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Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s “Escher and the Droste effect” for ideas and pictures: http://escherdroste.math.leidenuniv.nl

Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

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Page 1: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic

Kevin Woods*

*Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s“Escher and the Droste effect” for ideas and pictures:

http://escherdroste.math.leidenuniv.nl

Page 2: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Prentententoonstelling

M.C. Escher, 1956

What’s with the hole in the middle? How should it be filled in?

Page 3: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Prentententoonstelling

M.C. Escher, 1956

What’s with the hole in the middle? How should it be filled in?

Page 4: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 1Look at the picture frame:

It doesn’t close up!

Page 5: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 2Escher’s original study, on a rectilinear grid:

M.C. Escher, 1956

Page 6: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 2

Play left-hand animation from http://escherdroste.math.

leidenuniv.nl/index.php?menu=animation&sub=about

I recommend playing it on a continuous loop.

Picture contains a smaller version of itself.

Page 7: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 2

Play left-hand animation from http://escherdroste.math.

leidenuniv.nl/index.php?menu=animation&sub=about

I recommend playing it on a continuous loop.

Picture contains a smaller version of itself.

Page 8: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 1, revisited

Must contain small, rotated copy of top edge of the picture frame.Must contain small, rotated copy of whole image.

Page 9: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 1, revisited

Must contain small, rotated copy of top edge of the picture frame.Must contain small, rotated copy of whole image.

Page 10: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Clue 1, revisited

Must contain small, rotated copy of top edge of the picture frame.Must contain small, rotated copy of whole image.

Page 11: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Escher’s grid

Escher transferred square boxes of the rectilinear study tosquare-ish boxes of this wonky grid:

M.C. Escher, 1956

He created the wonky grid by feel (amazing!)We’ll learn mathematically why it “has to be” this way.

Page 12: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Escher’s grid

Escher transferred square boxes of the rectilinear study tosquare-ish boxes of this wonky grid:

M.C. Escher, 1956

He created the wonky grid by feel (amazing!)We’ll learn mathematically why it “has to be” this way.

Page 13: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Escher’s gridIt was very hard for him to make it “look right”.

Right angles need to stay right angles.

Page 14: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Define i =√−1. The rest is following your nose.

(1 + 2i)(3 + 4i) = 3 + 4i + 6i + 8i2

= 3 + 4i + 6i + 8 · −1

= −5 + 10i

Page 15: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Think of a point in the plane (a, b) as a complex number a + bi .

Multiplication by i :

(a + bi) · i = ai + bi2

= −b + ai

This is rotation by 90◦.

3+i

-2-3i

Page 16: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Think of a point in the plane (a, b) as a complex number a + bi .

Multiplication by i :

(a + bi) · i = ai + bi2

= −b + ai

This is rotation by 90◦.

3+i

-2-3i

Page 17: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Think of a point in the plane (a, b) as a complex number a + bi .

Multiplication by i :

(a + bi) · i = ai + bi2

= −b + ai

This is rotation by 90◦.

3+i

-2-3i

-1+3i

3-2i

Page 18: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Still following our nose (i2 = −1):

ex = 1 + x +x2

2+

x3

6+

x4

24+ · · ·

e iθ = 1 + (iθ) +(iθ)2

2+

(iθ)3

6+

(iθ)4

24· · ·

= 1 + iθ +− 1 · θ2

2+− i · θ3

6+

1 · θ4

24+ · · ·

=(

1− θ2

2+θ4

24− · · ·

)+ i

(θ − θ3

6+

θ5

120− · · ·

)= cos(θ) + i · sin(θ),

where θ is measured in radians.

Page 19: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Still following our nose (i2 = −1):

ex = 1 + x +x2

2+

x3

6+

x4

24+ · · ·

e iθ = 1 + (iθ) +(iθ)2

2+

(iθ)3

6+

(iθ)4

24· · ·

= 1 + iθ +− 1 · θ2

2+− i · θ3

6+

1 · θ4

24+ · · ·

=(

1− θ2

2+θ4

24− · · ·

)+ i

(θ − θ3

6+

θ5

120− · · ·

)= cos(θ) + i · sin(θ),

where θ is measured in radians.

Page 20: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Still following our nose (i2 = −1):

ex = 1 + x +x2

2+

x3

6+

x4

24+ · · ·

e iθ = 1 + (iθ) +(iθ)2

2+

(iθ)3

6+

(iθ)4

24· · ·

= 1 + iθ +− 1 · θ2

2+− i · θ3

6+

1 · θ4

24+ · · ·

=(

1− θ2

2+θ4

24− · · ·

)+ i

(θ − θ3

6+

θ5

120− · · ·

)= cos(θ) + i · sin(θ),

where θ is measured in radians.

Page 21: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Still following our nose (i2 = −1):

ex = 1 + x +x2

2+

x3

6+

x4

24+ · · ·

e iθ = 1 + (iθ) +(iθ)2

2+

(iθ)3

6+

(iθ)4

24· · ·

= 1 + iθ +− 1 · θ2

2+− i · θ3

6+

1 · θ4

24+ · · ·

=(

1− θ2

2+θ4

24− · · ·

)+ i

(θ − θ3

6+

θ5

120− · · ·

)= cos(θ) + i · sin(θ),

where θ is measured in radians.

Page 22: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Still following our nose (i2 = −1):

ex = 1 + x +x2

2+

x3

6+

x4

24+ · · ·

e iθ = 1 + (iθ) +(iθ)2

2+

(iθ)3

6+

(iθ)4

24· · ·

= 1 + iθ +− 1 · θ2

2+− i · θ3

6+

1 · θ4

24+ · · ·

=(

1− θ2

2+θ4

24− · · ·

)+ i

(θ − θ3

6+

θ5

120− · · ·

)= cos(θ) + i · sin(θ),

where θ is measured in radians.

