Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Website : www. aceengineeringpublications.com
UPSCCivil Services (Main) Examination
PAPER-I
Electrical Engineering
ACEEngineering Publications
(A Sister Concern of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad)
Hyderabad | Delhi | Bhopal | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Bengaluru | Lucknow | Patna | Chennai | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati | Kukatpally | Kolkata | Ahmedabad
ACE is the leading institute for coaching in ESE, GATE & PSUsH O: Sree Sindhi Guru Sangat Sabha Association, # 4-1-1236/1/A, King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001.
Ph: 040-23234418 / 19 / 20 / 21, 040 - 24750437
11 All India 1st Ranks in ESE 43 All India 1st Ranks in GATE
Copyright © ACE Engineering Publications 2018
All rights reserved.
Published at :
Authors : Subject experts of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad
While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, the publishers do not owe any responsibility for any damage or loss to any person on account of error or omission in this publication. The publishers will be obliged if mistakes are brought to their notice through email, for correction in further editions.Email : [email protected]
First Edition: 2018
Printed at :Karshak Art Printers,Hyderabad.
Price : ₹ 550/-ISBN : 978-1724241542
ACE Engineering Publications
Sree Sindhi Guru Sangat Sabha Association,# 4-1-1236/1/A, King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad – 500001, Telangana, India.Phones : 040- 23234419 / 20 / 21 www.aceenggacademy.comEmail: [email protected] [email protected]
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, digital, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
Foreword
Civil Services (Main) Examination
Dear Students,
It is observed that a very signifi cant number of the questions given in the engineering optional in Civil Services (Main) Examination during the period 1995-2018 have been regularly appearing in ESE main examination also. Good knowledge about these questions will be useful to Electrical and Communication Engineering students in the ESE Main Examination.
With a view to assisting candidates appearing for ESE examination, ACE Academy takes pride in bringing out a complete set of solutions of the Engineering related questions in the Civil Services (Main) Examination.
Most of these questions are conceptual and of high standard. Detailed solutions explaining how basic concepts are applied at various stages of solving the questions have been provided. This would enable the students to understand the importance of fundamentals and apply them to other similar problems.
The solutions have been prepared with utmost care. Inspite of this, if there are errors of any type, we will be grateful to be informed of the same to [email protected].
Best wishes to all the aspirants and also the engineering faculty who would like to go through the following pages.
Success is a result of effort and effort is a result of ambition.
With best wishes to all those who wish to go through the following pages.
Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy,M Tech. MIE,
Chairman & Managing Director,ACE Engineering Academy.
ACE Engineering Publications.
Civil Services Exam Syllabus (ELECTRICAL)
01. Circuit Theory: Circuit components; network graphs; KCL; KVL; circuit analysis methods: nodal analysis, mesh analysis; basic network theorems and applications; transient analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits; coupled circuit; balanced 3-phase circuits; Two-port networks.
02. Signals & Systems: Representation of continuous-time and discrete-time signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response; time-domain analysis of LTI systems based on convolution and differential/difference equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT Processing of analog signals through discrete-time system.
03. E.M. Theory: Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in bounded media, Boundary conditions, re lection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission line: traveling and standing waves, impedance matching, Smith chart,
04. Analog Electronics: Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode circuits: clipping, clamping, recti ier. Biasing and bias stability. FET ampli iers. Current mirror; Ampli iers: single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of ampli iers; frequency-response of ampli iers. OPAMP circuits. Filters; sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and OPAMP con igurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Linear and switching power supplies
05. Digital Electronics: Boolean algebra; minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and lip- lops, counters and shift-registers. Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor memories. Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PLA, FPGA).
06. Energy Conversion: Principles of electromechanical energy conversion: Torque and emf in rotating machines. DC machines: characteristics and performance analysis; starting and speed control of motors, Transformers: principles of operation and analysis; regulation, ef iciency; 3-phase transformers. 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines: characteristics and performance analysis, speed control.
