Outline Development Plan for Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu,India.

“An environment that can't be

changed invites its own destruction.

We prefer a world that can be modified

progressively against a background of

valued remains, a world in which we

can leave a personal mark aongside

the marks of history”

“ What time is this place?”

- Kevin Lynch

acknowledgement…. We express our heartfelt thanks to the Chairman, Council members and Executive officer of the Mamallapuram Town Panchayat for their co – operation in providing valuable data and information . We are grateful to the dept of Tourism, govt. of Tamil Nadu for the inputs given during the project. We extend our thanks to the Archaeological Survey of India for providing background information and the copy of the proposed Master Plan. We are extremely grateful to all the residents of Mamallapuram for being patient and kind in sharing their views with us. We portray our sincere thanks to Dr. S.P.Sekar for his constant encouragement support and valuable guidance for the successful completion of the project. We are thankful to Dean, SAP, Anna University for the continued support and encouragement given to complete the project.

II SEM MPLAN 2004 - 2006

contents…

1. INTRODUCTION 01

2. REGIONAL SETTING 04

3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT 07

4. DEMOGRAPHY 09

5. LANDUSE SECTORS 17

6. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 25

7. HERITAGE & CONSERVATION 31

8. PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES 38

9. MUNICIPAL FINANCE 49

10. POLICIES & STRATEGIES 58

11. ANNEXURES

1. INTRODUCTION

1.0 MAMALLAPURAM Mamallapuram on the sea shores of Bay of Bengal has Pagodas, Rock cut caves, and single

stone crafted rathas and bas- reliefs, all belonging to the times of the Pallavas, who ruled from

600 to 750 AD with Kanchi as their Capital.

An ancient port with a flourishing maritime trade, Mamallapuram, earlier called as

Mahabalipuram, stands today as a center of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of

temple architecture. Here you can also hear the sound of wind on stone and the swish of waves

bathing the shore temple.

Globally renowned for its ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional value,

Mamallapuram group monuments draw tourists from both our country and aboard by its miles of

beach and rock-cut architecture.

1.1 HISTORY Mamallapuram is a wonder show piece of marvel of Pallava art and architecture. This seashore

village, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah - Mamallapuram meaning the city of the

great warrior and Mah-Mallan was a title of the king Narasimhavaraman – I in the Pallava

dynasty. In the early days, this place was also called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal Mallai and

also Seven Pagodas.

Mamallapuram was once a flourishing seaport with a brisk maintain trade with countries in

South-East Asia and the Mediterranean in the Pallava Dynasty.

The monuments in the Mamallapuram town were fashioned in the Pallava dynasty by three

different Monarchs viz., Mahendravarman I (600-630 AD), Narasimhavarman I hailed as

Mamallan (630 to 688 AD) and Narasimhavarman II called as Rajasimhan (700 to 628 AD).

They trace the Mahendra style, Mamalla style and the Rajasimha style in these monuments.

1.2 LOCATION Mamallapuram which is situated about 60 kms south of Chennai on the Bay of Bengal coastline

and can be reached from Chennai mainly by road along the sea coast via., the East Coast Road and also by old Mamallapuram road.

1

Mamallapuram is located within Thirukalukundram taluk of Kancheepuram district and lies

approximately between 13°2’24” latitude and 80°15’15” longitude. The Buckingham canal

passes on the west of Mamallapuram. On the North are Paiyanur and Saluvankuppam villages.

On the South Kadambadi village. Kalpakkam atomic plant is situated on the southern side of the

town.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR MAMALLAPURAM • Mamallapuram Master Plan (revised) – Directorate of Town and Country Planning,

1973.

• A study on Mamallapuram – Department of Tourism, 1976.

• Mamallapuram New Town Development Plan - New town development authority,

1989.

• Report on Special Tourism Development, Mamallapuram - Directorate of Town and

Country planning, 1993.

1.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY With a view to employ suitable strategy relevant to the tourism importance of the

Mamallapuram town, the Government in G.O Ms.No. : 1454, Housing and Urban

Development Department, dated 25.10.78 notified Mamallapuram Township area as a New Town Development Area by carving out the same from the original Mamallapuram local

planning area. The salient features of New Town Development Authority are as follows.

