University of the Punjab Department of English Language &

Literature

Parts of a Sentence

Presented to: Ms Amna Shahid

Presented by: Zeeshan Shaukat

Roll No. 41

Zeeshan Shaukat

Look at These Sentences

1. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.

2. An ant crushes an elephant.

3. My white cat is black.

4. Love many people to football watch.

5. Doll the beautiful by me is bought.

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Parts of a Sentence

• S = Subject

• P= Predicate V = Verb (Transitive/Intransitive) DO = Direct Object IO = Indirect Object OC = Object Complement Adverbial

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Students studied.

Children play.

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A sentence is…

• A group of words with a subject and verb that expresses a complete thought.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

The dog barked at the mailman.

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Sentence Fragments

• A sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence but…. does not contain both a subject and a verb OR does not express a complete thought.

F / S When I get home

F / S Ran as fast as humanly possible

F / S Several decided not to attend

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SUBJECT

• The (complete) subject is the part of a sentence about which something is being said.

• It tells WHAT or WHOM the sentence is about.

• It DOES something or is TALKED ABOUT.

1. A line of people waited to see the movie.

2. Standing in line were several applicants.

3. The day of the performance arrived.Zeeshan Shaukat

Compound Subjects

• When two or more subjects have the same verb, it is called a compound subject.

• Usually joined by “and” or “or”

1. Ali, Ahmad, and Junaid carried their books.

2. Either Islamabad or Murree is our destination.

3. English and science are exciting classes.

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Find the Subject

• Why are you looking so nervous in this company?

• What an exciting match it was!

• Why does performing in a concert worry you so much?

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PREDICATE

• The predicate is the part that says something about the subject. It contains the VERB.

• Everything that is not part of the subject of the sentence.

• Predicate comes from a Latin word praedicare meaning to assert.

• A predicate asserts or says something about the subject of the sentence.

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PREDICATE

1. Ishfaq Ahmad wrote several books.2. The movie star signed autographs for

hours.3. Tahir, the minister, took a walk outside

today.4. After the ceremony, the captain will sign

autographs.5. The small village is located near the river.

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COMPLEMENTS

Words that complete the meaning of a verb are called complements.

1. I have a test today.

2. The sun feels hot on my shoulders.

3. The management has appointed Hafeez the captain of the team.

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COMPLEMENTS

• Subject-complement says something about the Subject of the sentence, for example what it is or what it is like.

This picture is nice.

• Object-complement says something about the direct object of a sentence.

They made him chairman.

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DIRECT OBJECT

• The direct object receives the action expressed by the verb or names the result of the action.

• Answers the question WHAT or WHOM after the verb

SUBJECT VERB D.O.

1. Volunteers distributed food at the shelter. SUBJECT VERB D.O.

2. We watched the performance.

3. The researchers followed the research pattern.Zeeshan Shaukat

INDIRECT OBJECT

• The indirect object precedes the direct object and tells TO WHOM or FOR WHOM the action of the verb is done.

• Found by asking the question TO WHOM or FOR WHOM after the direct object

SUBJECT VERB I.O. D.O.

1. My parents gave me a cake for my birthday.

SUBJECT VERB I.O. D.O.

2. He would not tell you a lie.

3. She sent her mother some earrings.Zeeshan Shaukat

INDIRECT OBJECT

• Indirect Objects can be rephrased as prepositional phrases after the direct object

The dog brought his bone to me. (prep phrase)

The dog brought me his bone. (indirect object)

• SEND, LEND, BRING, GIVE

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Points to Remember

• A direct object and an object-complement always refer to the same person or thing:

They elected Ali chairman.

(Ali = chairman)

• An object-complement follows the direct object:

We've appointed Susan the union rep.

(Susan = the union rep)Zeeshan Shaukat

Points to Remember

• Direct and indirect objects always refer to different people or things:

She lent me her new camera.

(me her new camera)

• An indirect object precedes a direct object.

They gave her a present.

• (direct object 'a present'; indirect object 'her')

Zeeshan Shaukat

Points to Remember

• An indirect object can generally be replaced by a word-group beginning with to or for whereas the direct object in front of an object-complement cannot be replaced in this way:

She lent her new camera to me.

They gave a present to her.

Zeeshan Shaukat

Transitive/Intransitive Verbs

• A verb that has a direct object is called a Transitive verb:

Rizwan kicked the ball angrily.

Where did you buy that book?

• A verb that is followed by both an indirect object and a direct object is ditransitive.

I've brought you some fIowers.

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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs

• A verb that does not have a direct object is called an Intransitive verb:

A friend of mine lives in Delhi.

My aunt is coming next weekend.

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Circle the Direct Objects and underline the Indirect Objects

1. I will give you my answer tomorrow.

2. Get me some new pens when you're in town, please.

3. There are plans to teach schoolchildren first aid.

4. Don't forget to take your wife some flowers.

5. Tell me a story. Zeeshan Shaukat

Adverbials

• Describe where, when, why, how, for whom, with what, how much, etc. the action described in the sentence is carried out.

1.I’ll see you at the match.

2.Are you coming this evening?

3.Atif sings melodiously.

4.You'll have to cut it with a knife.

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Adverbials or Complements

• Adverbials/Adjuncts give information about the action or state described by the verb of the sentence, whereas complements give information about the subject or object of the sentence

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Adverbials

You have behaved foolishly.

(Adverbial -that is how you have behaved)

You have been foolish.

(subject-complement -that is what you have been)

Amir paints beautifully.

(Adverbial -that is how Amir paints)

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Two men were walking along the street when one fell into a hole and broke his leg.

• 'Quick, ' he said to his friend 'Call me an ambulance. '

•'Okay, ' said the other man 'You're an ambulance. '

Structural Ambiguity

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