Page 23: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Any complex number canbe written as

re iθ = r cos θ + i · r sin θ,

r is distance from origin,θ is angle with x-axis.

Page 24: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Multiply by 12e

iπ/4:

re iθ · 1

2e iπ/4 =

r

2e i(θ+π/4)

Rotating and scaling.

Page 25: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Multiply by 12e

iπ/4:

re iθ · 1

2e iπ/4 =

r

2e i(θ+π/4)

Rotating and scaling.

Page 26: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

I Multiplication by a complex number encodes scaling androtating in the Euclidean plane.

I This is great: it is the right way to multiply points in theEuclidean plane. Otherwise, (1, 2) · (3, 4) =???

I Imaginary numbers have real consequences.

Page 27: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

log10(1000) = 3, since 103 = 1000.

If ex = y , then x = ln y .

e0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0.

e2πi = cos(2π) + i · sin(2π) = 1, so ln 1 = 2πi .

ln 1 = . . . ,−2πi , 0, 2πi , 4πi , . . .

Yikes!

Page 28: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

log10(1000) = 3, since 103 = 1000.

If ex = y , then x = ln y .

e0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0.e2πi = cos(2π) + i · sin(2π) = 1, so ln 1 = 2πi .

ln 1 = . . . ,−2πi , 0, 2πi , 4πi , . . .

Yikes!

Page 29: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

log10(1000) = 3, since 103 = 1000.

If ex = y , then x = ln y .

e0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0.e2πi = cos(2π) + i · sin(2π) = 1, so ln 1 = 2πi .

ln 1 = . . . ,−2πi , 0, 2πi , 4πi , . . .

Yikes!

Page 30: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Complex numbers

Two key points:

I Multiplying by a complex number corresponds to scaling androtating.

I The natural logarithm of a complex number has an infinitenumber of possible values, in increments of 2πi .

Page 31: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Back to Escher

How do we get from the rectilinear version to Escher’s wonky one?

De Smit and Lenstra

Page 32: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 33: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

Log World

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 34: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

Log World

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 35: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

Log World

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 36: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

Log World

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 37: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Take the log of the picture: move the point a + bi to ln(a + bi).

Rectilinear World

1 2 4

Log World

This corner of the rectangles, in Log World, forms a grid.

Page 38: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1 (Rectilinear World)

De Smit and Lenstra

Page 39: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1 (Log World)

De Smit and Lenstra

Page 40: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Page 41: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

The line in Rectilinear World from the guy to a smaller copy ofhimself becomes a horizontal line in Log World.

Page 42: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

The vertical line in Log World gets wrapped around to itself tobecome a circle in Rectilinear World.

Page 43: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Taking logs transformed Rectilinear World to infinite grid withsame rectangle repeated over and over.

Page 44: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Step 1

Taking logs transformed Rectilinear World to infinite grid withsame rectangle repeated over and over.

Page 45: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Now work backwards from Wonky World by taking log of it.

Wonky World

1

Each wonky rectangle is scaledby 1/2, rotated by 45◦.

This is multiplication byc = 1

2eiπ/4.

This corner of the rectangle, in Log World, forms a new grid.

Page 46: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Now work backwards from Wonky World by taking log of it.

Wonky World

1

Log World

This corner of the rectangle, in Log World, forms a new grid.

Page 47: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Now work backwards from Wonky World by taking log of it.

Wonky World

1

Log World

This corner of the rectangle, in Log World, forms a new grid.

Page 48: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Now work backwards from Wonky World by taking log of it.

Wonky World

1

Log World

This corner of the rectangle, in Log World, forms a new grid.

Page 49: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Now work backwards from Wonky World by taking log of it.

Wonky World

1

Log World

This corner of the rectangle, in Log World, forms a new grid.

Page 50: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Taking the log of the Wonky World:

Page 51: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Taking logs transformed Wonky World to infinite grid with samerectangle repeated over and over.

Page 52: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Working backwards

Taking logs transformed Wonky World to infinite grid with samerectangle repeated over and over.

Page 53: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Putting it all together

logarithm

exponentiate

???

Page 54: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Putting it all together

logarithm

exponentiate

rotate andscale

Page 55: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Putting it all together

In Rectilinear World, this line would have spiraled from the guy toa smaller version of himself. Taking logs unwrapped the originalpicture. In final version, it gets re-wrapped differently, and he iswrapped to a copy of himself “inside” the picture.

Page 56: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Putting it all togetherAll of the maps preserve angles (conformal), so things look “right”.

logarithm

exponentiate

rotate andscale

Page 57: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Putting it all together

Escher got his Wonky World grid amazingly close to right, withoutanalyzing it mathematically.

Page 58: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Voila!These maps automatically fill in the hole in the final image (withsmaller, rotated copy of image).

De Smit and Lenstra

Page 59: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Voila!These maps automatically fill in the hole in the final image (withsmaller, rotated copy of image).

De Smit and Lenstra

Page 60: Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic · Untangling Escher with Complex Arithmetic Kevin Woods* *Hugely indebted to Bart de Smit and Hendrik Lenstra’s \Escher and the Droste

Voila!

Play right-hand animation from http://escherdroste.math.

leidenuniv.nl/index.php?menu=animation&sub=about

I recommend playing it on a continuous loop.

Then explore other animations on their website.