• Forming a Monument zone – covering all the monuments and restricting vehicular

traffic.

• Formation of New town district on the west of Buckingham canal in Poonjeri village.

• Proposal of bus terminus.

• Restriction of height of buildings upto 7m, for buildings that will be coming between

canal and the sea.

• Prohibition of developmental activities around monument zone.

1.5 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF NTDA PLAN

There are several departments in the town acting independently, namely the:

2

1. New town development authority

2. Archeological survey of India

3. Local Panchayat office

4. Tourism development authorities

5. Ministry of environment (CRZ)

6. Fisheries department

• Even though the Development Plan was made ready in the year 1989 till now it is not

implemented.

• The proposal does not deal with future population and their locations.

• All wet lands were allocated for residential purpose.

• No empirical data taken into account for proposals.

1.6 WHY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MAMALLAPURAM? • To identify single committee to implement the development plan.

• To rejuvenate the dying arts and crafts.

• To conserve the heritage monuments

• Promotion of tourism by opening fresh avenues.

• Promotion of IT based industry on OMR corridor.

• To relocate Tsunami affected fishermen.

• To relocate people lying under CRZ.

• To relocate people from monument regulated zone.

3

2. REGIONAL SETTING

2.0 TOWN PROFILE Mamallapuram was the second capital of the Pallava kings of Kancheepuram, 60 kms from

Chennai on the Bay of Bengal. This seaside village is set in a boulder – strewn landscape.

Mamallapuram is a Special Grade Town Panchayat with an administrative area of

12.65sq.kms. and a population of 12,345 persons as per 2001 census. This town

Panchayat has got two revenue villages under its control, they are Mamallapuram and

Poonjeri. In 1964 Mamallapuram was notified as a village Panchayat and in 1994 it was

upgraded to special grade town Panchayat.

• Fisherman settlements – Venpurusham, Devaneri

• Agricultural village – Poonjeri

• Total No. of wards – 15

• Voters population – 7500 persons

• Major occupation – Tourist related activities, fishing and Agricultural.

• Literacy rate – 70%

2.1 LINKAGES • BY AIR – The nearest airport from Mamallapuram is Chennai, located around 60 km

away. One can get flights for almost all major destinations in India and abroad.

• BY RAIL – The nearest railway station is Chengalpattu, is around 29 km away from

Mamallapuram. Trains to Chennai and several other major cities in South India are

available from here.

• BY ROAD – Mamallapuram is connected by road to Chennai, Thirukkalukundram,

Kancheepuram and Pondicherry.

2.2 CLIMATE Mamallapuram has warm and humid climate slightly similar to Chennai. The maximum day

time temperature varies from 38.2°C in June to 28.4°C in December. While minimum

temperature varies from 20.5°C in January to 27.7°C in May.

Mamallapuram receives an average annual rainfall of around 1100mm. The months of

October, November and December accounts for more than 60% of the total rains in the

4

area. The sea breeze gives a pleasant and cool temperature which attracts the visitors to

stay for a longer while in the beach. (Source : Meteorological data)

2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Mamallapuram and its environs form part of coastal belt that forms a continuous stretch of

the country, relieved here and there by small rock outcrops. The Thirukalukundram Hills,

nearly 17 Km to the West of Mamallapuram rises to a height of 700’. Approximately 17 Km

to the south of Mamallapuram the river Palar enters the sea. There is also a rivulet 12 Km

South of Mamallapuram. The region surrounding Mamallapuram is liberally dotted with rain-

fed tanks. The environs of Mamallapuram presents a better prospect with larger stretch of

land combined with dry and grazing lands.

2.4 SOIL AND VEGETATION As the Mamallapuram New Town consists of 2 villages, Mamallapuram and Poonjeri.

Mamallapuram village has a varied effect of sandy soil along the coastal region and a good

quality of alluvial soil that is helping for the agricultural purpose. The beach resorts that give

a greenery mark to the coastal stretch sparingly cover the coastal stretch of the

Mamallapuram village. The either side of Buckingham canal helps for the agricultural

activities mainly consists of alluvial soil.

