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Urban Climate Lab
Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict ARCH 702 Spring 2014-2015
NYIT School of Architecture and Design
Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design
NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY
NYIT School of Architecture and DesignGraduate Program in Urban and Regional Design
Urban Climate LabClimate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict
New York CityARCH 702 Spring 2014-2015
Faculty : Jeffrey Raven, Andrew Heidc 2015
CONTENTS
CLIMATE CHALLENGE
URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS
PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES
DESIGN PROCESS
The goal of the Urban Climate Lab is to explore integrated, urban design and planning strat-
egies for creating sustainable and resilient communities that can adapt and thrive in the changing
global conditions, meet carbon-reduction goals, and sustain urban populations in more com-
pact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. Students explore how these com-
pact communities can mitigate climate change by reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions through
spatial efficiencies, pedestrian access to public transportation and preservation of open space
and habitat. The focus this semester is cooling hot cities while leveraging cascading benefits.
This design studio engages Brooklyn districts as a research platform and introduces the ideas, representa-
tions, and techniques of contemporary urban design and discourse through the lens of a resilient built en-
vironment. These districts are home to a diverse population of residents and workers. Students will test the
hypothesis that re-configuring urban form according to climate-resilient principles will strengthen community
adaptability to climate change, reduce energy consumption in the built environment and enhance the qual-
ity of the public realm. Students will develop user-friendly regional qualitative design guidelines backed by
cost-benefit performance indicators at the urban design scale. Building massing, urban ventilation, solar im-
pacts, green infrastructure and anthropogenic factors will shape the outcomes. Outcomes in Energy, Trans-
portation, Waste, Water, Green Infrastructure / Natural Systems and other urban infrastructure systems will
be evaluated by students for their technical, social and ecological consequences, including flood mitigation.
CLIMATE CHALLENGE
GLOBAL CHALLENGE
Metropolitan areas are point sources of pollution at global scale, responsible for 50-70% of GHG emis-sions, which will affect their own climate context. Sixty percent of the world’s projected urbanized area by 2030 remains to be built, with some 90% of this in the developing world1. It is these urban areas that will have the greatest potential to moderate future climate change, and so it is critical that their optimal planning commence now, in advance of their construction. The spatial form of a city – from the scale of the metropolitan region to the neighborhood block – heavily predetermines per capita GHG emissions. With each 10% reduction in urban sprawl, per capita emis-sions are reduced by 6%2. But while compact urban form generally contributes positively to mitigation it can paradoxically exacerbate local climate effects, requiring creative forms of adaptation. The Urban Climate Lab explores win-win solutions for configuring climate-resilient compact urban form. Excerpt from Draft of Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities (Cambridge Press 2015)1. Elmqvist, T. et al (eds.). (2013). Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer Open.2. Laidley, T. (2015). Measuring Sprawl: A New Index, Recent Trends, and Future Research. Urban Af-fairs Review, 1078087414568812.
Source:ARCH 3
Emissions of CO2 (in million met-
ric tonnes) and estimated population counts recorded at 1° latitude by 1° longi-tude cells for 2010.
Maps created by G.Mills.The sources of the data are: For CO2: Andres, R.J. T.A. Boden, and G. Marland. 2013. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emis-sions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude. Car-bon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.ndp058.2013For population: Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Co-lumbia University, United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme - FAO, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. 2005. Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Count Grid, Future Estimates. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H42B8VZZ.
ONE NYCEquitable Sustainable Resilient
A Growing Population Growing InequalityAging InfrastructureClimate Change
Source:ONE NYC
G R O W T H
“By 2030 we protect that our population will in-crease to more than 8 mil-lion ,6some new-comers and some who are already here, along with their chil-dren and grnadchildren”.“In just four years we’ve added more than 200 acres of parkland while improv-ing existing parks. We’ve created or preserved more than 64,000 units of afford-able housing. We’ve provid-ed New Yorkers with more transportation choices.”
C L I M A T E
“By 2030 , average tem-peratures could rise by as many as three degrees Fahrenheit in New York City. Hotter temperatures will in-crease public health risks..As a city with 520 miles of coastline, we are also at rish of increased flooding as sea levels rise and storms become more intense. Our sea levels have already risen a foot in the last 100 years and area projects to rise by up to 10 inches more in the next two decades.”
