University of North Florida English Language Program Advanced Reading and Writing WORKING WITH SOURCES IN AN ACADEMIC PAPER

University of North FloridaEnglish Language Program

Advanced Reading and Writing

WORKING WITH SOURCES IN AN

ACADEMIC PAPER

WHY DO WE USE SOURCES?

To add credibility to our essays Chances are, if your sources are bad, your paper is bad!

To support our stance in an argument Showing there is research to back up an argument is vital

in creating validityTo make our research transparent

Allows others to double check our workTo give credit to others for their work

We didn’t come up with these ideas, we just built upon them

To create paths for readers to learn more about our topic If our paper stimulates interest, there are resources for

the reader to go to

Cultural concept In the U.S., we “own” our ideas and words; others cannot

“steal” or “borrow” without giving creditNo paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or citing =

plagiarismStudents can fail or even be removed from the

university

PLAGIARIZING

HOW DO WE CITE?

APA Citation uses a dual system to cite sources

1. Sources are cited within the essay via two methods:

In-text The last name of the author is paired with a reporting verb; the

year of publication is in parenthesis following the author’s last name

i.e. “Roberts (2012) states...” Parenthetical

The last name of the author and the year of publication are put in parenthesis after the source information is given, i.e. “…(Roberts, 2012)”

2. Sources are listed at the end of the essay in a reference list

IN-TEXT OR PARENTHETICAL?

In-text Author’s last name, year of publication in parenthesis Focuses on the source and the author

Smith’s (1996) claim that…

Parenthetical (Authors last’s name + comma + year of publication) Focuses on the information given

…has risen 50% since 1998 (Smith, 1996). Effective with multiple sources contributing to the same

information …than non-native speakers (Leymarie, 2008; Roberts, 2012)

COMPARE THESE TWO SENTENCES:

According to Roberts (2012), good writing is accomplished through a process of planning, writing, and re-writing.

Good writing is accomplished through a process of planning, writing and re-writing (Roberts, 2012).

IN-TEXT OR PARENTHETICAL?

When you have multiple sentences from a source, it is usually best to use in-text citation, rather than parenthetical.

For example, compare these two paragraphs:

In the U.S. approximately 20 million kids live with a single parent (Price, 2006). A study was performed measuring the development of competence and self-esteem of children in single parent households versus two parent households (Price, 2006). A total of 272 participants took part in a the survey; one half consisting of single parent children, and the other half with two parent children (Price, 2006)...

According to Price (2006), in the U.S. approximately 20 million kids live with a single parent. He performed a study measuring the development of competence and self-esteem of children in single parent households versus two parent households. A total of 272 participants took part in his survey; one half consisting of single parent children, and the other half with two parent children…

EXAMPLES: NO AUTHORS

What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will l ist the fi rst few words of the ti tle of the work: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens

and the police department (“Policing in Acti on”, 2005).

Title synopsis

EXAMPLES: NO DATE

What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will l ist the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens

and the police department (Jones, n.d.).

n.d. = “no date”

Note: if you don’t have anauthor or a date, your citation

might read:(“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

EXAMPLES: TWO AUTHORS

Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list both authors every ti me you draw an idea from that parti cular source: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens

and the police department (Jones & Smith, 2005).

2nd Author

EXAMPLES: THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS

If you have three to fi ve authors, you cite two diff erent ways. The fi rst ti me you cite the source, you list all authors: Community policing involves developing a relationship between

citizens and the police department (Jones, Smith, & White, 2005).Each additi onal ti me you cite this source in your paper,

you only list the fi rst author, and follow it up with “et al.”: Community policing involves developing a relationship between

citizens and the police department (Jones, et al., 2005).

“et al.” stands for “and others”

Use the fi rst author’s name followed by et al. EVERY TIME

Harris et al. (2001) argued……(Harris et al., 2001)

EXAMPLES: SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

WHAT ABOUT QUOTATIONS?

