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When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities? City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs) Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world
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URBAN GEOGRAPHY Chapter 9 When and Why Did People Start Living
in Cities?
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together
to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics Urban: The
buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city
(central city and suburbs) Urbanization: Movement of people from
rural to urban areascan happen very quickly in the modern world
Urban Population Origins of Urbanization
Agricultural villages Began about 10,000 years ago Relatively
small, egalitarian villages, where most of the population was
involved in agriculture The first urban revolution: Enabling
components An agricultural surplus Social stratification
(leadership class) Hearths of Urbanization Hearths of
Urbanization
Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE Indus River
Valley, 2200 BCE Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro
Intricately planned
Houses equal in size No palaces No monuments Huang He and Wei River
Valleys
Purposefully planned cities Centered on a north-south axis Inner
wall built around center Temples and palaces for the leadership
class Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor
Qin Xi Huang Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers
where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were
god-kings Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek cities (by 500 BCE) Greeks highly urbanized Network of more
than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands Acropolis
(buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in
each city Roman cities A system of cities and small towns, linked
together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes Sites of
Roman cities typically for trade Forum a combination of the
acropolis and agora into one space Extreme wealth and extreme
poverty Roman Empire Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
Europe Middle Ages (5001300) Little urban growth, even decline Asia
Centers along the Silk Road Urban growth in Korea, Japan West
Africa The Americas Cities in the Age of Exploration
Early Eurasian centers Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan
Most cities sited in continental interiors Maritime exploration
Change in situation to favor coastal locations Continued importance
under colonialism Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe European
model for cities in colonies The Second Urban Revolution
A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in
manufacturing, made possible by 1. Second agricultural revolution
that improved food production and created a larger surplus
2.Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near
industrial resources Favored places Had undergone the second
agricultural revolution Possessed industrial resources Possessed
capital from mercantilism and colonialism Industrialization in
Europe Where Are Cities Located, and Why?
Site Absolute location Static location, often chosen for trade,
defense, or religion Situation Relative location A citys place in
the region and the world around it Trade area: An adjacent region
within which a citys influence is dominant Trade Areas Rank-Size
Rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy
The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its
rank in the hierarchy For example: largest city = 12 million 2nd
largest = 6 million 3rd largest = 4 million 4th largest = 3 million
Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately
larger than the rest of the cities Central Place Theory Developed
by Walter Christaller
Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy
(hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and
spatially distributed Assumes that Surface is flat with no physical
barriers Soil fertility is the same everywhere Population and
purchasing power are evenly distributed Region has uniform
transportation network From any given place, a good or service
could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance Hexagonal
Hinterlands
C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet How Are Cities Organized,
and How Do They Function?
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and
structure Functional zonation: The division of the city into
certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes) Zones of
the City Zones Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) Suburb (outlying,
functionally uniform zone outside of the central city) Modeling the
North American city Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector
model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman) Classical Models of Urban Structure Edge Cities Suburban
downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including
Office complexes Shopping centers Hotels Restaurants Entertainment
facilities Sports complexes Urban Realms Model Each realm a
separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metropolitan framework Cities of the
Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Latin America
Griffin-Ford model Blend of Latin American traditions with
globalization Disamenity sectors Not connected to city services May
be controlled by gangs and drug lords Industrial park
Gentrification area Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery:
Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
European colonial imprint Cities of the Periphery and
Semi-Periphery: Southeast Asia
McGee model Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal
point How Do People Make Cities?
Role of powerful social and cultural forces Periphery and
semi-periphery Sharp contrast between rich and poor Often lack
zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws Luanda, Angola Tokyo,
Japan Making Cities in the Global Core
Redlining:Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain
neighborhoods Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home
at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white
residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate white
flight Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification:Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses,
raising the housing value in the neighborhood Commercialization:
City government transforming a central city to attract residents
and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central
city Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of
tearing them down to build much larger homes McMansions: Large
homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot Urban Sprawl
Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads
over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
New Urbanism Development, urban revitalization, and suburban
reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of
housing and jobs Concerns Privatization of public spaces Failure to
address conditions that create social ills of cities Countering
urban sprawl Gated Communities Neighborhoods with controlled gate
(access) for people and vehicles Private security Rapid diffusion
to Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America Security for wealthy in poor
countries Use for low-income communities in core countries Ethnic
Neighborhoods European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants
Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery What Role Do Cities Play
in Globalization?
Function of world cities beyond state boundaries World cities as
nodes in globalization Primate cities with concentration of
development, interconnectedness Primate cities in former colonies
World Cities