University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG) University …...Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato Step-1: Eight students will complete their thesis

University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG)

University of Colorado, Boulder (CU)

Dr. Abel Hernandez / Dr. Moncef Krarti

Promoting Sustainable Energy Efficiency Technologies

for Buildings

A project supported by:

USAID and Higher Education for Development, Washington, D.C.,

under the Training, Exchanges, Internships and Scholarships (TIES) Partnership Program

Promoting Sustainable Energy Efficiency Technologies

for Buildings

Partnership between

University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato

Objectives:

1. Promote environmentally-conscious, renewable and sustainable

technologies in the Mexican building industry while mitigating

technical and economic barriers to their implementation

2. Strengthen the curriculum at UG, train energy sector

professionals and decision makers

3. Create a graduate program on sustainable and energy efficiency

designs specifically for the building sector

Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato

Step-1: Eight students will complete their thesis work at CU and will

get a UG Mechanical Engineering Master degree in Sustainable

Energy Technologies (SET):

It is hoped 2 in the first year, 4 in second year and 2 students in

the third year will be selected

Step-2: Eight students will complete both course work and thesis work

at CU and will get a CU Civil Engineering Master of Sciences

degree in the Building Systems Program.

It is hoped 2 in the first year, 4 in second year and 2 students in

the third year will be selected

Step-3: At least Three courses jointly developed between CU and UG

faculty members will be added at UG to establish a MS option

in Sustainable Energy Technologies program (SET)

• Course on Energy Efficiency and Energy Management

• Course of renewable Energy Systems

• Course of Sustainable Buildings (combines Energy Efficiency

and Renewable Energy Technologies)

• Course Business Opportunities in Sustainable Energy

Technologies

Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY

OF BUILDING SYSTEMS

OUTLINE

Overview of World Energy Supply/Demand

Overview of Electricity Generation Technologies

Objectives of energy management

Types of energy management programs

Case studies of energy efficiency projects

SOLAR ENERGY AND BUILDINGS

Course content includes a review of solar radiation, solar

resource distribution, and seasonal variation. Solar thermal power

plants (CSP). Solar electricity and characteristics of photovoltaic

cells (PV) - physics and design of PV cells; multilayer solar cells;

photovoltaic systems and collectors. Solar water heating systems.

Solar architectural designs. Case studies from Europe and the

U.S. Energy efficiency, costs and environmental impact assessments. Future prospects of solar energy.

Sustainable Building Design

OUTLINE

Buildings can be designed to produce less greenhouse gases while being more

comfortable, healthy and economical through the proper application of sustainable

design principles. This course will review sustainable building technologies and

provide insight into evolving design principles. The course will explore aspects of

building thermal performance, indoor and outdoor environmental quality, occupant

comfort, and climate relevant to building design. Topics include sustainable building

elements, climate and comfort parameters, passive and active energy systems, and

environmental implications of building. Advanced architectural design concepts and

methods will be applied to energy-efficient and environmentally responsible building

design. The prevailing building simulation tools for building sketch, materials

selection, ventilation design, energy calculation, and climate analysis will be

introduced. The course emphasizes both fundamental understanding and practical

applications of sustainable building design strategies.

University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG)

University of Colorado (CU)

Case Study

Exploring a total building energy performance approach for

building energy codes in Mexico compared to the current

prescriptive compliance approach:

case study in Salamanca, Guanajuato

Focus of CU Student Investigation

1. Explore the potential of using a total building energy performance

approach for building energy codes in Mexico compared to the current

prescriptive compliance approach

2. Investigate building energy use in Salamanca, Guanajuato as a case study

3. Perform several energy assessments of each building type to determine

typical energy use intensity (EUI in W/m2) for:

