upstream c1 engl 11 12.pdf

7/27/2019 upstream c1 engl 11 12.pdf

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Fit for LifeListento five people talking about healthproblems. Put the number of the speaker byeach health problem.Then, match the healthproblemswith the treatment(s) they tried.

Speaker~ D indigestionD post-viral depressionD sportsinjuryq;x:xrO D achingmuscles~ headaches~~-~~

(/) Now listenagainandsayhow eachpersonfeltabout their medical proble~ and why.Choosefrom this list.frustrated gloomy embarrassed worried desperate

4 IDa Paraphrasethe followingquotations.Which do you agree with? Why?Discussin pairs.'Tne sovere1gnnvigorator of tne body is exercise,and of all the exerciseswalking is best:Thomaseffman (USpresident)'Health is a blessingthat moneycannot buy.''zaakWaltonEnglishwriter)

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Lead-inI . Lookat the title of the unit.Whatdo youthinkitmeans?I

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'" a. Look at the pictures. Which could be connected... to the following aims? Discussin pairs.. to eradicatedisease to imposeselfdiscipline': . to keepfit . to cultivatea competitive. to prevent illhealth spirit. to promote teamwork . to improvequalityof life. to relax . to increaselifeexpectancy. to diagnose illnessi

b. What sports do you do? What sports do you likewatching? How does watching a sport comparewith activeparticipation?Tellyour partner.

t 3 a. Whatdoyouthinkthe mostimportantfactorsinkeepinghealthyare?Rankthe followinginorderof importance,anddiscusswitha partner.

, diet exercise conventional medicine alternative medicine otherA: I thinkdietandexerciseohandinhand,don'tyou?B: Absolutely,but everyonegetsill fromtime to timeandneedsmedicine. still thinkconventionalmedicinesthe

bestoptionbecause..


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146

Reading Part4a. Youwill readatext about four greatmedicaldiscoveries.Beforeyou read,discusshe following

with a partner.Loo.~atthe titleof the text. Who isthe titlequoting?Whatdid he discover? Inwhat situation did he utter 'eureka'?

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2 Lookat the introductionand the titles of the four texts.What do you know about these discoveries? Why were theyimportant? Which do you think was the most important?

3 The followingphrasesare taken fromthe text. Whichdiscovery do you think each one refers to? Guess, then readthe text quickly to see ifyou were correct.a) .. .used fortemporary headache relief...b) ... the technique of introducing material under

the skin ...c) the fundamental ingredient of most

antibiotics ...d) ... recognised that the veins inthe human

body hadone-wayvalves...b. Forquestions1-15,chooseromthe answersA-D.

A Thecirculationof the bloodB Thesmallpoxvaccine( PenicillinD Aspirin

Which discovery ... hinders various natural functions of the humanbody? was based on popular wisdom?. was based on the work of a contemporary?. dulls the body's mechanism for feeling pain? significantly reduced the mortality rate? was largely accidental? forced doctors to think about the body in adifferent way? was made by the employee of apharmaceutical company? had been made before but escaped attention? had a mixed response from the scientificcommunity?. gave its name to a method of preventivemedicine?. involved experimenting on human beings?. contradicted previous theories?. is used to treat various infections? particularly helped urban populations?

123 .......4 .......5 .......67 .......8 .......9 .......10 .......11 .......12 .......13 .......14 .......15 .......

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. THECIRCULATIONOFI ), THEBLOOD,",c.I

} . William Harvey (1578-1657)..} J undertook groundbreaking research~.;:. J~ into the circulation of the blood andthe function of the heart. He

dispelled the contemporary belief that blood waspropelled through the bodyby a pulsingaction in thearteries; instead, he argued, the heart was at thecentre of the circulatorysystem.

While at the Universityof Padua in Italy,Harveywas tutored bythe scientist and surgeon HieronymusFabricius. Fabricius recognised that the veins in thehuman body had one-wayvalves,but was puzzled asto what their function could be. It was Harvey whowent on to solvethe riddle. In 1628,he published hisfindings in a book entitled An Anatomical Study of the .~Motion of theHeart and of the Blood inAnimals. Hisdiscovery was received with great interest andaccepted in England at once, although itwas greetedwith some scepticismon the Continent.

