Upcoming Assignments (Storck):

● CCoT Essay ○ due Monday, May 2

● Ch. 16 & Ch. 17 Reading Guides ○ due Monday, May 9

1750-1914Modern era of history.

It’s very connected!

The Industrial Revolution

AP World History

What is it?(in 1 sentence)

The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.

Why do we care?

● Affects almost everything that happens in the Modern Era (1750-1914)

○ Large-scale: political and economic developments around the world○ Small-scale: daily life

● Two huge consequences of industrial technology:○ Industrialized countries = access to advanced weaponry

○ Factories need raw materials to make products & markets to sell those products

■ Colonization solves both those problems

● SO: Industrial Revolution → 19th century imperialism ○ “a policy of extending a country's power and influence through

diplomacy or military force”○ Into Asia, Africa, around the world

Explaining the Industrial Revolution● Between 1400 & 1800 = rapid population growth

worldwide○ Consequence of international trade & Columbian Exchange, among

others○ Global energy crisis (wood, charcoal become scarce)

● Industrial Revolution = response to this dilemma ○ New fuels discovered/used = coal, oil, natural gas

● New fuels → increased output, faster technological innovation

● Changes in social order through urbanization & new classes

● Changes in human relationship to nature○ → Eventually, environmental crisis in 20th century

Life Before the Industrial Revolution

● Most people lived in rural villages; small communities

● Farming = major economic sector● 1/3 of the babies died before 1 year old; life

expectancy was 40 years old● Disease was common● Private and public farmlands were not

separated or fenced off○ It was easy for many families and farmers to work the

land cooperatively and productively

● All daily activities revolved around farming

Early Industries in Britain

● Great Britain = wool industry○ Later, imported cotton

● Wool and cotton worked by hand into textiles (cloth)

● Used domestic system = products produced in the home by hand

○ Workers set own hours & could take care of domestic duties

○ Women took care of kids, cooked, etc. while making money at home

● Coal mining: most coal fields lay under the farmland

Shifts from Country to City

● Before: Britain had an open-field system = farmers could plant crops on unfenced private and public lands

● Enclosure movement = passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands

● New agricultural innovations○ Lighter plows, selective animal breeding, crop rotation, higher-

yielding seeds, etc.○ Increased output, lowered food prices → less farmers needed

● Result: Farmers have to move to towns/cities to find work

Why Britain?

● Agricultural improvements → increased food production○ More $$$ to buy manufactured goods

● Rapid population growth → surplus of labor for factories○ Farms need fewer workers, so more men for factories in cities○ Religious toleration in Britain = skilled workers of all faiths

● Capital supply: money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials○ Had become wealthy because of Trans-Atlantic trade & colonies○ Wealthy aristocrats interested in profit

● Natural resources needed for manufacturing○ Coal & iron○ Harbors & rivers = transportation & power○ Small country = easy to transport stuff

Why Britain? (pt. 2)

● British government favored businessmen○ Private property laws & patents to protect inventors○ Passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign goods○ Provided stability, created roads & canals

● Britain’s colonial empire ○ Big rivals in colonization = Dutch, French○ Had more colonies than either ○ Markets to buy Britain’s manufactured goods○ Food, raw materials, silver to feed & fund Britain

● Scientific Revolution○ Atmosphere of innovation○ Laws to protect & support inventions

Cotton Sparks a Revolution

● Britain’s textile industries can’t keep up with demand ○ Everyone in their empire gets textiles from Britain○ Previous domestic system (sewing by hand) too slow

● New inventions increase manufacturing speedCotton gin (1793, in USA)

Spinning Jenny (1768) Water-powered loom (1787)

Cotton Sparks a Revolution

● Steam engine (1782) -- engine that pumps steam to power machinery by heating water, using coal

○ Invented by James Watt - can pump water way faster than previous methods

○ Britain’s geography -- lots of rivers for steam power

● Result of this technology: Britain’s cotton production explodes

○ 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported into Britain○ 1787: 22 million pounds (textile machines)○ 1840: 366 million pounds (textile factories are widespread)

Cotton gin (1793, in USA)

Other Technological Changes

● Increased production of iron ore○ Britain has lots, but first improvement in iron production since Middle Ages○ From mid-1700s to mid-1800s: 17,000 tons to 3 million tons

● Invention of the steam-powered locomotive ○ 6,000 miles of railroads by 1840○ Creates new job opportunities & connects towns long distance = newer, bigger markets○ Helps define Industrial Revolution by continuous, self-sustaining economic growth

● Use of the factory system ○ Textile machines are large and costly -- shift from homes to factories○ Workers and machines under a manager ○ Rigorous daily schedules (& punishments or beatings to enforce them)

● By 19th century: Britain is the “workshop, banker, trader of the world” ○ Makes half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods

Industrialization Spreads● Other European states: Belgium, France, Germany - after 1815

○ Didn’t have to reinvent the wheel -- learned from Britain’s methods○ Governments support building factories, railroads with $$$

○ Joint-stock investment banks: pool a bunch of people’s $$$ to invest in capital

● United States becomes the second-biggest industrial nation○ Dramatic population growth & urbanization ○ Shift from farmers to factory-workers, centered in New England○ Steamboat & railroad → the whole country can buy the Northeast’s goods○ Helps fuel the U.S. Civil War