a) Residential

b) Commercial

c) Industrial

4. Understand the most common areas of energy reduction

5. Use results to make recommendations and updates to the existing

building energy codes in Mexico and how it applies to smaller cities such

as Salamanca

Travel Objectives

Travel to Salamanca, Guanajuato

November 21, 2010 – November 27, 2010

Meet UG students, faculty and other stake holders

Perform 3 building energy assessments

Present at the UG graduate seminar

February 20, 2011 – March 3, 2011

Perform 10 building energy assessments

Present findings from November visit to City Hall

officials

Find local equipment and construction costs

Meet with local architects and building

contractors

Buildings Included in the Study

Industrial

Industrial fabrication of specialized mechanical parts

Administration buildings for a thermoelectric plant of the

Federal Commission on Electricity, CFE

Commercial

Salamanca City Hall

Middle school

Bakery and coffee shop

Residential

Low income housing

Middle income housing

Upper income housing

Commercial

Industrial Residential

Industrial Facilities

Ortiz Taller Mecánico Máquinas Herramientas (OTMMH)

Industrial fabrication of specialized mechanical parts


Main features:

A priori recommendations: New, more efficient motors

Behavior modification-turn off equipment when not in use

Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts

Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips

Clean manufacturing area skylights for better light transmission

Building area 4020 m2 lot; 625 m2 constructed space

Schedule M-F 8am -6pm, Sat. 8am-2pm, Sun. closed

Year of construction 1991

Energy sources primarily electricity, some LPG

Electric tariff High voltage industrial

Annual electricity consumption (2010) 79,360 kWh

Average monthly consumption (2010) 6,610 kWh

Employees 40-45 machine operators, 9 administration employees

Primary equipment loads Large machinery

Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts

Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick

Comfort issues Offices are comfortable; Hot in open machinery area


Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)

Administration buildings for the thermoelectric plant in Salamanca


Main features:

Priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts

Improved lighting control strategies

Lighting occupancy sensors Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips

Paint the black roofs white to reduce cooling load

Number of buildings 10 buildings ranging from 55m2 to 550m2

Schedule M-F 8am -3:30pm, Sat. -Sun. closed

Year of construction Varies beginning in 1970 to 2000

Energy sources Electricity

Electric tariff N/A; they do not meter electricity

Employees Varies between 4 and 30

Primary equipment loads Office equipment and AC units



Comfort issues Most offices are hot in the summer, even with AC

Commercial Buildings

Salamanca City Hall office building energy analysis results

Project Introduction

First visit to Salamanca – May 2010

Dr. Moncef Krarti and Dr. Abel Hernández had a meeting with the

Salamanca Mayor

CU student visit to the City Hall office building to start the energy

assessment- November 2010

Collected a large set of data for the analysis

Information collected

Information collected during the visit

Area 1275 m2 (13,730 ft2)

Schedule M-F: 8am-4pm

Lighting load LPD=25.26 W/m2 (2.35 W/ft2)

Equipment load EPW=36.9 W/m2 (3.43 W/ft2)

Employees 134 personas

Airconditioning systems 21

Typical AC efficiency (kW/ton) 2.1

Construction materials Concrete and brick

-(LPD) Lighting power density

-(EPW) Equipment power density

City Hall Building Plans

Electric Consumption Data

EUI (kWh/ft2/yr) 9.1

EUI (kBTU/ft2/yr) 31.0 Base load (kWh/mo) 9264.0

-(EUI) Energy Use Intensity

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Electricity Consumption Profile

2009

2010

Average

Energy Analysis

Energy Consumption Calibration

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Utility Data (kWh)

equest estimate (kWh)

Type of Consumption

Miscellaneous equipment

and lighting consume the

most energy

Therefore reducing the

consumption in these

areas will have the

greatest impact

Space Cool 7%

Vent. Fans 1%

Pumps & Aux. 0%

Ext. Usage

3%

Misc. Equip. 53%

Area Lights 36%

Results

-(ECM) Energy conservation measure

Description Initial Values New Values Consumptio

n (kWh)

Energy Savings (kWh)

Capital Cost

(USD) Cost

savings

Payback Period (yrs)

ECM 0 Baseline - - 125977 - -

ECM 1 Replace all incandescent with CFLs LPD=2.35 New LPD=2.3 124907 1070 35 178 0.20

