Untitled art 10 - Harvard Universitywilsonweb.physics.harvard.edu/Arsenic/Remediation/Chapter6.pdfBangladesh drinking water limits. Most of the samples (80%) comply with the WHO standard

109Final Report on Development of Deep Aquifer Database and Preliminary Deep Aquifer Map

6CHAPTER

Water Quality Data Analysis and Mapping

6.1 Introduction

Quality of pumped groundwater is a major issue in terms of its usefulness and is particularly important for

the deep aquifer as there is limited data availability on the quality issues as well as possibilities of occurrences

of higher amount of total dissolved solids. The quality issue of deep aquifer becomes more important

because of the fact that over most of the country the available data show relative low concentrations of

arsenic in deeper groundwater and is considered as one of the main sources of arsenic safe water.

Available water quality data on the deep test or production wells has been collected mainly from DPHE

sources. Data on the parameters like Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Hardness (TH), Arsenic (As), Iron

(Fe), Chloride (Cl) and Manganese (Mn) are collected from various DPHE laboratories. However, results on all

the parameters are not available for all cases. In addition, the quality of the existing water quality data is a

major issue. Keeping these in minds, the following parameters have been selected for appraisal of deep

aquifer water quality. Considering WHO and Bangladesh standards, the following decision system has been

adopted for the four selected parameters:

As = <0.01 mg/L - OK as per WHO

As = > 0.01-0.05 - OK as per BDS

As = > 0.05 mg/L - NOT acceptable

Fe = 0.3 mg/L - OK as per WHO

Fe >0.3 -1.00 mg/L - OK as per BDS

Fe 1-5.00 mg/L - OK for HTWs

Fe >5.00 mg/L - NOT acceptable

Cl = 600 mg/L - OK for All over Bangladesh

Cl >600- 1000 mg/L - OK for coastal region

Cl >1000 mg/L - May NOT be acceptable

Mn = 0.1 mg/L - OK

Mn = 0.1-0.4 mg/L - may be acceptable

Mn = >0.4 mg/L - NOT acceptable

Though water quality data from the DPHE sources are used for a preliminary assessment of the quality of

deep groundwater, there remains certain factor that needs proper attention.

114 Final Report on Development of Deep Aquifer Database and Preliminary Deep Aquifer Map

n No QA/QC results are available

n Not all the data available for all locations

n Depth integrated data available from DPHE R&D activities at Pourashava and Growth Centers

n Some quality trends seem unusual hydrogeologically e.g. Gohat, Kalia Pourashava, Narail

n Some quality trends conforms with local geology, e.g. Trishal Pourashava, Mymensingh

n Some parameters like pH, EC, Temperature reported in the lab results should be done onsite

6.2 Summary Statistics on Four WQ Parameters

6.2.1 Arsenic

Arsenic samples with depth information (n= 820) have been categorized is different classes as per WHO and

Bangladesh drinking water limits. Most of the samples (80%) comply with the WHO standard. 98% of the

samples comply with the Bangladesh standard and only 2% samples exceed the 0.05 mg/L limit (Figure 6.1).

Though most of the data comply with WHO standard, a relatively large number of samples fall in between the

WHO and Bangladesh limits. This number is much higher than the previously reported investigations such

the BGS & DPHE (2001). Figure 6.2 shows the location of the wells with As measurements.

Another set of data is also available from the DPHE zonal laboratories where these are recorded as deep tube

wells but without any depth. More than 6000 arsenic analysis data have been collected from the laboratories.

The analyses results show that almost all the samples comply with the Bangladesh standard as shown in

Table 6.1 and Figure 6.3. However, in terms of compliance with the WHO standard, there are variations among

the six divisions. About 20% samples exceed the WHO limit in Chittagong division whereas no sample

exceeds the 0.01 mg/L limit in Sylhet Division. About 8% samples exceed the same limit in Dhaka and Khulna

divisions whereas 3% samples exceed the same in Barisal division. This dataset also confirms that a

significant number of samples fall in between the Bangladesh and WHO limits in Chittagong division. Figure

6.4 shows the location of deep tube wells with arsenic analysis results.

Figure 6.1: Concentration ranges of arsenic (n = 820).