NYC CHALLENGE
Source:ONE NYC
ONE NYCEquaitable Sustainable Resilient
Growing Population
“New York’s growing and aging pop-ulation will strain the city’s infra-structure and put new demands on City services,especially on housing.”
Source: ONE NYC
GROWTH NYC
Growing Inequality
“Income inequality has surpassed the national average and 45% of New Yorkers are in or near poverty.”
Source:ONE NYC
1900-2014: 3.4°F2050: 4-5°F2080: 5-8°F
Source :New York City Panal on Climate Change 2015 Report
2020s 2050s 2080s 2100
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
3.2°2.0-2.8°
1.5°
6.6°4.1-5.7°
3.1°
10.3°
5.3-8.8°
3.8°
12.1°
5.8-10.3°
4.2°
NYC Temperature Increase
Sea Level Rise
1900-2014: 3.4°F2050: 4-5°F2080: 5-8°F
Source :New York City Panal on Climate Change 2015 Report
2020s 2050s 2080s 2100
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
12
10
8
6
4
2
00°
3.2°2.0-2.8°
1.5°
6.6°4.1-5.7°
3.1°
10.3°
5.3-8.8°
3.8°
12.1°
5.8-10.3°
4.2°
THE EXPANDING AGENCY OF URBAN DESIGN
URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS
Energy Waste Heat
Morphology
Thermal Mass & Surface Reflectivity
Vegetation
ENERGY-WASTE HEAT
KWH VMT
UTCI/PETTemperature
*UTCI = Universal Thermal Climate Index*PET = Physiologically Equivalent Temperature
*KWH= Kilo Watt Hour*VMT= Vehicle Miles Traveled
Energy Waste HeatTransport
Buildings
Industry
Factors Tools Units
On-Site Energy / Indoor ComfortOn-Site Energy / Radiant Heat Map
ENERGY WASTE HEAT
MORPHOLOGY
Ventilation
Solar Impacts
Massing Diagrams
Wind / Sun ImpactsSky View Factos
Outdoor Comfort
FAR / Building HeightSolar Radiation / Wind SpeedUTCI/ PET*
Factors Tools Units
* FAR= Floor Area Ratio *UTCI = Universal Thermal Climate Index
*PET = Physiologically Equivalent Temperature
MORPHOLOGY
THERMAL MASS
Surface ReflectivityThermal Mass
Radiation Analysis
Building Envelope /Energy Analysis
KWH/m2
R Value
* KWH = Kilo Watt Hour R = Radiation
Factors Tools Units
THERMAL MASS
VEGETATION
Vegetation / Green-Blue InfrastructureSurveys / Satelitte Images
GIS Mapping
% Coverage /Vegetation Type
Evapo-Transpiration
Factors Tools Units
*GIS = Geographic Information System
COMMUNITY SPACES ECOLOGICAL LANDSPACES BLUE + GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Landcapes for recreation, so-cial life and small scale food cultivation.
Meadows and Forests that provide habitat for other environmental ben-efits.
Landcapes that captures stormwater and clean air.
VEGETATION
LEARNING FROM PRECEDENTS
LEARNING FROM PRECEDENTS PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES
Population : 6794Density : 189,406.20 / mi²GDP : $2300 per captiaCO2 Consumption : 1 metric ton / captia
Shibam
Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 0%Conviviality Diagram
Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 20%Conviviality Diagram
Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 15%Conviviality Diagram
Tree Canopy to Built Coverage 8%Conviviality Diagram
DESIGN PROCESS
Climate Analysis MappingPublic Space EvaluationPlanning and Design InterventionPost-Intervention Evaluation
Climate Analysis Mapping
Public Space Evaluation
Planning and Design Intervention
Post Intervention Evaluation
Urban Scale Local Scale
Level of Comfort User Groups/Climate Intensities
1 3
24
DensityTransportation
Density Available FARBuilt FAR
Flood ZoneIncome
Land Use
HOT HOTTER
CLIMATE ANALYSIS MAPPING
EXISTING DOWNTOWN BROOKLYN
Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly
PROJECTED DOWNTOWN BROOKLYN 2050
PUBLIC SPACE EVALUATION
“The Brooklyn Bridge Park is amazing!I must go there when I reach Downtown Brooklyn”
PLANNING AND DESIGN INTERVENTION
URBAN AGRICULTURE
THE BROOKLYN LOOP
KNOWLEDGE CORRIDOR
LIVE-WORK
COMPLETE STREET
TOURISM
THE GREEN LUNGS
Eco-District Projects Shaped by Climate Responsive Design
Eco-District ProtocolImperativesEquity Climate Resilience
Priority Areas
Health& Wellness
Mobility & Connectivity
Livability
Prosperity
Ecosystem Stewardship
Climate protection+Resouce Efficiency
Eco-District Projects Shaped by Climate Responsive Design
URBAN AGRICULTURE
Urban Agriculture is the main driver ,which works to-gether with Mix-use Ventilation Corridor .