ECM 2

Replace T12s with T5s, & magnetic ballasts for electronic ballasts LPD=2.35

New LPD=1.58 109573 16404 21652 2736 7.91

ECM 3 Replace ceiling tiles w/ transparent material LPD=2.35

New LPD=2.19 122556 3421 2775 571 4.86

ECM 4 Reduce Phantom plug loads with power strips

Unoccupied use fraction=0.08

Unoccupied use fraction=0.03 111963 14014 815 2337 0.35

ECM 5

Replace all CRT computer screens with LCD screens EPW=3.43

New EPD= 3.28 122772 3205 23540 535 44.04

ECM 6 Energy Star vending machine EPW=3.43

New EPD= 3.33 123839 2138 3000 357 8.41

ECM 7 More efficient AC units COP=2 COP=3.4 123058 2919 9444 487 19.40

ECM 8 Remove asbestos from the roof - - - - -

Results

100000

105000

110000

115000

120000

125000

130000

Ele

ctri

c C

on

sum

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

Baseline

Replace all incandescents with CFLs

Replace T12s with T5s, & magneticballasts for electronic ballasts

Replace ceiling tiles w/ transparentmaterial

Reduce Phantom plug loads withpower strips

Replace all CRT computer screenswith LCD screens

Energy Star vending machine

More efficient AC units

Recommendations

Recommended Packet:

Use power strips for office equipment

Change the incandescent lamps to 26W

CFLs

Replace the T12 lamps/magnetic ballasts

with T5 lamps/electronic ballasts

Use more skylights in the lobby area

Save: 27% of the annual energy (kWh) y

$5,770 / year

The payback period is only 4.4 years

Renewable Energy

To achieve 100% renewable energy:

65 kW system

Save 91,400 kWh/year and

$36,000/year

Price~9-10 $USD/W

Required space 380 m2

There is plenty of open space on

the roof

(SAM) System Advisor Model

Commercial

New City Hall office building

ECM recommendations:

Replace some ceiling tiles with

transparent material to let in daylight

Remove the wall at the entrance to

bring in more daylight

Create apertures in the walls between

the ceiling tiles and the roof to induce

natural ventilation

Possibly change roof material to

concrete to better absorb solar

radiation

Presentation to the local authorities

in Salamanca

Preliminary findings for the City Hall office building was presented

to the local authorities in Salamanca- March 2011


Secundaria del Centro

Local middle school

Commercial Buildings: middle school

Main features:

*They were very energy conscientious

A priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts

Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips

Building area 468 m2

Schedule M-F 7am -2:30pm, Sat-Sun closed


Energy sources Primarily electricity, some LPG

Electric tariff 02-Commercial


Average monthly consumption (2010) 160 kWh

Occupancy 74 Students, 18 teachers, 3 staff

Primary equipment loads Office equipment and lighting



Comfort issues A little cold in the winter months


Pastelería Plarine

Local pastry shop and café

Commercial Buildings: pastry shop

and café

Main features:

A priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts Load shedding with modified equipment schedules Consolidate the number of refrigerators Paint roof white or higher reflective color


Schedule M-Sat 9am -11:00pm, Sun 9:30am-5:30pm


Energy sources Electricity and natural gas

Electric tariff 02-Commercial


Average monthly consumption (2010) 3,165 kWh

Occupancy 23 employees and roughly 30 clients maximum

Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and Ovens

Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts, MR16s, CFLs


Comfort issues Gets very hot in the summer

Residential Buildings

Low income housing

Home 1 Home 2

Residential Buildings: Low Income Housing

Main features:

*Both families were very energy conscientious

Priori recommendations: Use power strips for computers, TVs, stereos, etc.

Construct a shallow attic space to better absorb solar radiation

More efficient washing machines New stoves and solar hot water heaters

Building area 100 m2 on average

Schedule Specific to each family

Year of construction 1994 and 1995

Energy sources Electricity and LPG

Electric tariff 01-Domestic

Annual electricity consumption (2010) 1,269 kWh and 2,067 kWh

Average monthly consumption (2010) 105 kWh and 150 kWh

Occupancy 3-4 people

Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and washing machines

Lighting type Primarily CFLs and some incandescent lamps


Comfort issues The second floor gets hotter in the summer


Middle income housing

Home 3 Home 4

Residential Buildings: Middle Income

Housing

Main features:

Priori recommendations:

Use power strips for computers, TVs, stereos, etc.