% o

f Sam

ple

s

<0.01 >0.10-0.05 >0.50

As concentrations (mg/L)

0

20

40

60

80

100


Figure 6.2: Location map showing various arsenic concentrations of deep tub wells included in the database


Figure 6.3: Percentage of samples exceeding the Bangladesh and WHO drinking water limits for Arsenic in different

divisions

0

5

10

15

20

% o

f Sam

ple

s

DHA (1608) CHI (1724) SYL (293) KHU (1846) BAR (588) TOT (6059)

Division

>0.05 mg/L >0.01 mg/L

Total SampleBangladesh Standard WHO

(0.05 mg/L) (0.01 mg/L)

Dhaka Division As 1598 1483 1608

Percentage 99.38 92.23 1723

Chittagang Division As 1718 1404

Percentage 99.71 81.49

Sylhet Division As 291 291 291

Percentage 100 100 1845

Khulna Division As 1827 1699

Percentage 99.02 92.09

Barisal Division As 588 576 588

Percentage 100 97.96

Table 6.1: Samples exceeding Bangladesh and WHO standards for arsenic in six divisions of Bangladesh


Figure 6.4: Location map showing arsenic concentrations of deep tub wells collected from DPHE zonal laboratories


Figure 6.8: Location map showing iron concentrations of deep tub wells collected from DPHE zonal laboratories


6.2.3 Chloride

The 3rd edition of the WHO Water Quality Guideline does not set a limiting value for chloride, as there is no

evidence of health problem associated with high chloride in groundwater. If we consider the Bangladesh drinking

water limits, most samples comply with the 600 mg/L threshold and only a very few samples exceed the 1000

mg/L, accepted limit for the coastal area as shown in Figure 6.5. DPHE zonal laboratory results also demonstrate

the same where almost all the samples comply with the 600 mg/L limit in all divisions as shown in Figure 6.6.

Figure 6.9: Concentration ranges of chloride (n = 890)

Figure 6.10: Percentage of samples exceeding various concentrations for chloride in different divisions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% s

amp

les

DHA(1431)

CHI(1713)

SYL (293) KHU(1490)

BAR(538)

TOT(5465)

Division

<600 mg/L >600-1000 mg/L >1000 mg/L

% s

amp

les

<600 >600-1000 >1000

Cl concentrations (mg/L)

0

20

40

60

80

100


Figure 6.11: Location map showing chloride concentrations of deep tube wells included in the database


Figure 6.12: Location map showing chloride concentrations of deep tube wells collected from DPHE zonal laboratories


6.2.4 Manganese

Manganese in drinking water is drawing more attention these days as there are some evidence of its role in

mental growth, particularly is infants. Only a small set of results are available compared to other parameters.

The current Bangladesh standard for Mn is more stringent than the WHO limit. If the Bangladesh limit is

considered almost all samples exceed the limit where majority of the samples comply with the WHO

guideline value as shown in Figure 6.13.

Figure 6.13: Concentration ranges of Mn (n = 136)

6.3 Vertical Variations in Water Quality

6.3.1 Arsenic

Although a large data set of arsenic analyses results are available from DPHE zonal laboratories, many of

those do not have any depth record. The small subset of data with depth records has been plotted against

depth as shown in Figure 6.15. The figure, shows that there are wider variations in depth range in the smaller

depth compared to grater depths. However, it is very important to note here that a good number of sample

exceed the WHO limit up to a depth of 300m. Relatively small number of samples from wells deeper than

300m show a much smaller variation in arsenic concentrations where most samples lie within the 0.01 mg/L

threshold.

0

20

40

60

80

100

% s

amp

les

~0.1 >0.1-0.4 >0.4

Mn concentrations (mg/L)


Figure 6.14: Location map showing manganese concentrations of deep tub wells included in the database


Figure 6.15: Vertical variations in arsenic concentrations in the samples with depth records (samples deeper than 100m

has been plotted; n = 820)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

As concentrations (mg/L)

Scre

en D

epth

(mb

gl)

<150m >150-200m >200-250m >250-300m >300-350m


6.3.2 Iron

Dissolved iron at high concentrations is wide spread in Bangladesh groundwater and deep groundwater is

not exception to this. As show in Figure 6.16, high dissolved iron occur up to a depth of 300m and below this

depth the concentrations are relatively low.

Figure 6.16: Vertical variations in iron concentrations in the samples with depth records (only samples deeper than 100m

has been plotted (n = 927)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00

Fe concentrations (mg/L)

Scre

en D

epth

(mb

gl)

<150m >150-200m >200-250m >250-300m >300m


6.3.3 Chloride

As mentioned earlier, chloride is not considered as a health significant parameter in drinking water. However,

relatively higher concentrations can give rise to complaints from the consumer and may not be used as a

source of drinking water. Chloride concentrations in most of the exploited aquifers in Bangladesh are within

600 mg/L. However, there are sporadic occurrences of very high concentrations at various depths as shown in

Figure 6.17. From the somewhat decreasing trend with depth deeper than 250m is apparent.

