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Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave Insights to 110 GHz
Daren McClearnon
5G Solution Marketing
Webcast, November 2016
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Agenda
Challenges at Millimeter Wave
• Evolving landscape: 5G, industry, and regulatory
• Technology: Components; signals & noise; stability
• Requirements: flexibility, performance
Approaches
• Achieving wideband, low-EVM at 28GHz; a co-existence study
• Adapting to 5 GHz bandwidths and
charting new territory to 110GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 2
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Spectrum Activity: New Air Interface Approaches for All Bands
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
<6GHz
Updated CP-OFDM (like LTE). With Flexible
numerology, TTI, and Frame
Orthogonal waveform, but Non-orthogonal MA
scheme
FDD and (flexible) TDD
Unconstrained by LTE compatibility— new
radionew spectrum
Accommodate higher-order MIMO
3
Duplex Multiple Access
Scheme
Waveform Type Modulation Format
• FDD
• TDD
• Flexible
Duplex
• Full Duplex
• OFDMA
• SCMA
• NOMA
• MUSA
• Single-carrier
• Multi-carrier:
• CP-OFDM
• FBMC
• UFMC/UF-
OFDM
• GFDM
• W-OFDM
• OQPSK
• QAM
• New constellation
mapping
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)
• Filter Bank Multicarrier(FBMC)
• Universal Filtered Multicarrier(UFMC)
• Universal filtered OFDM (UF-OFDM)
• Windowed OFDM (W-OFDM)
• General Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
• Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
• Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA)
• Multi-User Shared Access (MUSA)
3GHz 10GHz 40GHz 90GHz
>6GHz <40GHz
Compatible with <6GHz
– Mostly (flexible) TDD
– OFDM-based with scaled
numerology from <6GHz
– Emphasis on “universal frame
structure” for all bands (same
frame structure as new <6GHz
multiple-access numerology)
>40GHz
– May require single-carrier
waveform
– TDD or PTP/PTMP only (71-
86GHz exception?)
– Most likely used for fixed-
wireless applications (not
eMBB)
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Millimeter-wave 5G Frequency bands
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 4
Frequency Ofcom FCC (Jun
2016)
ITU (Oct 2015)
For study
28GHz (25-27GHz) BW 425MHzX2 24.25-27.5GHz
37GHz BW 400MHzX4 37-40.5GHz
39GHz BW 200MHzX7
40.5-43.5GHz FFS 42.5-43.5GHz
45.5-48.9GHz 45.5-47GHz
47.2-50.2GHz
50.4-52.6GHz
57-66GHz 59.3-71GHz
(extend ISM—
unlicensed)64-71GHz 66-71GHz 66-76GHz
71-76GHz
81-86GHz
Examples of Public Activity (Updated Summer 2016)
• FCC Announced rules on mmWave proposals 14 July 2016
• Ericsson will provide 28GHz system for SKT (Korea) and 15GHz system for CMCC
• Intel banking on 28GHz in US and implementing accordingly
• AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile filed for experimental licenses (3.5, 3.7, 15, 28, 37, 39GHz)
• Most large players demonstrating high-rate capabilities from 15-90GHz
Most Likely Uses of Spectrum as of Sept 2016
• Significant investment in EMBB Mobile, Multiple Access
<40GHz due to cost and simplicity.
• 28GHz: Korea, Japan, and USA
• 37-39 GHz USA and perhaps more likely for Europe
• 24-27GHz : Europe
• 45GHz: Focus for 802.11aj in China
• 57-86GHz Bands more likely for high-speed point-to-
point and extensions of ISM-based WiFi
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Summary of Regulatory Landscape
– 28 GHz “centimeter-wave” band and also 37-40 GHz
• What performance (eg - EVM) can be expected for pre-5G signals?
• What compliance/interoperability should be considered vs. existing satellite/LMDS bands?
– FCC Ruling in July 2016* opened up to 14 GHz of spectrum (57-71GHz)
• How will the worldwide market adapt to this new allocation, and apply it?
• How can existing testbeds address such large bandwidths, in new bands?
• What performance and interoperability is needed?
– Spectral Emissions policies are being considered above 86 GHz (eg – to 110 GHz in Japan)
• What sensitivity and performance is required to perform these tests?