Use all CFLs

Construct a shallow attic space to better absorb solar radiation

More efficient washing machines

New stoves and solar hot water heaters

Building area 150 m2 on average

Schedule Specific to each family




Annual electricity consumption (2010) 4,460 kWh and 2,085 kWh

Average monthly consumption (2010) 315 kWh and 175 kWh

Occupancy 5 and 3 people

Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and washing machines

Lighting type CFLs and incandescent lamps




Upper income housing

Home 5

Residential Buildings: Upper Income Housing

Main features:


Schedule At home M-F 6:30pm-7:30am Varies Sat and Sun


Occupancy 3 people



Lighting Load LPD=0.29

Equipment load EPD=1.7



Energy Consumption Data: Upper

Income Housing

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Nine Year Electricity Data

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

Avg

LPG CONSUMPTION

ESTIMATES

L/month 114.56

Btu/month 2,570,797

$USD/month 48.70

Energy Analysis: Upper

Income Housing

Energy Calibration: Upper

Income Housing

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Avg Utility Data

Model Estimate

LPG Utility Estimate eQuest % diff

Btu/month 2,570,796.86 2,590,833.33 -1%

Type of Consumption: Upper

Income Housing

Ext. Usage 15%

Misc. Equip. 56%

Area Lights 29%

Electricity Demand

Hot Water 92%

Misc. Equip.

8%

LPG Demand

Global Observations

Industrial facilities and commercial buildings:

Replace old, inefficient lighting technology (T12 lamps with magnetic

ballasts) with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts

Load shedding with power strips

Invest in higher efficiency office equipment, appliances, AC units and motors

Paint exterior surfaces with a higher reflective color

Low emissive glazing

Residential buildings:

Replace all incandescent lamps with CFLs

Load shedding with power strips

Reduce solar heat gains with a shallow attic space

Reduce solar heat gains with increased thermal mass

Referencias

International Energy Agency. (2010). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights. Paris: OECD and IEA.

Krarti, M. (2011). Energy Audit of Building Systems, an Engineering Approach, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Laura Moorefield, B. F. (2008). Office Plug Load Field Monitoring Report. Durango, Colorado: Ecos.

LBL. (1999-2011). Office Equipment Energy Use. Retrieved January 25, 2011, from Business Service, Energy for your business: http://www.aps.com/main/services/business/WaysToSave/BusWaysToSave_36.html

Lindsey, J. L. (1997). Applied Illumination Engineering, Second Edition . Lilbrun, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc. .

Odón de Buen R., M. (2009). Greenhouse Gas Emission Baselines and Reduction Potentials from Buildings in Mexico. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme.

Yu Joe Huang, J. L. (1998). A commercial Building Energy Standard for Mexioc. LBNL and CONAE. Pacific Grove, CA: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Santin, O. G. (2008). Environmental Indicators for Building Design: Development and applications on Mexican Dwellings. Nieuwe Hemweg, Amsterdam: IOS Press .

SENER. (2010, September). Informacion Estadistica (Statistical Information). Retrieved October 26, 2010, from Sistema de Informacion Energetica (System of Energy Informatio): http://sie.energia.gob.mx/sie/bdiController?action=login

http://sie.energia.gob.mx/sie/bdiController?action=login

City Hall Equipment Information

Type Qty W/ Equip Source Total W

Off

ice

Equ

ipm

ent

Inkjet Printers 89 64 Ecos, 2008 5717

Computers 138 33 Energy Audit of Building Systems, Krarti (p 5-33) 4554

CRT Display 46 71 Ecos, 2008 3246 LCD Display 92 34 Ecos, 2008 3150 Laptops 4 26 Ecos, 2008 104