● The rest of the world: industrialization limited (on purpose)○ Russia is largely rural, agricultural○ Industrial Europe limits growth of industry in their colonies ○ Britain’s cheap textiles → India has to produce raw materials, can’t compete

Robert Fulton’s steamship

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

● Telegraph - Samuel Morse, 1837○ Communicate across great distances by

sending morse code signals● Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell, 1876

○ You’re probably familiar with this one● Lightbulb - Thomas Edison, 1879

○ Helps factories run all night● Internal Combustion Engine - Gottlieb

Damier, 1885○ Stepping stone to the first automobiles

● Radio - 1890s, Guigielmo Marconi● Airplane - 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright

● Advances in medicine & science● Pasteurization● First vaccinations● X-rays● Charles Darwin’s “natural selection”

Results of the Industrial

RevolutionChanges to the Social &

Economic Order

Urbanization & Population Growth

● Europe’s population doubles from 1750-1850○ Less wars & epidemic diseases, more food supply

● Cities in European industrial nations grow○ Steam engine-powered factories in urban centers○ New arrivals from around country looking for work

● Living quarters cramped in factory cities○ In a tenement house: “63 families with 5 people

sharing one bed”

● Unsanitary conditions○ Polluted with soot from burning coal○ Trash, waste thrown into streets to rot

● Death rate & sickness rate = high

Rise of the Middle Class

● Had existed since Middle Ages -- bourgeois lived in cities, worked as merchants, lawyers, etc.

● Benefited the most from industrialization● Size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased

○ Upper levels = factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants

○ Middle levels = smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals

● Aristocracy weakens as a class○ Individual aristocrats & landowners = still doing fine○ But declining political power overall

○ Basis of wealth isn’t land ownership -- urban wealth becomes

more important

The Industrial Working Class

● The proletariat -- ran machines in factories● Dangerous work & terrible conditions

○ Accidents very common no workers’ compensation○ Monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines○ 10-14 hours a day in unventilated rooms○ Diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis = common○ Wages extremely low -- even lower for women and children

● Women & children worked in large numbers, as young as 6○ 12-hour shifts, sometimes through the night○ Child labor exploited -- paid ⅙ of what an adult male paid○ No access to education, often became disabled or ill

○ Together, Two-thirds of labor force in cotton by 1830

Women in the Industrial Revolution● Factory Act of 1833: Restricted children’s work in factories

○ Less child labor → women dominate labor force instead○ Paid half or less of what men received

● Men and women = separate roles, work vs. home○ Men are the primary workers

○ Women take care of the family, do work that can be done @ home, create an “emotional haven” & moral center for fam

● Second Industrial Revolution = new job opportunities○ Women hired for white-collar jobs: typists, clerks, secretaries, health & social services,

education (still paid less than men)○ Escape from domestic role (or from factory labor)

● Middle & upper-class women: political activism○ Education, aid to widows & single mothers, temperance, abolitionism○ → Suffrage movements: women demand right to vote

Second Industrial Revolution

● After 1870s -- a boom in prosperity● New products

○ Steel -- stronger & more efficient than iron for construction○ Electricity -- power stations for neighborhoods by 1910○ Transportation (airplanes, cars, ocean liners)

● New ideas: mass consumerism ○ Manufactured goods are cheap, real wages go up ○ → Europeans buy way more consumer products

● Germany becomes most industrialized in Europe after 1870

● Uneven development (see next slide)

Red & Orange:● Industrialized● High standards

of living● Relatively

healthy● Systems of

education & transportation

Yellow & Green:● Still agrarian● Low standards

of living● Provide raw

materials & food to industrial countries

Industrialization Spreads (Again)

● International trade increases dramatically after 1850● Shift in balance of trade:

○ Before: Europe imports from Asia○ Now: Europe exports manufactured goods to Asia○ Capital + industries + military = Europeans dominant

● Surge of industrialization in Russia after 1890s ○ 35000 miles of railroad track, massive oil & steel production○ Much of the population still poor farmers

● Japan industrializes○ Imperial government promotes industry, builds infrastructure○ Implements universal education based on applied science○ Really good at: tea, silk, shipbuilding, guns

Industrial Capitalism

The ideas to explain & justify the Industrial Revolution

● Mass production○ Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts ○ Henry Ford’s assembly line -- each worker does one thing○ Efficient, but less value on individual workers

● Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations ○ Basis for capitalism -- break away from European mercantilism○ Trade is good for everyone involved -- everyone wins○ Individuals compete & are motivated by profit○ “Invisible hand” -- the market regulates itself○ Lassiez-faire: -- the government should be hands-off

Protests & an Organized Working Class

● Workers complain, demand better working conditions● Labor unions: organizations of workers created to

pressure business owners to improve working conditions, wages

○ Stronger as a group than as individuals

● Union tactics included:○ Nationwide organization and cooperation○ Strikes

○ Collective bargaining (union leaders & employers work together to discuss problems & try to come to agreements)

○ Threats of violence

Protests: Alternative Visions of Society

● Poor conditions for working class inspire socialist movements○ Definition: an economic system where ownership of the means of

production are shared by people or owned by government

● Marxism views industrial capitalism as an unstable system doomed to collapse

○ Explained in Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto & On Capital○ All of history defined by class struggle - workers vs. capital owners○ Proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie○ Create a classless society, no private property, workers control factories

● Ideas put into practice○ Physical protests -- Luddites in Britain destroy factories○ Reform movements -- make conditions better for workers○ No reform in Russia → Russian Revolution