07. Power Electronics and Electric Drives: Semiconductor power devices: diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; hase control recti iers; bridge converters: fully-controlled and half controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; DC-DC converters; Switch mode inverter; basic concepts of speed control of DC and AC Motor drives applications of variable speed drives.
08. Analog Communication: Random variables: Continuous, discrete; probability, probability functions. Statistical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise: white noise, noise equivalent bandwidth; signal transmission with noise; signal to noise ratio. Linear CW modulation: Amplitude modulation: DSB, DSB-SC and SSB. Modulators and Demodulators: Phase and Frequency modulation: PM & FM signals; narrowband FM; generation & detection of FM and PM, Deemphasis, Preemphasis. CW modulation system: Superhetrodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication receivers, FM receivers, phase locked loop, SSB receiver Signal to noise ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers.
Electrical EngineeringCivil Serives (Main) Examination Paper-I Weightage
Weightage (2016 to 2018)
S.No. Name of the Subject 2016 2017 2018
01 Circuit Theory 40 50 50
02 Signals and Systems 40 50 30
03 EM Theory 60 50 50
04 Analog Electronics 60 50 50
05 Digital Electronics 20 50 50
06 Energy Conversion 80 50 60
07 Power Electronics & Electric Drives 60 50 70
08 Analog Communication 40 50 40
Total Marks 400 400 400
I. Circuit Theory
01. Basic Concepts ......................................................................................................... 02 - 14
02. Circuit Theorems .................................................................................................... 15 - 28
03. Transient Circuit Analysis.................................................................................... 29 - 39
04. AC Circuit Analysis ................................................................................................ 40 - 55
05. Magnetic Circuits .................................................................................................... 56 - 63
06. Two Port Networks ................................................................................................ 64 - 75
07. Graph Theory ............................................................................................................ 76 - 78
08. Three Phase Circuits .............................................................................................. 79 - 81
09. Network Functions ............................................................................................... 82 - 82
II. Signals and Systems
01. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 84 - 88
02. LTI Systems .......................................................................................................... 89 - 91
03. Fourier Series ..................................................................................................... 92 - 92
04. Fourier Transform ............................................................................................ 93 - 99
05. Laplace Transform ............................................................................................ 100 - 111
06. Z-Transform ......................................................................................................... 112 - 124
CONTENTSSNNOCONTENTS
III EM Theory
01. Static Fields ........................................................................................................ 126 - 134
02. Maxwell's Equations and EM Waves ........................................................ 135 - 161
03. Transmission Lines .......................................................................................... 162 - 170
04. Wave Guides ........................................................................................................ 171 - 173
05. Antenna ................................................................................................................ 174 - 176
06. Miscellaneous .................................................................................................... 177 - 178
IV Digital Electronics
01. Boolean Algebra ................................................................................................. 180 - 187
02. Combinational and Sequential Circuits..................................................... 188 - 210
03. Logic Gate Families .......................................................................................... 211 - 214
V Power Electronics and Electric Drives
01. Basics and Power Semiconductor Devices ............................................. 216 - 221
02. AC-DC Converters .............................................................................................. 222 - 243
03. DC-DC Converters ............................................................................................. 244 - 260
04. DC-AC Converters .............................................................................................. 261 - 272
05. Fundamentals of Drives .................................................................................. 273 - 282
