Uptake of nutrients by rice and weeds of influenced by different weedmanagement practices in drum seeded rice

N. JAGADEESHA1*, RATNAKAR MANJUNATH SHET2, C. GIREESH3, T. SHESHADRI1 AND

G.Y. LOKESH2

Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Science, BANGLORE (KARNATAKA) INDIA

ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2002-03 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Navile, Shimoga to studythe effect of weed management practices on uptake of nutrients by drum seeded rice and weeds. Pre-emergence application of sofit @0.45 kg a.i ha-1 + passing cono weeder at 30 DAS + one hand weeding @ 30 DAS was very effective in controlling weeds throughout thecrop growth in drum seeded rice, with a weed control efficiency of 98.0 per cent at 60 DAS. The highest uptake of nutrients by crop andlowest uptake of nutrient by weeds (137.5, 49.7 and 119.1, N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1, respectively) and (6.62, 1.92 and 14.9 N, P2O5, K2O kgha-1, respectively) by pre emergence application of sofit @ 0.45 a.i. ha-1 + passing cono weeder at 30 DAS + one hand weeding @ 30 DAS.

Key words : Uptake of nutrients, Drum seeded rice, Weeds, Herbicides and Mechanical weeder

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the principle food crop indeveloping countries and major staple food for 50-60 percent of the world’s population. The demand for rice inIndia is expected to be 100 million tonnes by 2010, 140million tonnes by 2025 and 528 million tonnes by the year2050 (Paroda, 1998; Mishra, 2002). Expansion of irrigatedareas, availability of short duration rice cultivars,availability of labour, efficient herbicides, increasingtransplantation costs and declining profitability of riceproduction under transplanted condition have forced manyfarmers in developing countries to shift from transplantingto drum seeding.

Weeds are the universal pest in rice and causes yieldloss of 72.6 per cent in Drum seeded rice (Kolhe andTripathi, 1998). Damage caused by weeds cannot beidentified in early stage as compared to insect damage;so that weeds act as hidden war on crop plants. Yieldlosses due to weeds are greater in drum seeded rice.Early emergence of weeds along with crop seedlings andtheir rapid growth result in a severe crop weed competitionfor light, nutrients, moisture and space in drum seededrice. Research results from various locations showed thatherbicides alone do not solve the problem of weed controlsatisfactory in direct seeded rice culture unless it issupplemented with manual weeding or cultural methods.Continuous use of same herbicide or herbicides havingthe same mode of action may lead to the evolution ofresistance in weeds (Malik et al., 1992). But in this typeof rice culture, weed problems are critical (Moody, 1993).

Pre emergence herbicides mainly control weeds in theearlier stages and weeds emerging at later stages of ricegrowth are not controlled effectively. In view of thesefacts, the present study was undertaken to find out theeffect of different herbicides alone and in combinationwith other methods on nutrients uptake by weeds andrice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during summerseason of 2002-03 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station,Navile, Shimoga. The soil of the experimental plot wasloamy sand with a pH of 5.4. The soil was low in availablenitrogen (180.0 kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (47.0kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (245.0 kg ha-

1).The experiment comprising twelve weed controltreatments were tested in randomized block design withthree replications. The treatments comprised of three, preemergence herbicides alone, viz, Sofit (pretilachlor +safener) @ 0.45 a.i. ha-1, butachlor @ 0.5 a.i. ha-1 andanilophos @ 0.3kg a.i ha-1. Applied 3 DAS in combinationwith either hand weeding or passing cono weeder or handweeding + passing cono weeder at 30 DAS. Besides,hand weeding alone, passing cono weeder + handweeding alone at 30 DAS were compared with weedycheck. Weed density, dry weight and yield of rice wererecorded. The crop was irrigated as and when required.Crop and weed samples were analyzed to find out theuptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash by crop andweeds at harvest by adopting modified Kjedahl,

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, June to December, 2009, Vol. 5 Issue 2 : 490-493RESEARCH PAPER

* Author for correspondence.1Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Science, BANGALORE (KARNATAKA) INDIA2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Science, BANGALORE (KARNATAKA) INDIA3 National Research Centre for Soybean, INDORE (M.P.) INDIA