Copiers 6 213 Ecos, 2008 1275 Adding machines 18 4 Ecos, 2008 64 Telephones 15 20 Estimate 300 Recorders 5 15 Estimate 75

Modem 1 5 Energy Audit of Building Systems, Krarti (p 5-33) 5

Televisions 4 200 Estimate 800 Plotter 1 130 Ecos, 2008 130 Laminator 1 50 Estimate 50 Scanner 2 10 Ecos, 2008 20 Fax machine 2 32 Ecos, 2008 65 Fans 33 50 Estimate 1638 Coffee machine 12 464 Ecos, 2008 5568 Microwave 9 1000 Estimate 9000

Equ

ipm

ent

that

's

alw

ays

on

Security Cameras 2 30 Estimate 60 Water coolers 15 85 Typical machine 1275 Freezer 1 500 Estimate 500 Mini-Refrigerator 3 500 Estimate 1500 Large Refrigorator 4 1000 Estimate 4000 Vending Machines 2 1000 Estimate 2000 UPS 4 500 Estimate 2000

Total 47096.2 W/sf 3.43

City Hall Lighting Information

OUTDOOR LIGHTING

Lamps Qty Fixt Lamps/Fixt W/Lamp Total W

LEDs 13 1 15 195

45 W Incandescent 22 1 45 990

Total 1185

W/sf 0.09

W/sm 0.93

LIGHTING

Lamps Qty Fixt Lamps/Fixt System W Total W

Metal Halides 8 1 450 3600

Metal Halides 1 1 1103 1103

48" 40 W T12 Fixtures 322 2 96 30912

96" 75 W T12 Fixtures 30 2 173 5190

Flourescent U-lamp 12 2 63 756

100 W Incandescent 10 1 101 1010

Total 42571

W/sf 2.35

W/sm 25.26

Equipment and Material Prices

No. Equipment Specifications Unit Price

(Pesos) Price

($USD) Brand Source/Store 1 CFLs 26 W 45 3.54 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 2 13 W 22.5 1.77 A local hardware store 3 24 W 38.5 3.03 A local hardware store 4 15 W 39 3.07 Voltech Comercial Fermex

5 T5 lamps 2 lamps; Surface mount

Luminaire w/ electronic ballast 1130 88.98 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex

6 T5 2 lamps; recessed Luminaire w/

electronic ballast 432.42 34.05 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 7 Power strips 4 plugs 65 5.12 A local hardware store 8 8 plugs 75 5.91 A local hardware store 9 AC Units 12000 BTUh; 1250 W 4499 354.25 Frigidaire RYSE

10 18000 BTUh; 1740 W 7496 590.24 Frigidaire RYSE 11 LCD TVs 32" 60W 6499 511.73 Mitsuri Bodega Aurrera 12 32" 120W 5999 472.36 LG Bodega Aurrera 13 Skylights Acrylic dome 240cm x 180cm 3221 253.62 Vitromex hardware store 14 Acrylic dome 180cm x 120cm 1762 138.74 Vitromex hardware store 15 Computer screens 18.5" LCD 1799 141.65 LG Office Depot 16 18.5" LED 1999 157.40 LG Office Depot 17 Refrigerators Limit 423 kWh/yr 4999 393.62 Bodega Aurrera 18 Limit 436 kWh/yr 5999 472.36 Bodega Aurrera

19

Construction Typical brick/CMU construction per square meter 600 47.24 N/A

Rough estimate given at Vitromex hardware store

20 LED Christmas lights 5m lights 1445 113.78 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 21 Washing machines 14 kg 250 kWh/yr 4999 393.62 Easy RYSE 22 11 kg 200 kWh/yr 1999 157.40 Easy RYSE 23 Large Stoves 7385 kJ/h (all 4 burners) 2999 236.14 Acros Bodega Aurrera 24 Small Stoves 4000 kJ/h (all 4 burners) 771 60.71 Flamineta RYSE

City Hall Consumption Estimate (eQUEST)

City Hall PV Output Estimate

Documents

University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG) University …...Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato Step-1: Eight students will complete their thesis