VI Energy Conversion
01. Transformers ......................................................................................................... 284 - 318
02. Induction Machines ............................................................................................. 319 - 372
03. Synchronous Machines ...................................................................................... 373 - 434
04. DC Machines ........................................................................................................... 435 - 468
05. Traction .................................................................................................................... 469 - 480
VII Analog Electronics
01. Basics of Power Semiconductors and Diodes ............................................ 482 - 492
02. BJT Circuits ............................................................................................................... 493 - 511
03. FET Circuits ............................................................................................................. 512 - 517
04. Feedback Ampli iers and Oscillators ............................................................ 518 - 520
05. OP-Amp Circuits .................................................................................................... 521 - 557
06. Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................ 558 - 560
VIII Analog Communication
01. Amplitude Modulation ......................................................................................... 562 - 583
02. Angle Modulation ................................................................................................... 584 - 594
03. Receivers .................................................................................................................... 595 - 607
04. Random Variables and Noise ............................................................................ 608 - 620
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
01. Using Thevenin’s theorem determine the
current in the 2 resistor in the circuit of Figure given below. (ICS-96-20M)
Sol: Vth is found from circuit shown in fig.1 Nodal analysis at node-A
210
36V20V
824V ththth
5Vth120+2Vth+4Vth–144 = 80
11Vth264 = 80
V11344Vth
Rth is found from circuit shown in Fig.2
Rth = 8//20//10
th
1 1 1 1R 8 20 10
1140R th
The Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in Fig.3
2R
VIth
th
2
1140
11344
= 5.54 A 02. Calculate the power fed to the 15 resistor by
using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the portion to the left of points A and B in the circuit of Figure given below. (ICS-97-20M)
8
10
20
36V
24V
2A
A
B
+ 2
8
10
20
36V
24V
2A A
B
+ Vth +
–
Fig.1
16
6.8
4 100V 0.147Vs
Vs
4.8 10
10
5
15
B
A
+ +
Fig.1
8
10 20
A
B Rth
Fig.2
+ 2
I A
B
Rth=40/11
V11
344thV
Fig.3
Chapter
2 CircuitTheorems
16
CircuitTheory ACE Engineering Publications
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
–10V 8A 1
1 1
5 +
Sol: The given circuit is shown in Fig. Vth is found from the circuit shown in Fig.2
)16//4(8.6
100I
2.38.6
100
I = 10 A Vs = 10 6.8 = 68 V 0.147 Vs = 0.147 68
= 9.996 Vth = 9.996 10 = 99.96 V 100 V Rth is found from the circuit shown in Fig.6 To find the Rth make all independent sources
= 0. hence Vs = 0
I = 0.147 0 = 0 (open circuit) Rth = 10+10+5 = 25 The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit with load
RL= 15 is shown in Fig.7
40
96.99I
RIP 215 = 15
4096.99 2
P15 = 93.675 W 03. Determine the current in the 5 ohm resistor
using Thevenin’s theorem. (ICS-99-20M) Sol: Vth is found from circuit shown in figure 1.
16
6.8
4 100V 0.147Vs
Vs
4.8 10
10
5 B
A
+ +
Fig.3 + 15
25
99.96V
A
B Fig.7
0.147Vs
4.8 10
10
5
Vth
B
A
Fig.5
16//4
6.8
100V
Vs + +
Fig.4
16
6.8
4 100V 0.147Vs
Vs
4.8 10
10
5
15
B
A
+ +
Fig.2
4.8 10
5
10
Fig.6
Rth
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
01. A filter has transfer function H(f) = rect
(f/2B). where
elsewhere0
2/1x1xrect
An input x(t) = 2W sinc (2Wt) is applied to this filter, where
x
xsinxcsin
(i) Find the output y(t) for W < B (ii) Find the output y(t) for W > B (iii) In which case does the output suffer
distortion? Justify your answer. [ICS-02-(7+7+6)M]
Sol: H(f) = rect
B2f
Input x(t) = 2W sinc (2Wt)
Fourier transform of Arect
t is
2
2
tj dtAe
2
2
tj
jeA
2
j2j
eej
A
2sinj2
jA
fsinf2
A2
Af
fsin
= A sinc (f) For input x(t) = 2W sinc (2Wt)
F.T of x(t) is rect
W2f
Filter function H(f) is Input function X(f) is
(i) y(t) for W < B = ? Y(f) = X(f) H(f) = X(f) [As W < B, whole X(f) is
passed] y(t) = x(t) y(t) = 2W sinc (2Wt)
Chapter
4 FourierTransform
A sinc (t) F.T
frectAfArect
sinc (t) F.T
frect
A rect
t
F.T A sinc(f)
2
2 t
A
Arect
t
–B
H(f)
B f
–W
X(f)
W f
1
94
Signals&Systems ACE Engineering Publications
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
(ii) for W > B Y(f) = X(f) H(f) = H(f) [As W > B only from –B
to B carrier will be passed] y(t) = h(t)
H(f) = rect
B2f
h(t) = 2B sinc(2Bt) y(t) = 2Bsinc(2Bt)
(iii)output suffers from distortion in case (ii) In case (i) whole input is passed through
the filter but in case (ii) some part of input is distorted, only from –B to B carrier is passed because of input, filter characteristics.