2.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL The Ground water potential is the important gift of nature that makes the surveillance of

Mamallapuram town in a steady manner. The ground water is the main source of water

supply for both the local people and the commercial activities that are catering the tourist

people. Also because of running of Buckingham canal in the Mamallapuram town, the

ground water source improved a lot.

2.6 LAND OWNERSHIP Out of 1304 hectares of land in the Mamallapuram New town, 848.51 Hectares of land is

under private ownership remaining are under government ownership like monumental hills

(areas), Schools, health center, roads and open spaces etc.,

5

2.7 TOURISM The Sea-coast from the outskirts of Chennai to Mamallapuram is one of the finest beaches

in the world and has vast potential to develop as a major tourist and holiday resort.

Mamallapuram’s attractions are not merely confined to the immortal art works of the greatest

Pallava Kings. A beautiful beach girdled by Casuarina groves also equally attract the

tourists. One can have a pleasant bath in the warm blue sea, stroll on the golden sands,

watch the beautiful glory of the rise of the sun and the moon and so on.

Apart from the historic monuments of Mamallapuram additional recreation facilities to attract

more tourist, around Mamallapuram , they are.

a. Golden Beach – an amusement park

b. M.G.M – an amusement park

c. Dakshina chitra – an artist village

d. Muttukkadu – a back water boating yard by TTDC

e. Kovalam – a pilgrim centre and seaside resort.

f. Thiruvidandai – a pilgrim centre

g. Crocodile Farm – a reptile park at Nemili

h. Tiger’s cave – a monument of Pallava period

i. Thirukkalukundram – a pilgrim centre

j. Vedanthangal – a bird Sanctuary

The flow of foreign tourists is to increase at a steady since 1991. Inflow of visitors and

tourists during months of December, January and February and during dance festival and

vacation time is very high.

2.8 WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE The UNESCO has declared certain ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional

value as the heritage monuments. Mamallapuram is one among the 13 world heritage

centers declared by the UNESCO in India.

6

3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

3.0 HISTORICAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT Mamallapuram, the portraits of sand and stone was the second capital of Pallava dynasty .

In early days this place was called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal malai and also called as

Seven Pagodas, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah-mallapuram meaning the city of

great warrior. Here, the great warrior means the monarch Narsimha varam I who had the

title of Mah –mallan .

The town being a Port Town flourished in Maritime Trade and Merchandise since the ancient

times. The monuments in the town were patron aged during the Period of 600-820 A.D. by

various kings of Pallava dynasty . Monuments in the town were arranged in bow and arrow

fashion enhancing the victories of Pallavan kings. The sculptures of this place is particularly

interesting, because it shows the day to day life of people rather than the carvings of gods

and goddess as in other parts of Tamilnadu .

Mamallapuram with its picturesque location in a rocky outcrop between the beach and

lagoon is a combination of history with art and architecture .The town was built by Pallavan

kings to increase their sea trade and portray their keen interest and inclination towards

patronizing art and architecture in their reign

3.1 GROWTH TRENDS Mamallapuram town’s growth was naturally around the monuments. Initial approach to the

town from Chennai was by Old Mamallapuram road (OMR). Landing at poonjeri, the

monuments were reached by ferry across the Buckingham canal. Later the construction of

the bridge across the canal and the East Coast Road (ECR) favoured the roadway

communication.

3.2 CONSTRAINS Natural features such as the sea, Buckingham canal and regulation measures such as CRZ,

sterile zone of Kalpakkam and Heritage zone of ASI limit the development within the town

area. After Tsunami the entire equation of CRZ is changed and the state and central

government is more focused on the relocation of people within the CRZ zone.

7

3.3 PROSPECTS 1. Entertainment corridor along ECR

2. IT corridor of OMR

3. Six lane expansion proposal of OMR

4. Administrative town proposal for the Chennai city

5. Chennai city expansion towards the southern direction

6. Proposal of MRTS to Pondicherry via Mamallapuram

7. Proposal of ferry service from Chennai to Mamallapuram

3.4 PRESENT SCENARIO The population trend of decadal growth shows an out migration from the town. The reasons

could be due to un availability of land in main core area , conversation of residential units to

commercial, high land cost and regulations in the town.