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colorimetry and flame photometry methods, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The major weed flora observed in the experimentalplot was Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa colonum,Panicum repens and Leptochloa chinensis amonggrasses, Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis miliaceae amongsedges and Eclipta alba, Ammania baccifera Marsileaquadrifoliata, Ludwigia adscendens and Monochoriavaginalis among broad leaved weeds. The dry weight ofweeds differed significantly due to weed controltreatments at all the crop growth stages. Among the weedcontrol treatments, sofit @ 0.45kg a.i. ha-1 + passing conoweeder at 30 DAS + hand weeding at 30 DAS recordedlower weed dry weight of grasses, sedges, broad leavedand total weed (0.28, 0.16, 0.00 and 0.44 g 0.25m-2,respectively) followed by sofit @ 0.45 kg a.i. ha-1 + handweeding at 30 DAS (0.37, 0.21, 0.15 and 0.71g 0.25m-2,respectively). Higher dry weight of weeds was noticedin weedy check (13.06, 7.39, 4.47 and 24.92g 0.25m-2,respectively). Decreased dry weight of weeds in weedcontrol treatments was due to poor germination of weedsdue to higher weed control efficiency (96 to 98 per cent).Presence of safener in sofit protects the crop fromphytotoxicity and hence it is applied at 3 DAS. Applicationof sofit led to considerable inhibition of weeds as comparedwith the remaining treatments and also the safener appliedat the early period of the crop growth persisted uptomaturity. Giving safener and by passing cono weeder at30 DAS and hand weeding at 30 DAS helped the crop tohave weed free environment. As a result, crop put forthearly vegetative growth and tillering. In the presentinvestigation sofit (Pretilachor + safener) applied at 3 DASeffectively controlled the germinating weeds in the initialstage itself. This was in agreement with the earlier findingsof Fajardo and Moody (1990), Nandal and Hari Om (1998)and Raju et al. (2002). Weed control efficiency washighest (98 per cent) in sofit @ 0.45 kg a.i.ha + passingcono weeder at 30 DAS + hand weeding at 30 DAS,followed by sofit @ 0.45 kg a.i. ha-1 + hand weeding at30 DAS (97 per cent) as compared to that all othertreatments. This might be due to control of weeds at earlystage by herbicide and supplemented with hand weedingat 30 DAS helped in the better control of weeds duringlater part of crop growth resulting in weed freeenvironment. However, relatively lower weed controlefficiency of Anilophos @ 0.3 kg a.i. ha-1(56%) was dueto ingressive weed control as evidenced from higher dryweight of weeds. These results are in agreement withearlier findings of Raju et al. (2002) and Moorthy and

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Saha (2002). Significantly lower uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium at harvest was noticed in sofit@ 0.45 kg a.i. ha-1 + passing cono weeder at 30 DAS +hand weeding at 30 DAS (6.62, 1.92 and 14.93 kg ha-1,respectively) which was at par with sofit 0.45 kg a.i. ha-

1 + hand weeding at 30 DAS (6.85, 3.19 and 17.43 kg ha-

1, respectively). However, significantly higher uptake ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was noticed in weedycheck (46.37, 32.46, 70.17kg ha-1, respectively).The loweruptake of nutrients by weed was due to early applicationof sofit leading to considerable inhibition of weed seedgermination and giving one hand weeding at 30 DAScreated to help weed free environment till harvest. Theresults are in conformity with findings of Chinnamuthu(1990), Kolhe and Tripathi (1998) and Jena et al. (2002).

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by cropwas maximum (137.5, 49.7 and 119.1 kg ha-1, respectively)in sofit @ 0.45 kg a.i. ha-1 + passing cono weeder at 30DAS + hand weeding at 30 DAS which was at par withsofit @ 0.45 kg a.i. ha-1 + passing cono weeder at 30DAS (126.1, 46.6 and 116.4 kg ha-1, respectively) while,the lowest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumwas noticed with weedy check (25.2, 13.1 and 24.2 kgha-1, respectively). This increase in uptake of nutrient bycrop was due to better control of weeds which helpedthe crop to utilize the available nutrient to the maximumextent. However, weedy check recorded low uptake byrice due to severe weed infestation. Similar type of resultswere also reported by Madhu and Nanjappa (1996) Ranaet al. (2000) and Singh et al. (2001).

REFERENCES

Chinnamuthu, C.R. (1990). Selectivity and efficiency ofanilofos and its degradation pattern under different methodsof seed bed preparation and organic manuring in direct seededflooded rice. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric.Univ., Coimbatore,India.

Choudhary, J.K. and Thakuria, R.K. (1998). Evaluation ofherbicides in Wet-Seeded late Sali (winter) (Oryaza sativa) ricein Assam, Indian J. Agron., 43 (2) : 291-294.

Fajardo, F.F. and Moody, K. (1990). Weed control and relatedcultural practices for wet seeded rice (Oryaza sativa L.) inGuimba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, J. Weed Sci., 17: 51-64.

Jena, S.N., Tripathy, S. Sarangi, S.K. and Biswal, S. (2002).Integrated weed management in direct seeded rainfed lowlandrice. Indian J. Weed Sci., 34 (1&2): 32-35.

Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Integrated weedmanagement in direct seeded rice. Indian J. Weed Sci., 30 (1-2): 51-53.

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Madhu, M. and Nanjappa, H.V. (1996). Crop-weed competitionfor nutrients in puddle seeded rice, Indian J. Weed. Sci.,28(1&2): 4-7.

Malik, R.K., Singh, Samunder and Singh, Samar (1992).Survey of weed flora in paddy fields in North Eastern parts ofHaryana. In : Abstr. Annual weed Sci. Conf. Indian Soc. WeedSci. pp. 1-4.

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Moorthy, B.T.S. and Saha, Sanjay (2002). Evaluation of preand post-emergence herbicides for their effects on weeds andupland director seeded rice, Indian J. Weed Sci., 34 (3&4): 197-200.

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Singh, V.P., Govindra Singh and Rajesh K.R. Singh (2001).Integrated Weed Management in Direct Seeded Spring SownRice under Rainfed LowValley situation of Uttaranchal. IndianJ. Weed Sci.,33(1&2): 63-66.

Received : March, 2009; Accepted : April, 2009