UPRM Center Rafael Aramis López LEAD TEACHER QuarkNet is a teacher professional development program funded by the National Science Foundation and the

UPRM CenterUPRM Center

Rafael Aramis LópezRafael Aramis LópezLEAD TEACHERLEAD TEACHER

QuarkNet is a teacher QuarkNet is a teacher professional professional development program development program funded by the National funded by the National Science Foundation and Science Foundation and the US Department of the US Department of Energy. Energy.


QuarkNet brings high school QuarkNet brings high school students and teachers to the students and teachers to the frontier of 21st century frontier of 21st century research that seeks to research that seeks to research some of the research some of the mysteries about the mysteries about the structure of matter and the structure of matter and the fundamental forces of fundamental forces of nature. nature.


• Physicists mentor collaboratePhysicists mentor collaborate with high school teachers. with high school teachers.

•Teachers join research teams Teachers join research teams with physicists at a local with physicists at a local university or laboratory. university or laboratory.

•Students learn fundamental Students learn fundamental physics as they analyze live physics as they analyze live online data and participate in online data and participate in inquiry-oriented inquiry-oriented investigations. investigations.


Active QuarkNet Centers Active QuarkNet Centers

Active QuarkNet CentersActive QuarkNet Centers


NosotrosNosotros

NosotrosNosotros

QuarkNet centers are connected QuarkNet centers are connected to high-energy physics to high-energy physics experiments operating at CERN experiments operating at CERN in Switzerland, at Fermilab in in Switzerland, at Fermilab in Illinois, at SLAC in Califormia and Illinois, at SLAC in Califormia and others. Within two years, we others. Within two years, we expect to form 60 centers expect to form 60 centers associated with research groups associated with research groups at universities and labs across at universities and labs across the U.S.the U.S.

"Of what is the world made?"

and

"What holds it together?"

People have long asked,

The word "fundamental" is key here. By fundamental building blocks we mean objects that are simple and structureless - not made of anything smaller.

The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for tthehe earliest attempts to describe the microstructure earliest attempts to describe the microstructure

of ourof our UniverseUniverse

• All substances were made of a basicAll substances were made of a basic kind of matter called kind of matter called hulèhulè. .

• Matter is continuous and is made of Matter is continuous and is made of different combinations of 4 things: different combinations of 4 things: earth, fire, air, and water.earth, fire, air, and water.

• Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned the idea that atoms moved through the idea that atoms moved through empty space. empty space.

DemocrituDemocrituss


The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for tthehe earliest attempts to describe the microstructure earliest attempts to describe the microstructure

of ourof our UniverseUniverse

• Matter is made up of tiny individual particlesMatter is made up of tiny individual particles he named he named atomosatomos..

• Atomos Atomos could not be created, destroyed or could not be created, destroyed or further divided. further divided.

• Matter is also composed of empty space Matter is also composed of empty space through which atoms moved.through which atoms moved.

• All substances were made of a basicAll substances were made of a basic kind of matter called kind of matter called hulèhulè. .

• Matter is continuous and is made of Matter is continuous and is made of different combinations of 4 things: different combinations of 4 things: earth, fire, air, and water.earth, fire, air, and water.

• Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned the idea that atoms moved through the idea that atoms moved through empty space. empty space.



HOTHOT

DRYDRY

MOISTMOIST

COLDCOLD

LEVITY F

ORCE

LEVITY F

ORCE

GRAVIT

Y FO

RCE

GRAVIT

Y FO

RCE

ARISTOTLE’S MATTER CONCEPTARISTOTLE’S MATTER CONCEPT

DEMOCRITUS’ MATTER CONCEPTDEMOCRITUS’ MATTER CONCEPT

ANTOINE LAVOISIER The father of the chemistryThe father of the chemistry

Considered as the Considered as the predecessor of the predecessor of the modern chemistry, there modern chemistry, there realized one of the most realized one of the most important discoveries of important discoveries of this one science, thethis one science, the Law Law of the Conservation of of the Conservation of the Massthe Mass..

1. Elements are composed of atoms1. Elements are composed of atoms

Dalton's Atomic TheoryDalton's Atomic Theory

5. Atoms are indivisible in a chemical process.5. Atoms are indivisible in a chemical process.4. Atoms of one element combine with atoms 4. Atoms of one element combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds.of other elements to form compounds.

3. Atoms of a given element are different 3. Atoms of a given element are different from those of any other elementfrom those of any other element

2. All atoms of a given element are identical2. All atoms of a given element are identical

DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON

In 1897, Joseph John Thompson discovered the first component partof the atom: the electron, a particle with a negative electric charge. In 1904, he proposed an initial model of an atom, since nicknamed "Thompsons pudding". He imagined the atom as a sphere full of an electrically positive substance mixed with negative electron "like the raisins in a cake".

J.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray TubeJ.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray Tube

DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS

Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons The electron in an atom moves around this nucleus like planets around the Sun; which is where we get the name

““TheThe atomic planetary modelatomic planetary model".". .

BOHRS ATOM

In 1913 Niels Bohr created a new model of the atom: The orbits of the electrons can't be just anywhere but are "quantified"; only certain particular orbits are permitted for the electron.

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEONS

Rutherford understood that the nucleus is itself composed of nucleons. These nucleons are of two types: •positively charged, it's a proton. •neutrally charged, it's a neutron The neutron was discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick.