Historically, Downtown Brooklyn had a culture of manu-facturing, and the first settlements here are farmers.The aim of the proposal is to strenghthen the culture and brand of Downtown Brooklyn,cooling the hot Downtown Brooklyn in summer, and fulfill the Ecodistrict Protocol.
URBAN AGRICULTURE
BQE+URBAN FARM
HEALTH&PROSPERITY
VENTILATION CORRIDOR
HEALTH&MOBILITY
BUILDING TYPOLOGY
LIVABILITY&PROSPERITY
BQE+URBAN FARMHealth & Prosperity
Local Food Production and Distribution
Local Food Production and Distribution
VENTILATION CORRIDORHealth & Mobility
AIR FLOW TEST
Downtown Brooklyn is currently characterized by surface parking, vacant properties, under-utilised F.A.R and siloed hubs of activity. This concept, however aims to enhance Downtown Brooklyn’s ex-isting potential to create a unique urban meshwork through inno-vation, promoting entrepreneurship and building community around the generation of ideas in a vibrant, mixed use setting.
Leveraging the potential of key institutional anchors within the dis-trict (Brooklyn Law School, Long Island University, and St. Francis College), this plan creates an environment that foster knowledge generation and innovation and also strengthens connections with-in Downtown Brooklyn and to surrounding neighborhoods. Social economic, livability and environmental sustainability are the key elements of the plan.
KNOWLEDGE CORRIDOR
Universities / Institutions
Knowledge Corridor
LIVE WORK
TECH INCUBATORS
RESEARCH CENTRES
THINK TANK
The master plan proposes the creation of thematic hub that
blend and fade, aim to create a strong impact on the given
hub’s core while simultaneously influencing its surroundings in a more subtle way.
Activity Nodes are destinations within the public realm, focused around the plazas which will foster private invest-ments over the time.
To strengthen the connections between neighborhoods, the Brooklyn-Queen ex-press way is removed to liberate more land for development and creating more density.Connectivity also extends to the waterfront which serve as a gateway for transporting food and other services,shifting the burden of regional transportation to water and pro-viding micro delivery services within the neighborhood.
To maximize pedestrian comfort, tall trees with wide and dense canopy are planted along entrance plazas and setback areas, while causing minimal wind blockage to the pedestrian level.
Activity NodesClear Path Hierarchy Tree Coverage - 30%
LIVABILITY AND PROSPERITYCommunity Elements
Proposed Figure Ground - 2050Existing Figure Ground - 2015
Population : 66,666GFA : 300,000,00 ft²Density : 158,728 / mi²
Population : 11,465 Density : 19,631 / mi² * Dumbo +Vinegar Hill + Downtown Brooklyn
HIGH RISE DISTRICTUrban Morphology
SUMMER WINDS
WINTER WINDS
SUMMER SUNRISE
WINTERSUNRISE
WINTERSUNSET
SUMMERSUNSET
VENTILATION CORRIDORS
SHADOW STUDY
THE BROOKLYN LOOPDESIGN GUIDELINES & GOALS
AFFORDABILITY & AVAILABILITY
CONNECTIVITY
CLIMATE
LIVE-WORKThe Innovation District is intended to create more ac-tive space for the innovation economy in existing storage and warehouse buildings. Currently there is a consid-erable amount of under-utilized space, including more than 1.2 million square feet of space just within the five largest self-storage and warehouse buildings between Flushing Avenue and Park Avenue. The Innovation Dist-ict would allow some residential uses to subsidize the conversion of low-employment short-term storage and under-utlized industrial buildings into hig-employment innovation economy commercial and light industrial space. These uses would also fit with the emergent live-work preferences of creative sector and innovation economy workers.
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
ACTIVITY ZONE _ 2050
HYBRID TYPOLOGY
CLIMATEAnalysis
COMPLETE STREETS
The master plan proposal is to provide equity, quality of life and livability by connecting areas or neighbor-hoods through easy safe access to users thereby im-proving local businesses, job opportunites, quality of space and climatic conditions.
