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Upena Dalal

Wireless

Communicationand Networks

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Chapter 1

Fundamentals andpresent scenario

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Key Topics Fnd!"ent!l ter"s of co""nic!tion

#ireless co""nic!tion lin$ "odel %!nd&idth !nd 'ign!l(to()oise *!tio Types of sign!ls Types of co""nic!tion syste"s

#ired vs #ireless +o""nic!tion Types of &ireless syste"s ,xisting technologies !nd re-ire"ents ,voltion of &ireless syste"s First(to(forth gener!tion &ireless syste"s icensed !nd nlicensed /!nd co""nic!tion 'pectr" policies

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nterdisciplin!ry le!rning "odel for&ireless co""nic!tion

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n !"en ! er"s oco""nic!tion

Information(((t is !n!logdigit!l for" "ess!ges or"e!ningfl d!t! to /e received

Modulation(((t is Process /y &hich ! sign!l istr!nsfor"ed into &!vefor"s th!t !re co"p!ti/le &iththe ch!nnel re-ire"ents

Carrier(((t is the fre-ency over &hich !ct!lco""nic!tion is done

Transmitter(((t is syste" th!t prep!res the sign!l totr!ns"it over the ch!nnel

Channel(((t is "edi! throgh &hich sign!l prop!g!tes Receiver(((t is syste" th!t receives the sign!l !nd

interpret the "ess!ges

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Types of +h!nnel

'i"plex(((one &!y co""nic!tion !lf dplex(((/idirection!l /t on

s&itching /!sis3 one &!y !t ! ti"e

Fll dplex(((/idirection!l !nd

si"lteneos

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)oise !ddition in the sign!l overthe ch!nnel

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%!sic "odel of &ireless digit!lco""nic!tion lin$

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A/ot the /loc$s

'orce ,ncoder(ecoder(((,ncoder does the 5o/ of

digiti6!tion !nd co"pression !s per the infor"!tiontheory. ecoder does the reverse t!s$s

,ncryption !nd decryption !re for secrepresent!tion of the "ess!ge

+h!nnel +oder(ecoder(((+oder !dds strctredrednd!ncy to "itig!te ch!nnel errors. ecodertries to re"ove the error

Other peer st!ges !re "odl!tor(de"odl!tor3 F to

*F fre-ency p converter !t the tr!ns"itting end!nd *F to F do&n converter !t receiving end

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Addition!l t!s$s !t tr!ns"itter

'ending tr!ining se-ences for ch!nnel esti"!tion

!nd e-!li6!tion !nd !lso for synchroni6!tion Filtering for !llo&ing cert!in fre-encies3 plse

sh!ping to redce the /!nd&idth !nd &indo&ing toredce ot of /!nd co"ponents !re fe& !ctions !t

the tr!ns"itter end.

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Addition!l t!s$s !t the receiver

The peer !nd reverse t!s$s of th!t of tr!ns"itter

"entioned in the previos slide !re perfor"ed !tthe receiver.

Ap!rt fro" th!t esti"!tion !nd e-!li6!tionprocess for ch!nnel corrections !nd ph!se

corrections respectively. Follo&ing !re the desir!/le receiver

ch!r!cteristics7

'ensitivity

'electivity Fidelity

)oise Figre

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%!nd&idth

)o nivers!lly s!tisfying de8nition of /!nd&idth

'pectr" of ! sign!l is the collective represent!tionof !ll the fre-ency contents !long &ith their!"plitde &eights. t is sed to ch!r!cteri6e ! sign!l3&hich c!n /e the inpt sign!l !s &ell !s /!se/!nd or

/ro!d/!nd to /e tr!ns"itted. +orrespondingly3 this isc!lled the sign!l or tr!ns"ission /!nd&idth.

+h!nnel !lloc!ted to the ser or !pplic!tion isidenti8ed !s ch!nnel /!nd&idth.

#hile designing the tr!nsceiver h!rd&!re3 cert!infre-ency co"ponents !re !llo&ed3 is c!lled syste"/!nd&idth.

Tr!ns"ission or syste" /!nd&idths "st /e lessth!n or e-!l to ch!nnel /!nd&idth.

t t t

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t r!te3 sy" o r!te !n !r!te

%it is the s"!llest nit representing ! /in!ry level of

the digit!l sign!l. igit!l d!t! tr!nsfer is nor"!lly"e!sred in /its per second nit. 9rop of /its ingener!l is c!lled sy"/ols or &ords.

#hen the n"/er of /its !re processed together !t

"odl!tor front end for !"plitde !nd ph!se"!pping3 they !re c!lled sy"/ols !nd r!te oftr!nsfer is "e!sred into sy"/ol r!te !nd "e!sredin sy"/ols per second nit.

'y"/ol r!te :

,!ch sy"/ol represents ; 8nite st!tes. ,!ch sy"/olrepresents $ /its of infor"!tion3 &here3 $ : log2;

%!d r!te is the r!te of ch!nge of sign!lling or

symboleachwithedtransmittbitsofnumberthe

ratebit