The charge-cloud The charge-cloud model, which is also model, which is also called the quantum-called the quantum-mechanical model, mechanical model, does not attempt to does not attempt to describe the path of describe the path of each electron in a fixed each electron in a fixed orbit. Scientists now orbit. Scientists now describe the possible describe the possible positions of electrons in positions of electrons in terms of probability. terms of probability.

The Charge-Cloud ModelThe Charge-Cloud Model

Are the Nucleons Fundamental?Are the Nucleons Fundamental?

Physicists have Physicists have discovered that protons discovered that protons and neutrons and neutrons are composed of even are composed of even smaller particles called smaller particles called quarksquarks.. As far as we know, As far as we know, quarks are like points in quarks are like points in geometry. geometry. They're not made up of They're not made up of anything else. anything else.

If the protons and neutrons were a centimeter in diameter; Then If the protons and neutrons were a centimeter in diameter; Then the electrons and quarks would be less than the diameter of a the electrons and quarks would be less than the diameter of a hair; and The entire atom's diameter would be greater than the hair; and The entire atom's diameter would be greater than the length of 30 football fields! length of 30 football fields! 99.99% of the atom is empty space99.99% of the atom is empty space

THE MODERN ATOM MODELTHE MODERN ATOM MODEL

THE STANDARD MODELTHE STANDARD MODEL

Physicists have developed a theory called Physicists have developed a theory called The Standard ModelThe Standard Model that explains what that explains what the world is and what holds it together. It is the world is and what holds it together. It is a simple and comprehensive theory that a simple and comprehensive theory that explains all the hundreds of particles and explains all the hundreds of particles and complex interactions with only: complex interactions with only: •6 quarks6 quarks. .

•6 leptons6 leptons. . The best-known lepton is the electron.The best-known lepton is the electron. •Force carrier particlesForce carrier particles, , like the photon.like the photon.

The Universe is made of The Universe is made of Quarks and LeptonsQuarks and Leptons

Everything from galaxies to mountains Everything from galaxies to mountains to molecules is made from quarks and to molecules is made from quarks and leptons.leptons.

Quarks behave differently than leptons, Quarks behave differently than leptons, and for each kind of matter particle and for each kind of matter particle there is a corresponding there is a corresponding antimatterantimatter particle.particle.

Matter and AntimatterMatter and Antimatter

For every type of matter particle we've found, For every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding there also exists a corresponding antimatterantimatter

particle, or particle, or antiparticleantiparticle. . Antiparticles look and behave just like their Antiparticles look and behave just like their

corresponding matter particles, except they have corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges.opposite charges.

QuarksQuarks are one type of are one type of

matter particle. Most of matter particle. Most of

the matter we see the matter we see

around us is made from around us is made from

protons and neutrons, protons and neutrons,

which are composed of which are composed of

quarks. quarks.

++ ==++ 11++

THE PROTONTHE PROTON

BARYONSBARYONSqqqqqq

electricelectricchargecharge

++ == 00++

THE NEUTRONTHE NEUTRON

BARYONSBARYONSqqqqqq


++ ==

THE PION ( THE PION ( ππ++))

MESONSMESONSqqqq

antianti

11++


++ ==++ 11--

THE ANTIPROTONTHE ANTIPROTON

ANTIBARYONSANTIBARYONSqqqqqq

antiantiantianti antianti


There are six leptons, three of which have electrical There are six leptons, three of which have electrical charge and three of which do not. They appear to be charge and three of which do not. They appear to be point-like particles without internal structure. The best point-like particles without internal structure. The best known lepton is the known lepton is the electron.electron.The other leptons are the The other leptons are the three types of three types of neutrinos.neutrinos. They have no electrical They have no electrical charge, very little mass. charge, very little mass.

LEPTONSLEPTONS

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements

What Powers the Sun?

Its Source of Energy

The Sun is a big thermonuclear reactor that works by converting hydrogen into helium. Chemical Reaction?Gravitational Contraction?

The Sun’s Interior

The Core, at about 15,000,000 K, is the source of the Sun’s energy. The site of the thermonuclear fusion.

4 4 11H --> H --> 44He +He + energy

Thermonuclear Fusion Reaction

Its Source of Energy

Energy Produced = 0.007(mass of 4 1H)c2

Solar Energy Production

To get the positively-charged nuclei to fuse together, their electrical repulsion must be overcome.

1


2

3 4

One helium nucleus has 99.3% of the weight of four hydrogen nuclei. This excess of 0.7% of hydrogen mass compared with helium mass is converted into energy.

Mass to Energy!

The creation of each helium nucleus requires four hydrogen nuclei.

We can calculate the amount of energy create from the excess of mass by using E=mc2.

The net result is

6 1H + 2 e --> 4He + 2 1H + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons

or

4 4 11H + 2 e --> H + 2 e --> 44He + He + 2 neutrinos2 neutrinos + + 6 6 photonsphotons

The net energy release is 26 MeV!


Ice Under Fire: Alaska

Alaska's glaciers are receding at twice the rate previously thought, according to a new study published in the July 19, 2002 Science journal. These two images show Portage Glacier, near Anchorage, Alaska, in 1914 and in 2004. The ice has pulled back nearly out of sight.

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UPRM Center Rafael Aramis López LEAD TEACHER QuarkNet is a teacher professional development program funded by the National Science Foundation and the