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Population 21,265Area 0.083 sq miDensity 70,883 /sq mi
Existing Proposed
Proposed RoadsTaking down of BQE wall
By analysing Medina of Marrakech as a case study, the courtyard concept has a huge positive impact on it surroundings after testing for climate performance.
Cities from the past have prioritized the pathway of pedestrians, visitors and mostly city dwellers in shaping its fabric. Kevin Lynch introduced a new way of designing cities through mental mapping, focusing on how people perceive the physical environment. My design intervention is derived from perception of the 15 million visitors that is drawn by Brooklyn attractions. The tourists crossing the Brooklyn bridge every day end up in stark confusion at the tip of the bridge thinking where to go next. But what is it that stops them?
The lack of vitality around the bridge and further fails to hold back the huge number of tourists who can be a crucial economic and 24X7 active street life generator for the Downtown Brooklyn districts. The quality of life in a city depends heavily on both the physical environment and climate. Both these issues can be addressed adding the small scale parameters that together make a bigger difference.
TOURISMA Framework towards sustainabilty
INTERVENTION
Creating network of active spaces that are accessible and equitable with fine street grain and using the concept of in-ternal courtyards-THE GREEN LUNGS. Facilitate better wind flow for enhanced air movement to create a lower ambi-ent temperature and improve pedestrian comfort at street level.Urban nodes and linkages provided for a functional connectivity.
THE GREEN LUNGS
POPULATION 33,810
AREA 0.185 sq mi
DENSITY 182,000/sq mi
FAR 9.5
POPULATION 43288AREA 0.0899 sq miDENSITY 787,065/sq mi
FAR 9.7
POPULATION 66,666AREA 0.0899 sq miDENSITY 158,728/sq miFAR 10.0
POPULATION 44,073AREA 0.0899 sq miDENSITY 55,835/sq miFAR 10.0
POPULATION 21,265AREA 0.083sq miDENSITY 70,883/sq miFAR 10.0
Courses FacultyJeffrey Raven, FAIA, LEED BD+CDirector, Graduate Program in Urban + Regional Design | Associate ProfessorAndrew Heid, NOA, Adjunct Professor, SoAD NYIT
Loris Autovino
Fahad Daak
Nazia Hasan
Jhansi Lingam
Rongxin Na
Sarita Rahman
Neha Reddy
Evelyn Thomas
Heba El Gawish
Shiva Ghomi
Ankita Gupta
Rhoda Tsado
Gina Touchan
Vanashree Kamani
Students
This design jury drew from diverse faculty and active professionalsleading global practices based in the New York City Metroplotian areas.
Adam Friedberg, Arup
Ben Shephard, Atelier Ten
Cameron Thomson, Arup
Eugene Kwak, COOKFOX, Adjunct Professor SoAD NYITFrank Mruk, SoAD NYIT
Helen Lochhead, Harvard GSDIlias Papageorgiou, So-IL
Illya Azaroff, Plus Lab
Jacob Dugopolski, W X Y Architecture + Urban DesignJeremy Alain Seigel, Bjarke Ingels GroupJudith DiMaio, Dean, SoAD NYITKatherine Greig, New York City Mayor’s Office of Recovery and ResiliencyLior Galili, Terreform
Louise Braverman, Louise Braverman ArchitectsMike Nolan, SoAD NYIT
Nicholas Karytinos, Tacet Creations
Rolf Ohlhausen, Architect
Seth Schultz, C40 Cities Climate
Ted Liebman, Perkins Eastman
NYIT’s Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design is a three-semester, 36-credit, post-professional degree for those holding a Bachelor in Architecture / Landscape Architecture or Planning degree. The program’s three advanced design studios address urban and regional design with focus on integrated
strategies across urban sectors, sustainability, and resilient communities in the context of their region. These studios explore the relationship of design across spatial scales, from individual buildings to regional infrstructure in ways that consider the impact of such intervention on interdependent human settlements.
Master of Science in Architecture,Urban and Regional DesignARCH 702 : Climate Resilient & Sustainable EcoDistrict in NYCNew York Institute of Technology School Of ArchitectureSpring 2015Editors : Jeffrey Raven, Andrew Heid, Evelyn Thomas, Rongxin Na