Appropriate quoting involves the following:Taking words directly from a sourceDocumenting the author, date, and page number of the quote

Maintaining the language exactly as it came from the source

Using quotation marks ( “ “ ) around all language taken from the source

If you change words slightly…put ellipsis marks (…) to show where you omitted words

brackets [ ] to show where you added or changed a word to make the quote understandable for readers

Introduce quote with words like According to X, … or As X explained in his article, …

QUOTING

APPROPRIATE & INAPPROPRIATE USE OF QUOTATIONS

Appropriate: the specific

words the author uses are special or importantyou’re examining the exact words of an author

the phrasing is unique

rare, important

quotes

Inappropriate: you’re too tired

to paraphraseyou don’t

understand the sentence but it sounds important

quote too frequently

HOW DO WE CITE A QUOTATION?

When you quote, you should have the page number after the quotation

Rooney and Perrin (2008) state that “two thirds of Americans are saying they can no longer aff ord basic health care, much less a catastrophic hospitalization” (p.4).

CAN YOU IDENTIFY PROBLEMS HERE?

Strengthening the infrastructure and capacity of these key agencies is crucial to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa. (Stevenson LY, Brown KD, 2010).


Strengthening the infrastructure and capacity of these key agencies is crucial to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa. (Stevenson LY, Brown KD, 2010).

Strengthening the infrastructure and capacity of these key agencies is crucial to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa (Stevenson & Brown, 2010).

One periodNo initials in in-text citations; use only the last name& between the names


If funding continues to decrease, “these institutions would better operate privately or at least much more autonomy. Such an arrangement would free them of the rules that accompany accepting public dollars” (Bell).


If funding continues to decrease, “these institutions would better operate privately or at least much more autonomy. Such an arrangement would free them of the rules that accompany accepting public dollars” (Bell).

If funding continues to decrease, “these institutions would better operate privately or at least much more autonomy. Such an arrangement would free them of the rules that accompany accepting public dollars” (Bell, 2011, p. #).

YearPage #


Despite the fact that America is paying “more than twice what other developed countries spend on health care” (Perednia p.17)


Despite the fact that America is paying “more than twice what other developed countries spend on health care” (Perednia p.17), ….

Despite the fact that America is paying “more than twice what other developed countries spend on health care” (Perednia, 2011, p.17), ….

YearCommas


…most of these projects and policies are unfinished, just a frame work of the idea and arguably under-funded (Capps, R., Fix, M., 2005),


…most of these projects and policies are unfinished, just a frame work of the idea and arguably under-funded (Capps, R., Fix, M., 2005),

…most of these projects and policies are unfinished, just a frame work of the idea and arguably under-funded (Capps & Fix, 2005), …

No initials& between names


According to Chopra, Lotvin, & Fisher, “The emperor documented the drug’s eff ectiveness in treating the pains of rheumatism and gout” (Chopra, Lotvin, & Fisher, 2010).


According to Chopra, Lotvin, & Fisher, “The emperor documented the drug’s eff ectiveness in treating the pains of rheumatism and gout” (Chopra, Lotvin, & Fisher, 2010).

According to Chopra, Lotvin, and Fisher (2010), “The emperor documented the drug’s eff ectiveness in treating the pains of rheumatism and gout” (p. #).

& is used inside parentheses and and is used in the text

(2010) should go after the authors’ namesPage # with quotations

WHAT ABOUT THE REFERENCE LIST?

Reference lists: contain every source cited in the text only contain sources cited in the text are typically the last page of the paper list the sources in alphabetical order

The fi rst, most important (and coincidentally often most diffi cult) step to creating a reference list citation is to determine what type of source you’re working with

Once you have identified the source type, you can follow the template for fi lling in the information

REFERENCES - FORMATTING

References are formatt ed in “hanging indent” style, with the first line not indented and all lines that follow indented.

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartf ord, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc .

“Hanging indent”


The author is listed firstLast name first, first initial next

The year is listed in parenthesis Title is listed (journal article; book)If it is a book, the location of publication is

offered, followed by a colon and the publishing company name.

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartf ord, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc .


Reference lists are in alphabeti cal order by the author ’s last name.

If you have more than one reference by the same author, you list them in order by the year of publicati on.

Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listi ng multi ple authors

REFERENCE EXAMPLES: 2-7 AUTHORS

All authors (up to seven) are listed Anderson, M., Bell, J., & Jones, A. (2005). Community

Policing.Hartf ord, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

REFERENCE EXAMPLES: MORE THAN 7 AUTHORS

The first six authors are listed.Aft er the sixth author’s name, use an ellipses in

place of the author’s names. Then provide the final author name.There should be no more than seven names. Anderson, M., Bell, J., Connors, G., Davis, L ., Engram, P., Jones,

A.,...Rubin, L . (2005). Community Policing. Hartf ord, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc .

REFERENCE EXAMPLES: PERIODICAL

A periodical, such a magazine, journal article, or newspaper, is referred to as seen below.

The title of the article is listed aft er the year.The name of the periodical is next, followed by

the volume number and pages. Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City Monthly , 55,

25-32.

The periodical name and volumenumber are in italics

Page #’s, not initalics

REFERENCE EXAMPLES: INTERNET SOURCE

An internet source is listed in a reference list like any other source, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address.

Note also the retrieval date may diff er from the publish date (if known).

Jones, A. (2001). Community Policing. Internati onal Associati on of Community Policing , Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from htt p://www.compolicing.net

http://www.compolicing.net/


REFERENCE EXAMPLES: GOVT. / PRIVATE ORGANIZATION

Internet publicati ons from organizati ons, government or private, will many ti mes not display an author. The agency name is listed instead of the author.

U.S. Department of Justice (n.d.). Community Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from htt p://www.usdoj.gov

Note: “n.d” for“no date”. This can

be used for any reference without

a date


EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST

Crystal, D. (1988). The English language today. London:

Penguin.

Giles, H., & Billings, A. C. (2004). Assessing language

attitudes: Speaker evaluation studies. In A. Davies & C.

Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 187-

209). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Lindemann, S. (2005). Who speaks "broken English"? US

undergraduates' perceptions of non-native English.

International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15 (2), 187-212 .

Waller, W. (1932). The sociology of teaching. New York: John

Wiley.

CITING A BOOK IN APA

Crystal, D. (1988). The English language today. London: Penguin.

AuthorPublication year

Title of book

Place of publication

Publisher

CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE IN APA

Lindemann, S. (2005). Who speaks "broken English"?

US undergraduates' perceptions of non-native

English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics,

15(2), 187-212.

AuthorYear of publication

Title of article

Name of journal Volume # (Issue #)Page numbers

CITING AN INTERNET SITE

Delloye, T. (2007). Gun control on campus: Recent school shooting ignites old debate. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from http://media.www.thecampuspress.com/media/storage /paper1098/news/2007/04/20/News/Gun-Control.On.Campus.Recent.School.Shooting. Ignites.Old.Debate-2871181.shtml.

Author Title of articleYear of publication

Date site was accessed

Hyperlink

http://media.www.thecampuspress.com/media/

http://media.www.thecampuspress.com/media/


Fix, E. Michael, and Passel, S. Jeff rey (1994). Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight. Urban Institute. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from

http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=305184&renderforprint=1#IV

Former Student Guns Down 5 in Attack at Northern Illinois University; Kills Self . (2008). Retrieved April 14, 2008 from

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,330730,00.html

On The Issues. ( 2008). Hilary Clinton on Gun Control . Retrieved April 14, 2008 from http://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm

On The Issues. ( 2008). Barack Obama on Gun Control .

Retrieved April 14, 2008 from http://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm







http://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm







Fix, E. Michael, and Passel, S. Jeff rey (1994). Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight. Urban Institute. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=305184&renderforprint=1#IV

Fix, E.M., & Passel, S.J. (1994). Immigration and immigrants: Setting the record straight. Urban Institute. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm? ID=305184&renderforprint=1#IV





http://www.urban.org/url.cfm

http://www.urban.org/url.cfm


Former Student Guns Down 5 in Attack at Northern Illinois University; Kills Self. (2008). Retrieved April 14, 2008 from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,330730,00.html

Fox News (2008). Former student guns down 5 in attack at Northern Illinois University; Kills self . Retrieved April 14, 2008, from







On The Issues. (2008). Hilary Clinton on Gun Control . Retrieved Apri l 14, 2008 from http

://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm

On The Issues. (2008). Barack Obama on Gun Control . Retrieved Apri l 14, 2008 from http

://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm

On The Issues (2008a). Barack Obama on gun control . Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm

On The Issues (2008b). Hillary Clinton on gun control . Retrieved April 14,

2008, from http://www.ontheissues.org/Domestic/John_McCain_Gun_Control.htm









A credible source consistently reports information in an accurate and complete manner.