3.5 FUTURE TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT (FORESEEABLE) • Good prospects to be developed as a tourist town

• Relocation of people due to CRZ regulation can help to create a planned town with

good infrastructure.

• North western part of the town has good prospects for development due to proximity

of land and water availability with good accessibility which could ease for expansion

of infrastructural facilities.

• With increase in awareness among people on heritage and conservation,

Mamallapuram can be declared as a heritage town.

• With administrative city proposal nearby, the Mamallapuram town can be looked as a

service town.

• As the connectivity with the city is increasing at a rapid speed, the Mamallapuram

town can be viewed as a feeder town for Chennai.

• With the present trend of growth of IT based industry along the old Mamallapuram

road , Mamallapuram could be engulfed in no time for services.

8

4. DEMOGRAPHY

4.0 POPULATION The emerging trend in population growth, its characteristics and spatial distribution has

profound influence on the structure and size of the cities. It is therefore, essential and

interesting to study the dynamics of population growth and structure of cities.

4.1 HISTORICAL GROWTH OF MAMALLAPURAM TOWN The growth of Mamallapuram town population from 1,746 in 1951 to 12,345 in 2001 is an

indicator for development of tourist town.

2159

1057

1102

1746

884

862

869

440

429

602

305

297

1951 1961Year

POPULATION GROWTH IN MAMALLAPURAM

Females

Males

POONJERI

Males

Females

MAMALLAPURAM

30282348TOTAL

Source : Census of India

20011971 1981 1991

10,460

4993

5467

3726

1530

1746

5523

2617

2906

863

444

419

896

451

445

1525

3939

4432

8731

4179 6419 9896

1885

995

890

12,345

796

729

Popu

lati

on

Total Population14000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1961 2001199119811971Years

Population Growth in Mamallapuram

Mahabalipuram

Poonjeri2000

4000

1951

9

The growth rate was only 28.96% during 50’s and rose to 55.09% by the end of 70’s. The

decadal growth of population of Mamallapuram till 80’s goes in hand to hand with the

urbanization trend of TamilNadu.

The annexure of Poonjeri village to Mamallapuram by New Town Development authority

resulted in flux of population migration from Mamallapuram to Poonjeri. Not much difference

can be seen in the total population growth of Mamallapuram town from 1981 to 1991. But

with that of Poonjeri, by the end 90’s, population growth rate reached 70.20%, which was

contrary to the insignificant steady growth rate till 80’s.

Poonjeri showed an increased population which may be due to enforcement of coastal

regulations, developmental control rules and increasing domestic and international tourist

penetration in Mamallapuram area has pushed the residence to exterior.

Y e a r s'7 1 - '8 11 9 5 1 -'6 1 '6 1 - '7 1

8 0

4 0

6 0

Grow

th ra

te

1 0 0

2 0

0

DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH (PERCENTAGE)

'8 1 -'9 1 '9 1 - '0 1

D e c a d a l P o p u la tio n G r o w th R a te

M a h a b a lip u r a mP o o n je r iT o ta l G r o w th R a te

STATE URBAN

KANCHEEPURAM DIST

POONJERI

TOTAL

MAMALLAPURAM

Source : Census of India

1951-'61 1961-'71 1971-'81 1981-'91 1991-'01

42.8019.6028.0038.60-

05.5010.6418.40- 20.53

51.74

-0.6944.35

23.65 68.59

03.82 70.20

58.03

23.60

19.80

28.96 36.69 55.09 54.17 24.74

Year

10

4.2 SEX RATIO It is universally accepted that the sex ratio (females per thousand males) is generally lower

for urban population than for rural population and still further low for larger towns marching

towards rapid urbanization.

According to 2001 census there are 6462 males and 5883 females out of 12345 persons

enumerated in Mamallapuram new town. The sex ratio is 910 females per 1000 males.

4.3 LITERACY

FemalesMalesYear

2001

1971

1981

1991

1951

1961

SEX RATIO (1951 - 2001)

Females/1000Males

Source : Census of India

58836462

19742165

5528

3351

4668

3068

1531

1159

1497

1181

910

911

844

915

977

1018

Literacy rate in Mamallapuram as on steady increase in the last few decades and it was

near to that of state and Kancheepuram district.