• How does one debug broadband compliance issues using individual banded solutions?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 5
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-340301A1.pdf
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-340310A1.pdf
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Why Go To mmWave?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Challenges of bringing electronic products to market
5G Industry 5G Beamforming
Massive Growth in
Mobile Data
Demand
Massive Growth
in Number of
Connected Devices
Exploding Diversity
of Wireless
Applications
Resolve Subscribers
in Dense
Environments
Compact, Mobile
Platforms
Decrease
Interference
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Summary: Numerous Design & Measurement Challenges at mmWave
Small Dimensions and
Complex Test SetupsChallenging Ultra Wideband
mmWave Measurements
Small Signal Strength
& Wideband Integrated Noise
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 7
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Industry Challenge
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
New Spectrum Wide bandwidths for high data throughput New issues
8
Move to mmWave for wide bandwidths
Challenging ultra wideband mmWave measurements
• Phase noise, IQ & freq response errors worse at mmW
• Wide bandwidth means more noise, more spurs, worse
EVM
0 100
GHz
908070605040302010
100 GHz emerging 5G research
Up to 5 GHz BW for 5G signals
Design and measurement challenges
5G Industry Drivers
Massive Growth in
Mobile Data
Demand
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Industry Challenge
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Small cells provide great service in a crowd Increased emissions compliance
9
mmWave signals attenuate quickly with distance
mmWave small cells enable dense deployment
Small signal strength
• Very small signals in more noise as frequency/bandwidth
increases
• Can’t use preamplifier for measurements like spectrum
emission mask (SEM)
Emerging 92–95 GHz small cell point-
to-point backhaul
Emissions measurement in 86-92
GHz passive band
Design and measurement challenges
5G Industry Drivers
Massive Growth in
Mobile Data
Demand
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Industry Challenge
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Smaller wavelengths, smaller components new issues in calibration, stability
10
High frequency leads to smaller components
Small dimensions & complex test setups
• Smaller, fragile cables, adaptors; calibration, stability
• Ultra wideband frequency spans, more spurs and noise
• More difficult to maintain the same EVM at mmW
Design and measurement challenges
5G Industry Drivers
Compact, Mobile
Platforms
Massive Growth
in Number of
Connected Devices
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Agenda
Challenges at Millimeter Wave
• Evolving landscape: 5G, industry, and regulatory
• Technology: Components; signals & noise; stability
• Requirements: flexibility, performance
Approaches
• Achieving wideband, low-EVM at 28GHz; a co-existence study
• Adapting to 5 GHz bandwidths and
charting new territory to 110GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 11
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Typical Testbed to Evaluate 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
M8190A AWG
with SystemVue
Installed on
Embedded
Controller
E8267D PSG
DSOV334A
33 GHz
Oscilloscope N9040B 50 GHz
UXA
(1 GHz BW)
12
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Wideband EVM Considerations
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 13
Easier to remove
• IQ Gain Imbalance
• IQ Skew
• Flatness vs. frequency
• Slow drift vs.
time/temperature
Harder to remove
• Effective AWG/Digitizer number of bits,
vs. high crest-factor signals
• Higher kTB noise floor from wider BW
~LOG10(BW).
• Losses & noise are inescapable
• Phase noise
• Gain/Phase changes vs. amplitude
Realistic expectations
• The EVM may be S/N-limited, even
before you even stimulate the DUT
• Greater care to maintain the signal level
in the ‘sweet spot’ of AWG/Digitizers
N-b
it A
DC
/DA
C r
ange
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Question: where does basic Equalization make the system “flat”?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 14
Differential I/Q Signals
Lossy 28GHz cableE8267D
with wideband IQ inputs
M8190A AWG
DirectOutCH1
DirectOutCH2
Ref Clk In
10 MHz Out
RefIn
50 GHz UXA
LAN
28 GHz0 dBm
Laptop PC
DUT1?2? 3?
4?
Lossy, 28GHz cable
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Question: where does basic Equalization make the system “flat”?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 15
Differential I/Q Signals
Lossy 28GHz cableE8267D
with wideband IQ inputs
M8190A AWG
DirectOutCH1
DirectOutCH2
Ref Clk In
10 MHz Out
RefIn
50 GHz UXA
LAN
28 GHz0 dBm
Laptop PC
DUT
4Answer: At the analyzer.So there is one morepotential improvement.
Lossy, 28GHz cable
4
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Calibrating your system for best EVM at 28GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Build confidence into your 5G system
16
5G Signal Generation
5G Signal Analysis
Wideband Calibration
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 17
Flexible Waveform Generation: Software + AWG+ PSG
Software
Signal Optimizer
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Keysight Signal Optimizer to calibrate 28 GHz Test Configuration
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 18
Differential I/Q Signals
E8267Dwith
wideband IQ inputs
M8190A AWG
DirectOutCH1
DirectOutCH2
Ref Clk In
10 MHz Out
RefIn
50 GHz UXA
LAN
Laptop PC with K3101A
Signal Optimizer
U9391 comb generator
Calibrated
reference
1. Apply Comb reference to DUT output plane
Flatten your RX cable, downconverter and analyzer
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Keysight Signal Optimizer to calibrate 28 GHz Test Configuration
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 19
Differential I/Q Signals
ModulatedRF/ uWave out
E8267Dwith
wideband IQ inputs
M8190A AWG
DirectOutCH1
DirectOutCH2
Ref Clk In
10 MHz Out
RefIn
50 GHz UXA
LAN
28 GHz0 dBm
Laptop PC with K3101A
Signal Optimizer
RX
calibration
plane
THRU
2. Connect Source (direct “thru” without DUT) to Analyzer
Flatten your TX source + upconverter + cable.