Apart fromofferinginsightinto the functionof ~the heart, Harvey's work also debunkedmisconceptionsabout the role of the liver,the brainand the blood itself. His discoveryleft scientistswithno choice but to reconsider the vast majority ofmedical theories whichwere up until tp.en accepted, 25'and to place medicine on a new footing.In effect, itwasthe beginningofmodem medicine.

... Vocabulary Practice2 a. Explainthe highlightedwordsin the passage.

b. Whichwordsin the text comefromancientGreekor Latin?

TextAnalysis'3 a. Answerthe followingquestionson the firstsection(TheCirculationof the Blood).

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THESMAllPOXVACCINE

Born on17th May 1749,Edward Jennerwas the creatorof the smallpox 5vaccine. It hasbeen estimated

__ _n that the task he..oed has led to the saving of more ~uman lives-= ;he work of any other person. Smallpox was 10J:IOSteared and greatest killer of Jenner's time..:jay'sterms it was as deadly as cancer or heart.:e. It killed 10% of the population, rising to

ill towns and cities where infection spread-=-umthe early days of his career Edward Jenner_ --een intrigued by country-lore which said that~c who caught cowpoxfrom their cows (a mildw ~ection whichclearedup by itselfaftera fewcould not contract smallpox. In May 1796,a 20"'' '' .:D3idonsulted Jenner about a rash on her'-He diagnosed cowpox, and at the same time...edthat he would put the old wives' tale to theHe scratched the maid's hand with a scalpel,$ected several ofhispatients with cowpox.As 25..d anticipated, and undoubtedly to his great_ none of them caught smallpox....ccinationwith cowpoxbecame compulsory inand the technique of introducing material_~ the skin to produce protection against 30

.-t: became universally known as vaccination, a... derived from the Latin name for the cow~ ,.in Jenner's honour.

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Whatis 'the riddle'referredo inline14?2. Whatdoesthewritermeanbythephraseit wasgreeted

with somescepticism'II.18-19)3 Explainhephraseplacemedicinenanewfooting'.(I.26)

b. Work in pairs. Findother interestingphrasesnthe remaining three texts and explain them.

~PENICilLIN

In the early 1920s,the British scientist AlexanderFleming reported that a product in human tears couldmake bacterial ceUs dissolve. But Fleming's finding,whichhe called lysozyme,would prove to be a dead endin the searchfor an efficaciousantibiotic,sinceit typicallydestroyed nonpathogenic bacterial ceUs as wen asharmful ones.

Fleming's second discovery, though, would be oneof medicine's greatest breakthroughs. In 1928, he discovered anotherantibacterial agent, quite bychance. Returning from a weekend away, 10Fleming looked through a set of plates on which he had been growingbacteria cultures. On one of them, he found that colonies of theStaphylococcus bacteria had dissolved. He noticed that bacterial cellshad disintegrated in tin area next to the mould growing on the plateand hypothesized that a product of the mould had caused it. That 15product was penicillin, the fundamental ingredient of most antibiotics,now the standard treatment for infections.

While Fleming generaUy receives credit for discovering penicillin,he in fact merely rediscovered it. In 1896,the French medical studentErnest Duchesne had discovered the antibiotic properties of 20Penicillium, but failed to report a connection between the fungus and asubstance that had antibacterial properties, and Penicil lium wasforgotten in the scientific community until Fleming's rediscovery.

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A bitter powder from the bark of awillow tree was first used by Hippocratesin the 5th century B.C., to treat aches andpains. Many centuries later, FelixHoffman, an industrial chemist, 5synthesised the substance salicylic acid,and in 1893 he developed a commercialprocess for its production. In 1897,Hoffmans' superiors at Bayer and

Company named this product Aspirin. Now, about 20billion tablets of 10aspirin are consumed in Britain each year.

Aspirin works by reducing the body's production of prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are enzymes that influence the rate and direction of achemical reaction. In trying to protect the body when cells have beendamaged, prostaglandins trigger fever (by acting on brain centres) and 15swelling, prevent blood vessel dilation and increase the sensitivity ofpain receptors.

Taking aspirin can relieve many of the effects of prostaglandins. Itis used for temporary headache relief, muscular aches and pains,toothaches and arthri tis. It is also effective in the tteatment of fever 20and inflammation, and is known to reduce the risk of strokes and heartattacks.