02. A rectangular pulse g(t) exists between
t = –(T/2) and t = + (T/2). Sketch the pulse obtained by convoluting g(t) with itself. The Fourier transform of g(t) is a sine function. Write down the Fourier transform of the pulse obtained by the above convolution.
(ICS-03-10M) Sol.
g(t) =
2Ttu
2Ttu
on convolution of g(t) with g(t), we get
2Ttu
2Ttu
2Ttu
2Ttu
= r(t + T) –r (t)–r(t) +r(t–T) F(t) = r(t+T)–2r(t) +r(t–T)
Fourier Transform of g(t) is
= dt1e2T
2T
tj
2T
2T
tj
je
2Tj
2Tj
eej1
2Tsinj2
j1
2Tsin
2
2T2Tsin
T
2TTsa
F(t) = g(t) g(t) By taking Fourier T/F on both sides, we get F() = G() G() = G2() Fourier T/F of convolved signal
= 2
2TsaT
=
2TsaT 22
=
2
2
2T2Tsin
T
= 2
2
2
2T
2Tsin
T
2T
2T t
g(t)
t
F(t)
–T T
T
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
t 01. Discuss the volt-ampere characteristic of a
Triac. Explain its usefulness in speed control applications. (ICS-97-20M)
Sol: Volt ampere characteristic of a triac:
A triac conducts in both directions.
A triac is a bidirectional thyristor with three terminals.
Blocking mode: With no gate signal, triac will block both half cycles of the ac applied voltage in case peak voltage is less then break device voltage of VB01, VB02 of the triac.
Taking MT1 as reference for measuring voltage and current at gate and MT2 terminal. 1. Conduction when MT2 is positive with
respect to MT1 In 1st quadrant: (i) With gate positive with respect to
MT1, MT2 positive with respect to MT1conduction in I quadrant
MT2 is positive with respect to MT1, P1N1, P2N2 are forward biased but P2N1 is reverse biased
When gate terminal is positive with respect to MT1, gate current flows through P2N2. When gate current has injected sufficient charge in P2 layer, reversed biased junction N1P2 breaks. As a result triac conducts through P1N1P2N2.
(ii) With gate negative with respect to MT1 and MT2 is positive with respect to MT1Conduction in I quadrant
Gate negative with respect to MT1, gate current flows through P2N3 junction and reverse biased N1P2 is
Chapter
1 BasicsandPowerSemiconductorDevices
–VB02 VB01
Ig2 Ig1 Ig0=0
–Ig2 0=Ig0 –Ig1
–V +V
MT2 is positive
MT2 is positive
MT2 is negative –Ia
Ia
MT2
MT1 G
MT2
MT1
T1 T2
G
N4
N2 N3
P1
N1
P2
MT1 G
MT2
217
Basics&PowerSemiconductorDevicesACE Engineering Publications
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
+Va(V)
– Ia(A)
Ia(A)
VAK is positive
–Va(V)
–VBO2
–Igo –Ig1 –Ig2
VBo1
Ig2 Ig1 Ig0 Ig2 > Ig1 > Ig0
VAK is negative
Static V-I characteristics of TRIAC
forward biased. Triac starts conducting through P1N1P2N2. Due to voltage drop across path. A current is established in P2 layer from left bright consisting of main structure P1N1P2N2 conducts.