Males

1981

1197

3677

2568

5013

1991

2001

Year

1971

42831715

Females Total Lit. Rate(%)

LITERACY RATE IN MAMALLAPURAM

3742

2332

8755

6009

728 1925

66.72

70.91

60.72

46.06

Source : Census of India

LITERACY DISTRIBUTION

2568

3677

5013

17152332

3742

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1981 1991 2001

Year

Popu

latio

n

MaleFemale

11

4.4 POPULATION DENSITY In Mamallapuram town the distribution of population is more uneven and concentrated in the

core area of the town. The gross residential density of the town is 55.91 persons per hectare

in 2001 census. The residential density is maximum in Othavadi street and minimum in

Kovalam road (ie. Ward No. 4).

4.5 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE The primary occupation of the village comprises of both agriculture and fishing. The town

has a workforce of 69% where the working population to the extent 40% are involved in

tourism related activities and 27% of the workforce is involved in territory activities.

OCCUPATION PATTERN

PATTERN OF EMPLOYMENTExisting (2005) Projected (2021)

Pop in Nos. Pop in (%) toWork Force

Pop in (%) Pop in Nos. Pop in (%) toWork Force

Pop in (%)

Government 480 5.61 1,800 6.0

Tourism Related Activities 3,465 40.5 16,500 55.0

Sculpture Industry

Industry

Agriculture

Fishing

Commercial

Others

TOTAL WORKERS

Non Workers

TOTAL POPULATION

500

50

575

1,000

215

2,260

8,545

5.85

0.58

11.70

6.72

2.51

26.4

100.0

3,800

12,345

3,000

600

2,250

2,250

2,700

900

30,000

10,000

40,000

10.0

2.0

7.5

7.5

3.0

9.0

100.0 75.0

6.75

2.25

5.6

5.6

1.5

41.25

4.5

69.12

1.74

18.30

4.65

8.10

0.40

4.05

28.0

3.88

30.88

100.00

7.5

25.0

100.00

Source : Primary Data

EXISTING OCCUPATION PATTERN_2005

6%

40%

6%

1%

12%7%

3%

25%

GOVERNMENT

TOURISM RELATEDACTIVITYSCULPTUREINDUSTRYINDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE

FISHING

COMMERCIAL

12OTHERS

PROJECTED OCCUPATION PATTERN_2021

6%

54%10%

2%

8%

8%

3%9%

GOVERNMENT

TOURISM RELATEDACTIVITYSCULPTUREINDUSTRYINDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE

FISHING

COMMERCIAL

OTHERS

INFERENCE 1. Agricultural workers are likely to reduce by 4%.

2. Tourism and its related activities will increase to 55% of the workforce by 2021.

3. Sculpture industry will increase from 5% to 10% in year 2021.

4.6 INCOME STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION From the household survey carried out in the town the income structure has been

classified as follows.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION

MONTHLY INCOME IN RUPEES

EXISTING INCOME (% OF POPULATION)

Less than 25,000 43.0

25,000-50,000 39.0

Greater than 50,000 18.0

Source : Primary data.

13

HUDCO CLASSIFICATION

CATEGORY INCOME IN Rs. (MONTHLY)

BPL 0 – 3,000

LIG 3,000 – 5,000

MIG 5,000 – 10,000

HIG Above 10,000

Source : HUDCO

Pie chart showing the annual income.

E X IS T IN G IN C O M E P A T T E R N _ 2 0 0 5

4 3 %

3 9 %

1 8 %

< 2 5 ,0 0 02 5 ,0 0 0 -5 0 ,0 0 0> 5 0 ,0 0 0

source: Primary data 4.7 POPULATION PROJECTION The population projected for the years 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 by considering the

population of past six decades by adopting the conventional methods. The forecasting

population is projected is through three different methods they are, Arithmetic method,

Incremental increase method and Geometric increase method. These projections are shown

through graphical representations.

14

The populations for the next two decades are compared by three methods in which

Geometric increase methods value are closer to the average growth rate. So Geometric

increase method is adopted for population projection.

Forecasting Population – Geometric Increase Method This method based on the assumption considering population growth rate as average.

YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION

2006 14,601

2011 17,270

2016 20,425

2021 24,160

P l ti P j ti b i th d

19611951

5000

3

2

3

Popu

lati

on in

thou

sand

s

Years

0000

5000

5000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021

40000

20000

15

10

000

000

P O P U L A T IO N P R O J E C T I O N B Y V A R I O U S M E T H O D S

S o u r c e : C e n s u s o f I n d ia

I N C R E M E N T A L I N C R E A S E M E T H O D

A R I T H M E T IC IN C R E A S E M E T H O D

G E O M E T R IC I N C R E A S E M E T H O D

2 0 2 12 0 1 62 0 1 1D E S C R I P T IO N S 2 0 0 62 0 0 1

1 6 ,3 4 5

2 4 ,1 6 0

1 6 ,4 5 0

1 5 ,3 4 5

2 0 ,4 2 5

1 4 ,3 4 5

1 2 ,3 4 5

1 3 ,3 4 5

1 4 ,6 0 1 1 7 ,2 7 0

1 4 ,7 8 7 1 7 ,6 7 01 3 ,5 1 0

E X I S T IN G P O P U L A T IO N

5000

000

0000

Popu

lati

on in

thou

sand

40000

5000

0000

Population Projections

20000

15

1

s3

3

25000

1519611951

Years1971 1981 1991 2001 20212011

4.8 ASSUMPTIONS FOR POPUALTION PROJECTIONS BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS With the opening of new spheres of tourism related activities, educational institutions, offices

in and around town. It is assumed that there will be increase in population in addition to the

natural increase projected by Geometric increase method.

1. Proposed economic activities Provision of separate industrial zone for sculptural activities is assumed to increase in the

number of persons involved in sculpture industries from 5.8% to 10%.

# E C O N O M I C A C T I V I T I E S

P R O J E C T E DE X I S T I N G

P o p in N o s . P o p in % P o p in N o s . P o p in %D E S C R I P T I O N S

S c u lp t u r e A c t iv it y

W O R K F O R C E 8 ,5 4 5 1 8 ,1 2 06 9 .2 1 7 5 .0

5 0 0 5 .8 5 1 ,8 1 2 1 0 .0

2. Tourism activities The number of persons involved in tourism related activities will increase from 40% of the

workforce to 55% of the workforce with the expected tourist population of 50,000 per day.

Year

# TOURISM

NORM AL POPULATION

ForceW ork

Force(%)W ork TRA TRA (% )

INDUCED POPULATION

Tourist TRA Targets/day

*

72.0

73.0

75.0

12,4342011

2016

2021

14,910

18,120

5,595 45.0

50.0

55.0

7,455

9,966

20,000

35,000

50,000

3,645

8,715

13,134

Num ber of persons involved in Tourism Related Activity

16

3. IT industries 0 persons is forecast in line with the proposed IT developments along

. Educational Institutions ucation the town is likely to attract 5,00 persons.

ersons

A population of 1,50

old Mahabalipuram road.

4Opening up of new avenues in ed

Total population projected based on developmental trends in 2021 is 40,000 p

17

5. LANDUSE SECTORS

5.0 LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION 2005 (EXISTING)

ludes Mamallapuram and Poonjeri villages extend over

t development is concentrated in the core area of

5.0.2 LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION EXISTING (2005) loped % To Town

5.0.1 INTRODUCTION The new town area which inc

an area of 1304 hectares out of which only 17% mere covered by various

developments such as houses, shops, educational etc., The major area comes under

agricultural use and water courses.

The land use map clearly shows tha

the town and part of Poonjeri village. Undeveloped areas including agricultural fields

exists in the southern and north western side of the town. Being a heritage town the

establishment of commercial areas agglomerated along the major roads leading to the

monuments showing the typical nature of development. The major zone of

concentration is all along the major roads like Kovalam road, Thirukalukundram road,

East Raja street and Othavadai street.