Discussion4 a. Canyouthink of anymoremedicaldiscoveriesthat havechangedhe courseof medicalscience?

b._maginethat youareoneof thescientistsn the text. Writediaryentriesfor thelastfew daysleadingupto your discovery,includingyour feelings.Readthemto the class. 147


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:) The HumanBody1 a. Saywhereeachof the following bodypartsislocated.Useadictionaryif necessary.

cornea pupil eardrum earlobe airway.'!\. nostril skull cheekbone jaw incisor. Adam'sapple collarbone palm spine. breastbone ribcage kneecap shin

Thecorneasthefrontlayerof theeye.b. Whichof the following verbsdescribenormal

processesof the humanbody?Whichdescribeprocessesassociatedwith disease?.breathe wheeze yawn throb blink. cough swallow bruise digest scar

c. Usethe verbsinyourownsentenceso showtheir meaning.

:) Health Problems2 a. Matchthe conditionsonthe left with thecomplaintsonthe right. ..

rashinflamedjointsblurred visionchestpainhoarseness

Myvoiceisdisappearing.Everythingishazy.It hurts when I breathe.Ican't bendmykneesor myelbows.I've got these red blotchesallovermyskin.

b. Whichof these doctorsshouldthe peopleinEx.2a see?

DrMarionPumpCARDIOLOGISTDr MarkStare.OPHTHALMOLOGIST

t-,.~ DRALANSTIFFOrthopaedicSurgeon--,..--

DR ELSAPIMPLEDERMATOloGiST

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c. Which of the doctors in Ex.2b isthe man inthcartoon supposed to see? Inpairs, chooseanother doctor and think of a cartoon related -them.

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:)Doctorfora Day3 Discussin pairs.Which of the treatments in thegreen box would be most suitable for each of the

health problems? Multiplematching ispossible.insomnia arthritis pulledmuscle indigestion

eczemaconcussionatigue bonefracture appendicitis-- --- -- --.acupuncture medicallyapproveddiet physiotherapy.regularexercise.homeopathy antibiotics hypnosis.vitamintablets surgery creams sling/cast bedrest - --A: / thinkthat if someonesdiagnosedwithconcussionheymil;"

definitelyhavesomebedrest.B: /agree.Bedrestcana/50beprescribedorpulledmusclesan;

bonefractures.

:) Sports: Odd-one-out.4 Inpairs, find the odd-one-out in each set, thenbrieflyexplainwhy it doesn't belong inthe group.

Consult a dictionary ifyou wish.rugby - motor racing- stopwatch - triathlonStopwatchstheodd-one-outbecauseall theothersaresports

2 referee- judge- umpire- fan3 jersey- shuttlecock puck- ball4 commentator - stands - manager- sponsor5 grass- clay- executivebox- tarmac6 helmet- sprain- shinguard goggles


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6"~ Playing Areasa. Matchthe sportsto the placesthey arenormally

played.Whichare individualsports?Whichareindoor/outdoor sports?. boxing badminton archery snooker. rowing go-kartracing wrestling. synchronisedwimming scubadiving. kayaking triathlon rockclimbing angling. squash marathon hockey golf. weightlifting softball skydiving icehockey iceskating

b. Look at the list of adjectives below and in pairsdiscuss which best describe the sports in Ex.Sa.Give reasons.. demanding exhilarating hazardous rough. extreme individual indoor adventurous invigorating

_

A: I believethat squashis one of themost demandingsportsbecauseyouplay oneon oneandyou onlyhaveyourownstaminaandstrengthtorelyon.

B: True,butI thinkthat wrestlingandweightliftingarealsoverydemandingbecauseouneedtobeverystrong.

c. Answer the following questions.- ,.' 1 Whichsportsarethemostpopularinyourcountry?2 Doyou preferteam sportsto individualsports?Why/

Whynot?'I 3 Shouldsportsbepartof theschoolcurriculum?

: :;

:) Collocations6 a. Match the pairs of adjectives to the nouns toform collocations.

excruciating/naggingfull/miraculousinternal/massivecontagious/mysteriouson- the-spot/outpatientlightning/automaticrigorous/annualsportsfnasty

bleedingteststreatmentinjurypainrecoverydiseasereflexes

b. Now use some of the collocations to completethe sentences.Consideringhisageandtheseriousnessf hisillness,hereallydidmakea(n) recovery.