Figure 6.17: Vertical variations in chloride concentrations in the samples with depth records (only samples deeper than

100m has been plotted (n = 890)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Cl concentrations (mg/L)

Scre

en D

epth

(mb

gl)

<150m >150-200m >200-250m >250-300m >300m


6.3.4 Manganese

Manganese is mostly low in deep groundwater as evident from the limited data plotted in Figure 6.18. In

most cases, the concentrations are within 0.1 mg/L with few high ones. However, samples deeper than 300m,

though very few in number, show characteristically low manganese concentrations.

Figure 6.18: Vertical variations in manganese concentrations in the samples with depth records (only samples deeper than

100m has been plotted; n = 136)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Mn concentrations (mg/L)

Scre

en D

epth

(mb

gl)

<150m >150-200m >200-250m >250-300m >300m


6.4 Vertical Variations in Water Quality in DPHE Growth Centre Study

Results from DPHE R&D Division's investigations of water quality at various depths at the same locations are

available. As, Fe and Cl have been measured from test tube wells installed at various depths at the same

location. Few such results from three different locations are presented here with some comments:

Figure 6.19 presents the results from four test tubewells drilled at Trishal in Mymensingh district. There is only

one aquifer up to a depth of 1000feet and which is most likely the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila aquifer. Test tube

wells developed at 200, 500, 850 and 1000 feet. Arsenic is high at the shallowest (0.034 mg/L; below detection

level (bdl) at 500 and 850 feet but reappears at 1000 feet (0.006 mg/L). Fe is very low at the shallowest,

highest at 500 feet (9.80 mg/L) and decreases with depth to 0.51 at 1000 feet. Cl concentrations are very

similar at all depths.

Figure 6.19: Vertical variations in water quality at Trishal, Mymensingh

Depth (ft)

100As = 0.034Fe = 0.5Cl = 40

200

300

400 As = bdlFe = 9.80Cl = 28

500

600

700

As = bdlFe = 6.50

800 Cl = 34

Legend:

900 ClayAs = 0.006

Fine sand Fe = 2.51Cl = 28

1000 Medium sand

Depth (ft)

100

200

300

As: <0.01

Fe: 1.11

400 Cl: 533

500

600 Clay

Silty Clay

700 V F Sand

As: <0.01

F Sand Fe: 0.56

Cl: 414 As: <0.01

800 M Sand Fe: 0.64

Cl: 35

C Sand

900

1000


Figure 6.20 presents the vertical water quality data from Kalia in Narail district. Kalia Pourashava, Narail where

the following features are noted:

n Two aquifer system separated by a 250 feet silty clay layer at 450 to 700 feet

n No variation in As in the shallow and deep aquifer

n Fe little higher at the shallowest well, similar at the deep ones

n Very unusual variation in Cl at 815 and 850 feet

Figure 6.20: Vertical water quality variations at Kalia in Narail district

Depth (ft)

100

200

300

400

As: 0.04

Fe: 3.46

Cl: 41

500

Clay

600 Silty Clay

V F Sand

700 F Sand

As: 0.01

M Sand Fe: 2.57

Cl: 154

800

900

As: <0.01

Fe: 0.53

Cl: 179

1000


Figure 6.21 presents the vertical water quality profile from 500, 800 and 1000 feet at Swarupkathi in Pirojpur

district where the following facts are noticed:

n Multiple aquifer systems with a thick aquitard at 100 to 250 feet; other thinner aquitards at 350 and 650

feet

n As decreases with depth

n Cl low in all depths

n Fe decreases with depth

Figure 6.21: Vertical water quality variations at Swarupkathi in Pirojpur


6.5 Sampling of DTWs for Arsenic Measurements

As the water quality data in general, and arsenic data in particular, are consider unreliable in terms of

analytical accuracy a subset 100 deep tube wells have been sampled under this study. The samples were

collected from SW (greater districts of Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna, and Faridpur) and SE (greater districts of

Comilla and Noakhali) regions of the country. Two teams, each consisting of a graduate geologist with

adequate knowledge of groundwater sampling, were sent out for the sampling. Each team was given a list of

target deep wells based on the information contained in the deep aquifer database. In selecting the wells,

DPHE Zonal Laboratory reported arsenic concentrations were considered. All wells above the Bangladesh

limit were selected for re-sampling, numbering about 10. As a large number of wells exceeded the WHO limit,

around 40 wells with arsenic above 10 µg/L were listed for re-sampling. Remaining samples were selected

randomly from various parts of the sampled districts. Special emphasis was given to collect a few extra

samples from Satkhira-Khulna region as per DPHE's request. However, in many occasions the target wells

could not be sampled because of number of problems such as incorrect information about the locations,

non-functioning of the wells, non-existence of any pumping device and non-existence of the well. A few wells

could not be reached because of difficult accessibility.