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Keysight Signal Optimizer to calibrate 28 GHz Test Configuration
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 20
Differential I/Q Signals
ModulatedRF/ uWave out
E8267Dwith
wideband IQ inputs
M8190A AWG
DirectOutCH1
DirectOutCH2
Ref Clk In
10 MHz Out
RefIn
50 GHz UXA
LAN
28 GHz0 dBm
Laptop PC with K3101A
Signal Optimizer
DUT
3. Now your signal AT THE DUT input is clean, with low EVM.
Connect your DUT, and measure it!
RX
calibration
plane
TX
calibration
plane
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Signal Optimizer Results
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
M8190A AWG + E8267D PSG, and 50 GHz UXA with 1 GHz option (H1G)
21
Signal type
• 16QAM, 1 GHz BW
• 28 GHz, -10 dBm
• single carrier
modulation
Calibrated result
• 0.76% RMS EVM
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Signal Optimizer Results
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
M8190A AWG + E8267D PSG, and 50 GHz UXA with 1 GHz option (H1G)
22
Signal type
• Custom OFDM
• 700 MHz BW
• 28 GHz, -10 dBm
Calibrated result
• 0.93% RMS EVM
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Comparison: 28 GHz with 700 MHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Using 89600 VSA Equalization only
23
Signal type
• (5) 100MHz
LTE carriers
• 700MHz BW
• 28GHz
VSA EQ-only result
• 1.21% RMS EVM
Tilt down
vs. freq
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Comparison: 28 GHz with 700 MHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Using Signal Optimizer calibration, then 89600 VSA Equalization to track drift
24
Signal type
• (5) 100MHz
LTE carriers
• 700MHz BW
• 28GHz
Calibrated &
Equalized result
• 0.92% RMS EVM
Flatter
vs. freq
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Why is clean EVM at the DUT important?
Why Calibrate
– A Low-EVM test system allows greater resolution for low added- EVM devices. (How low is enough?)
– Not all errors are corrected by equalizers. (some static IQ modulator impairments, vs. frequency)
– Absolute signal quality to the DUT is critical for nonlinear devices (eg - DPD)
– Cable loss is not flat across the bandwidth at 28GHz: simple USB power meter not enough
Other notes:
– E8267D PSG updated firmware to optimize the power level/AGC of the source for wideband signals,
for better EVM
– Calibrations can still drift at millimeter-wave frequencies with temperature variations, mechanical
disturbance, and change of carrier frequency and/or bandwidth
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Additional considerations
25
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
5G & Satellite Coexistence @ 28 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Evaluate Potential Interference Scenarios
Wideband APSK
Satellite
Waveform
Wideband
Custom OFDM
Waveform
Wideband
Satellite
Waveform
5G Candidate
Waveform
Source: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-15-138A1.pdf
26
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
5G & Satellite Coexistence @ 28 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Scenario 1- Good Coexistence Between Satellite and Candidate 5G
27
Custom OFDM Satellite
Custom OFDM Demodulation
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
5G & Satellite Coexistence @ 28 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Scenario 1- Poor Coexistence Between Satellite and Candidate 5G
28
Custom OFDM Satellite
Custom OFDM Demodulation
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
5G & Satellite Coexistence @ 28 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Scenario 1- Poor Coexistence Between Satellite and Candidate 5G
29
EVM vs. Subcarrier
Satellite signal is interfering with
candidate 5G signal subcarriers
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Agenda
Challenges at Millimeter Wave
• Evolving landscape: 5G, industry, and regulatory
• Technology: Components; signals & noise; stability
• Requirements: flexibility, performance
Approaches
• Achieving wideband, low-EVM at 28GHz; a co-existence study
• Adapting to 5 GHz bandwidths and
charting new territory to 110GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 30
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Case Study 2 – Charting New Territory to 110 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
A 5GHz wide E-band PA at 81-86 GHz, and beyond
31
6x HARMONIC
UPCONVERTER
WAVEGUIDE
AMPLIFIERWG-1mm
ADAPTER
1mm cable
1mm SA Port
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Question about 1mm connectors:Which is Female vs. Male?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 32
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Question about 1mm connectors:Which is Female vs. Male?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 33
It’s difficult to measure performance that you can’t even see.