2 Luckily,canreceive......................................................treatmentandavoidalonghospitalstay.

3 Chrisisalwaysexplaininghat hewouldhavebeenastarfootballerf it hadn'tbeenforanunfortunate...............injury.

4 Afteraseriesof tests,mydoctorassuredmethat therewasnothingwrongwith me.

5 I'vehadthis paininmybackallafternoon.It'sreallyannoying.

6 After beinghit in the stomachwith the hockeypuck,the playerwastakento hospitalwith ...........................bleeding.7 The diseasehasbaffledscientistsforyears.8 Theboxer's reflexesandincrediblespeededto hiswinningthe heavy-weightitle.

C. Use the collocations you didn't use in Ex.6b inyour own sentences.

-( . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..:Ii-- ..........................................................................

.; ..........................................................................1i1"" ..........................................................................=--.:: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:E'" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:,.,-:x.ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Language Focus7 Tick the boxes to form phrases.Inpairs, usethephrases insentences.Canyou think of onemorephraseto go under each heading?

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5 Of courseyou're nervous.It's not everyday -someoneparticipatesn theOlympicGames!

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c. Usethe remainingidiomsin sentencesof J'::. ,own. t:"'

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:~!,I,i

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~ FixedPhrases (phrases with under)Replace the underlined parts in the sentences bet:!with fixed phrases with under.

C suspicion)thecircumstances CnormalcondiO


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m .Listening & Speaking: :(Listening-Part 21 a. Youwillhearamedicaladvisoralkingabout

exercise and health. Before you listen, discuss inpairs: ~.t'at are the benefitsof exerciseto the body? What problemscanexercisecreate?

W Now listen to the recording. Forquestions 1-8,complete the sentences.ProblemsThe posit ive effects of exercise are negated by our~ I.The worst problems are caused by exercising~ I.The effectiveness of our ITboosted asi t should be.We are particularly vulnerable to disease foro \hours after exercise.Strenuous exercise can stimulate production of a damagingIII I inthe body.

Iisnot

Prevention(ontrol exercise level: aim to keep your heart beat to about@] I of itsfastestpeed.You should not exercise for more than~ Iat atime.It'simportantto [Iafter exercise.

Ifor24 hours

c. In pairs, think of any other precautions toensure that exerciseis beneficial to our health.

(Listening-Part32 a. You will hear a radio interview in which twopeople discussthe sport of heliskiing. Beforeyoulisten, discussin pairs: Whatdoyouthinkheliskiings? Whatotherextremeportsdoyouknowof? Wouldyouliketo try extremesports?WhyNJhynot?

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W Now listen to the recording. For questions 1-6,choosethe answer, (A,B,Cor D)which fits bestaccording to what you hear.Keith feelsheliskiingshouldnot be permitted in theUKbecauseA manypeoplehavebeenkilled.B heliskiersretoo farfromhelp.( it isbannedelsewhere.D weatherconditionsareunsuitable.

2 Keithsaysthat themostimportantchoiceto maketcensuresafetywhenskiingisthat ofA theslope.B y"ourcompanions.( yourequipment.D thehelicopter.

3 Helenaarguesthat the locationsheliskiersuseareA proneto avalanches.B verycloseto resorts.( notassteepasstairs.D generallyairlysafe.

4 Keithagreeswith HelenathatA heliskiingepresentsnenvironmentalhreat.B thedangersthomeareustasgreat.( otherextremesportsarenotasrisky.D theriskof avalanchesfairlyminimal.

5 WhatdoesKeithdescribeasdifficult to foresee?A snowqualityB weatherconditions( wildli feactivityD dangerlevels

6 HelenaisworriedthatA peopletakeunnecessaryisks.B dangerissubjectivelyssessed.( othersportsmaybebanned.D skiingmightgeta badname.

c. Doyouthink that dangerous sports should bebanned? Discussin groups. _

(ListeningPart43 a. Youwill hearfive peopletalking aboutsport.Beforeyou listen, look at the list of people in

Task1. How can eachcontribute to a sportsclub? Discussin pairs.

W Now listen and do the following tasks.

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upstream c1 engl 11 12.pdf