At each site a 50 ml filtered sample (filtered with 0.45 µm membrane filter) has been collected. The well was

purged for enough time to get rid of the well bore storage and thus collect representative groundwater

sample from the aquifer. The sample was acidified on the spot using ~1% concentrated HNO3 as per

suggestion of Environmental Laboratory of BUET. Handheld GPS was used to record the geographical

coordinates of the sample location. As per request from the DPHE R&D Division, electrical conductivity (EC) of

each sample was measured on site using portable EC meters. Details of the sampled wells including depth

were collected from the caretaker/owner/user of the well.

Details of the collected samples along with the arsenic concentrations as obtained from the Environmental

Engineering Laboratory of BUET are presented in Table 6.2. Figure 6.22 shows the locations of the samples.

Ten blind duplicate samples were also sent to the same laboratory for assessing the quality of analysis. The

results are discussed in the following sections.

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Fig

ure

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2: L

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The quality of analysis is very good as good agreement between the original sample and blind duplicate

sample have been reported as shown in Figure 6.23. Only for one sample, where the arsenic concentration

was very high, there was a wide variation between the original and duplicate sample. This has been analyzed

a number of time and the variations seems to stay for some unknown reasons.

Figure 6.23: Comparison of original and duplicate sample analysis results of 10 samples analyzed at the Environmental

Engineering Laboratory of BUET.

Results of the analyses of groundwater samples collected from 100 deep tube wells show that most of the

well water (85%) contains arsenic below the WHO provisional limit of 10 µg/L; 10% of the wells fall in

between the Bangladesh and WHO limit and only 5% exceeded the Bangladesh limit (Figure 6.24). These

results are consistent with previous investigations such as the BGS & DPHE (2001). A large number of samples

reported to have arsenic in the range of 10 to 50 µg/L by the DPHE Zonal Laboratories could not be

confirmed by this study. This is another confirmation about the uncertainty of analytical accuracy of arsenic at

the DPHE Zonal Laboratories.

Figure 6.24: Distribution of arsenic concentrations in 100 samples analyzed at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of BUET collected under this project

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Sample Number

As

Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

(ug

/L)

Original Duplicate

85

10 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

% o

f Sam

ple

s

<10 >10<50 >50

As Concentrations (ug/L)


Figure 6.25 shows the spatial distribution of arsenic in the samples collected under the study. It is evident

from the figure that arsenic concentrations in the deep aquifer are basically low all over the southern part of

Bangladesh. Samples from the Kushtia-Jessore region show relatively higher amount of arsenic which may be

due to relatively shallower depth of the wells and non-existence of clay aquitard in between the upper and

lower aquifers. Five samples which exceeded the Bangladesh limit of 0.05 mg/L are located in Satkhira (3),

Faridpur (1) and Comilla (1) region. BGS/DPHE (2001) study also reported few deep wells with high arsenic in

Stakhira. Also it was previously reported in earlier studies about the occurrence of higher concentrations of

arsenic in deeper wells of Faridpur region. The well showing high arsenic from the Comilla region is a matter

of concern. However, the very high concentrations found in a few deep wells require further investigations.

For such future investigations the depth and construction design of the wells should also be studied. The

spatial distribution of arsenic concentrations in the sampled 100 wells does not confirm the occurrence of

relatively higher concentrations of arsenic in the Noakhali Chandpur region reported by the DPHE Zonal

Laboratories. The deep wells sampled from the region showed a similar concentration pattern of arsenic as

from the other parts of the southern Bangladesh.

Figure 6.25: Spatial distribution of arsenic in the samples collected under the study

Documents

Untitled art 10 - Harvard Universitywilsonweb.physics.harvard.edu/Arsenic/Remediation/Chapter6.pdfBangladesh drinking water limits. Most of the samples (80%) comply with the WHO standard