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
110 GHz configuration used for this case study
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Wideband E-band signal source, with new 110 GHz signal analyzer
34
DSOS840A
S-series 8 GHz Infiniium oscilloscope
E-band
upconverter
IF Input
N5183B MXG Signal generator
as clean LO
FOR DEMOD
wideband
5GHz IF Output
LO In
DUTCh1 Data Out
Direct-to-IF
M8195A 65 GSa/s AWG
fc=83.5 GHz
-20 dBm
N9041B 110 GHz UXA signal analyzer
fc=5 GHz
0 dBm
f=14.75GHz
-4 dBm
(88.50GHz high-side LO)
WG
1mm
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
M8195A AWG for “Direct-to-IF” signals• Typical signal IF=5 GHz
• Up to 20 GHz of analog bandwidth
• No IQ errors, very flat
• Best noise & SFDR into mm-head
DSOS840A with VSA software
for “Direct-from-IF” analysis• Digitizes low-GHz IF directly
• Performs clean DDC to baseband
• Very flat for the wide bandwidth
Advantages of wideband baseband platformsCapable beyond 5 GHz bandwidths, for whole-band and multi-carrier signals
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 35
N9029ACST-U12• Harmonic upconverter
for the 60-90GHz band
• x2 instead of x6,
lower noise, spurs
• Very wideband
• Compact size
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Unfiltered DUT output, 60-110 GHz as a test case
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Question: Which spectral responses are “real”?
36
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Unfiltered DUT output, 60-110 GHz as a test case
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Typically a 81-86 GHz BPF filter would be used
37
DESIRED SIGNAL
(N) Lower Sideband
2GHz QAM16 @
83.5GHzIMAGE
(N-1) Lower
Sideband
@63.5GHz
IMAGE
(N) Upper
Sideband
@93.5GHz
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Spectral Emissions Masks
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Worldwide policy activity in V, E, and W bands – such as ETSI EN 302 217-2-2
38
ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 V2.2.1 (2014-04) (pg 26), regarding 71-76GHz and 81-86GHz bands
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Spectral Emissions Masks
– New mm-Wave bands are
opening up demand for new
policies > 86 GHz
– Already discussion of 90-
110GHz in each region
– SEM requires lower noise floor
and SFDR for compliance and
R&D debug
Do you have the sensitivity for
Spectral Emissions?
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
New policy activity in V, E, and W bands
39
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Displayed Avg Noise Level (DANL), 3 Hz – 110 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Full span, ResBW=1MHz
40
-150 dBm (@1 Hz BW)
105 GHz
Ultra low noise
architecture
enables new
applications.
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Displayed Avg Noise Level (DANL), 105GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
1 MHz span, 1kHz ResBW
41
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Now let’s re-consider our E-band TX source and amplifier DUT
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Sensitivity and spur-free dynamic range are critical
42
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
QAM16 Modulation performance at 83.5 GHz, with PA
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 43
1.6 GSym/s, 2 GHz BW500 MSym/s, 650 MHz BW
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
QAM64 Higher-order Modulation performance at 83.5 GHz
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 44
1.6 GSym/s, 2 GHz BW 4.0 GSym/s, 4.8 GHz BW
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Disable baseband source AWG (turn off modulation)
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
(n)*14.75GHz feedthrough harmonics from the Mixer LO
45
PRIMARY
N=6
@ 88.5GHz
Image
N=7
@103.25GHz
Image
N=5
@73.75GHz
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Looking for additional spurs, subharmonics, oscillations
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Increase the sensitivity of the system
46
• Turn on AVERAGING
• Reduce RES BW
• Reduce ATTENUATION,
if possible
Any more hidden spurs? Subharmonics?
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Looking for other EMI and other compliance issues
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Turn off RF output on the 14.75 GHz Mixer LO still some noise
47
Keep in mind:
still sweeping from
60 GHz to 110 GHz
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Enable “Noise Marker”
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
accounts for ResBW, then renormalizes to 1Hz
48
• Modulation = OFF
• LO is OFF.
• There is no signal.
• Where is the extra
residual noise
coming from?
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Mixer and PA BiasOFF. Noise floor reduces by another 6dB
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Question: is it from the Mixer collecting noise? or the PA Noise Figure?
49
• In-band NF reduces the
system dynamic range
• Solutions?
• Filtering? Loading?
• Image rejection?
• Packaging?
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Conclusions about mm-Wave Testbeds
– Flexible testbeds are required to adapt to rapidly evolving needs
• New 5G waveform generation & analysis
• Emerging frequency bands and spectral policies for each region,
also considering co-existence
• Wider modulation bandwidths and better flatness
• Higher sensitivity with lower noise, spurs
– The N9041B UXA dramatically improves measurements up to 110 GHz
and 5GHz bandwidths, to help you revolutionize millimeter-wave
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz 50
Page© 2016 Keysight Technologies
Thank You !!!
Unlocking Wideband 5G & mmWave
Insights to 110 GHz
Questions and Answers
51
Find more information:
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