“expertise” of the author Education, training, or experience Look at homepage (delete words after domain name

- .edu, .com, .org) Search author’s name in search engine (Google, Yahoo)

Look for websites maintained by: Educational institutions .edu Governmental agencies .gov Non-profit organizations .org

Commercial websites .com May try to persuade readers to think a certain way

CREDIBLE SOURCES

Attribution is a way to give credit or ownership of an idea or words to someone.

USING ATTRIBUTION

There are many ways to use attribution: Include author’s last name and a reporting verb (e.g., state, report) as the main subject/verb of your sentence. Use appropriate reporting verbs The verb “to say” is too informal for academic

writing The authors said that…

As Nebel and Wright (2000) reported,

WAYS TO USE ATTRIBUTION

Choose verbs that are appropriate to the context Make your source’s position clear

SELECTING REPORTING VERBS

Weak Neutral Strong

believe express assert prove

claim explain confirm conclude

think state declare emphasize

feel report demonstrate

stress

mention illustrate argue

show suggest

Use a phrase that shows attribution to the author or textCite the author’s last name and year of publication in (parenthesis) at the end of the sentenceAccording to the article “Eco Actions,” the greenhouse effect is necessary to maintain a reasonable temperature on Earth (Lee, 2008).

According to Lee (2008)…Based on the ideas of Johnson (2006), the country is more…

WAYS TO USE ATTRIBUTION

When your paper includes more than one idea (paraphrase, quote, summary) from an individual source, include phrases throughout your writing to remind readers that the ideas are not your own. The author goes on to say that… The article further states that… Smith also states that… Smith concludes that…

Use other connecting words to introduce additional information from the same source: additionally in addition to also furthermore further moreover

USING REMINDER PHRASES

You can also use pronounsRoberts (2012) stated that…She also found that…

According to Price (2006), in the U.S. approximately 20 million kids live with a single parent. He performed a study measuring the development of competence and self-esteem of children in single parent households versus two parent households. A total of 272 participants took part in his survey; one half consisting of single parent children, and the other half with two parent children…

Try to vary the language and placement of your attribution phrases: According to Johnson (2006), the country is more

economically stable Based on the ideas of Johnson (2006), the country is more… Johnson (2006) reported that the country is more… The country is more economically stable…(Johnson, 2006).

SELECTING ATTRIBUTION STRUCTURES

IMPORTANT: You cannot simply put source information at the beginning OR the end of the paragraph. You must weave attribution structures throughout your paragraph.

Improve the paragraph on your handout by adding attribution Pronouns Reminder phrases Author’s name + reporting verb Connecting words

There are various things that the United States can do to fight the spread of AIDS. According to AIDS activist Doka (2004), our country needs to assist developing countries by increasing access to AIDS education and health care. Furthermore, the government must provide new programs and expand existing programs that mobilize society as a whole. The author also states that the health system should have safeguards to protect against discrimination toward the poor and those of ethnic or religious minorities.

Underline the appropriate feature in the paragraph, and indicate the number of thenote to which it relates.

Depression is a common health problem for many people. According to a Diabetes Forecast article, "Depression isn't picky; it's willing to hook its poisonous claws into anyone" (Roberts, 2005, pp.20-22). Roberts completed research of patients with diabetes. He found that a little more than 10 percent of the population showed the symptoms of major depression. These individuals were often young, single females. In addition, about 9 percent of those examined had symptoms of weak depression. Other research has shown similar findings. Lee (2006) reportedthat people with major or light depression are more often overweight or have smoking problems.

Depression is a common health problem for many people. According to a Diabetes Forecast article (1), "Depression isn't picky; it's willing to hook its poisonous claws into anyone" (Roberts, 2005, p.202) (2). Roberts completed research of patients with diabetes. He (4) found that a little more than 10 percent of the population showed the symptoms of major depression. These (5) individuals were often young, single females. In addition (3), about 9 percent of those (5) examined had symptoms of weak depression. Other research has shown similar findings (6). Lee (2006) (7) reported that people with major or light depression are more often overweight or have smoking problems.

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University of North Florida English Language Program Advanced Reading and Writing WORKING WITH SOURCES IN AN ACADEMIC PAPER