In I quadrant with gate positive with respect to MT1sensitivity is greatest.
2. In III quadrant: MT2 negative with respect to MT1 (i) When gate is positive with respect to
MT1 Ig forward biases P2N2, layer N2
injects electrons into P2 layer, as a result N1P1 breaks down P2N1P1N4 is turned ON
(ii) When gate is negative with respect to MT1.
N3 acts as remote gate, Ig flows from P2 to N3
Reverse biased junction N1P1 broken.
P2N1P1N4 is turned ON. In III quadrant, with negative gate
with respect to MT1 sensitivity is highest.
02. (i) What is a TRIAC? Explain its
characteristics? Discuss its applications, advantages and disadvantages.
(ii) A voltage across SCR is 1 V when it is conducting. it has a holding current, of 2 mA when gate current (IG) = 0. If the SCR is triggered on by momentary pulse
of gate current, to what value must VA be reduced in order to turn the SCR off? The figure is shown below.
[ICS-05-(15+5)M]
Sol: (i) TRIAC is a bidirectional device which
conducts from both anode to cathode and cathode to Anode. Triac is derived by combining Triode and AC. Its operation is equivalent to two SCR’S connected in Antiparallel
Static V-I characteristics of TRIAC:
When VAK is positive, positive gate current is applied. After some break over voltage Triac current increases. If more
A
K G
A K
G
G Triac symbol
VA
VAK 45
218
PowerElectronics&Drives ACE Engineering Publications
Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad ACE Engineering Publications
gate current is applied, with less break over voltage only it conducts when VAK
is negative, negative gate current is applied, after break over voltage Triac conducts in Reverse direction. Some applications of triac are heat control (A.C voltage controller),for speed control of small single phase series and induction motors(Electric fans), lamp dimmers.
Advantages: It can switch both halves of an A.C
waveform. single gate controls conduction in both directions.
Disadvantages: Triac doesn’t fire symmetrically on both
sides of waveform, due to this leading to high level of harmonics. So more EMI problems. Care must be taken for firing the gate circuit when RL load is connected. If properly firing pulse is not applied, only one half of waveform only will get. Gate has no control over conduction once triac is on just like SCR. Triac has very high switching delay.
(ii) IH = 2 mA SCR will turn off when Ia Holding
current Ia 2mA
45
VVmA2 1A
Given voltage across SCR = 1V
45
1V102 A3
VA = (90 10–3)+1 = 0.09+1 VA = 1.09 V
03. The SCR shown in fig. has a dtdi limit of 10
A/s. It is to be operated from a 100 V d.c
supply with load resistance R = 50.
(i) What is the minimum value of load inductance L that will protect the SCR?
(ii) If an RsCs snubber is connected across the
SCR with Rs = 500, what will be the new
value of load inductance L to protect the SCR
against dtdi ? (ICS-16-10M)
Sol: Given that ;s/A10dtdi,50RL
Vs = 100V; Rs = 500
LtR
s e1RV)t(i
VA
VAK 45
V1
RL
L
VS
R = 50 L
VS = 100 V
+
–
SCR ig
284 Energy Conversion ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
V
Chapter
1 Transformers
285TransformersACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
j
eL
e e
ZS SZ Z
286 Energy Conversion ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
LS
o
e
jSj Z
o
ejZ j
j
I KI
I
I KI
469TractionACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
Chapter
5 Traction
470 Energy Conversion ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
471 Traction ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
472 Energy Conversion ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications
473 Traction ACE
Hyderabad|Delhi|Bhopal|Pune|Bhubaneswar|Lucknow|Patna|Bengaluru|Chennai|Vijayawada |Vizag |Tirupathi|Kukatpally|Kolkatam | AhmedabadACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering PublicationsACE Engineering Publications