanitary requirementsof barracks, hospitals, and camps, the consideration of theclothing, duties, and exercises of the soldier, and the cir-cumstances affecting his health, with the best means ofpreventing disease, and instruction in the mode of preparingthe various statistical and other returns required of themedical officer. The Pathological course includesbacteriology and demonstrations in physiological chemistry.The surgeons - on - probation are detailed for duty inthe wards of the hospital, under the Professors andAssistant Professors of Medicine and Surgery. They spendtwo months in the medical and two months in the surgicaldivision of the hospital, and there they are taughtpractically the details of the management of patientsin a military hospital, the registration of their diseases,the duties of invaliding, the modes of filling up the

regulation statistical returns and other service docu-ments. The surgeons - on - probation are provided withquarters and are extra members of the mess at Netley.They are required to provide themselves with the regulationundress and mess uniform of a lieutenant, but without thesword, sword-belt, dress trousers, forage cap, patrol jacket,and badge of rank. After having passed through the courseof instruction they are required to pass a qualifying examina-tion in the subjects taught in the school, and their position