S.No Land Use Extent in % to DeveHectares Area Area

1. Residential 69.52 30.71 5.33

2. Commercial 80.99 35.77 6.21

3. Educational 21.44 5.49 0.95

4. Public & & semipublic 29.45 13.01 2.26

5. Traffic & transportation 33.99 15.01 2.61

Developed area 226.39 100.00 17.36

6. Agriculture

i) dry 470.61 6.09 3

Ii) wet 311.60 23.90

Area under agriculture 782.21 59.99

7. Water bodies 295.40 22.65

Total area of the town 1304.00 100.00

18

5.33%

3.21%

2.61%

36.09%

23.90%

22.65%

69.52 ha

6.21%80.99 ha

50.89 ha

33.99 ha

470.61 ha

311.60 ha

295.40 ha

LAND USE STRUCTURE

5.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR ent within this town covers only 69.52 hectares against the

5.1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ion for the relocated and projected

es of which are listed below.

modations and its allied facilities.

The present residential developm

overall area of the town 1304 hectares. This means the present residential development area

accounts for only 30.71% of the developed area and 5.33% of the total extent of the town

area. This situation is much below when compared to the proportion of the area occupied by

the residential development in other town in our state. This is mainly due to the distribution of

Archeological monuments, commercial activities and a vast stretch extent covered under

agricultural and water bodies.

The aim is to ensure housing accommodat

population.

The objectiv

• To access the existing housing accom

• To identify areas of relocation of people in restricted zones.

30.7135.77

13.0115.01Pe

rcen

tage

Resi

dent

ial

Com

mer

cial

Publ

ic &

Sem

ipub

lic

Traf

ic &

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

10

20

30

40

50

LAND USE PERCENTAGE TO THE DEVELOPED AREA

19

• Projection of future requirements of population in the residential sector along with

5.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS venues in tourism related activities and allied industries will

• reseen in future due to the proposed IT development

• s are likely to witness an increase demand in

5.1.3 TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT ation of residential sectors of the town. The

5.1.4 LIMITATIONS wn is limited by the location of Buckingham canal in the

characterizes the urban form

5.1.5 EXISTING RESIDENTIAL TYPES d into three categories. Viz.

oonjeri village.

5.1.6 INDUCING FACTORS

developments are listed below

the identification of land suitable for development of residential uses in the future.

• The opening of new a

increase housing demand.

The demand for housing fo

along the Old Mahabalipuram Road.

The upcoming educational institution

housing sector.

Occupational pattern influences the loc

town experience the linear type of development along the coast forming the fishermen

settlements. The major agriculture activities are concentrated in the Poonjeri village.

Concentration of tourism and the related activities in the town center acts as the

inducing factors of development.

• The growth of the to

western side and Bay of Bengal on the eastern side.

• The new town development area boundary limits and

of the town

The land under residential type is classifie

• The mixed residential type in the core area

• The fishermen villages

• The residential type in p

The major inducing factors of

20

• Accessibility

• Occupational pattern

5.1.7 DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS

ajor zones of concentration i.e, in the core area

ent at 35% are pucca, 37% are semi pucca and 28% of

involved in handicrafts & sea shells crafts household

5.1.8 DENSITY en in the core areas particularly in ward no. 11 and ward no.12

.1.9 PROBLEMS ng water supply in the town after tsunami.

ater to drain.

he town area.

tial segregation for

• Infrastructure facilities

5.1.7.1 Level of development The land use map details at the m

and part of Poonjeri village.

5.1.7.2 Types of developmThe housing typology indicates th

them are kuccha houses. Houses in the core area are G+2 storeyed along the major

routes leading to monuments.

5.1.7.3 Household industriesAbout 5% of the households are

industry. They form a significant part in the economic generation of the town.

High density is se

comprising of the East Raja street, Thirukulam street & Othavadai street and Anna

Nagar respectively. Lowest density can be observed in ward no. 3 comprising of the

institutions and resorts. The density pattern of the town can be understood better from

the map.

5• Inadequate drinki

• No proper drainage system for the sullage water and storm w

• Nearby water bodies are polluted, letting in the sullage water both from the

housing and commercial activities.

• No proper site for the disposal of solid waste in t

• Nuisances to the residences in the core area due to lack of spa

tourist activities.

21

5.1.10 POTENTIALS is carried out in sculpture industry and handicrafts

and allied activities gains high importance in this heritage town

5.1.11 PROPOSALS standards prescribed for a medium sized town of

No. Sectors According to standards(%)

• Economic generation

activity

• Tourism

• Most of the wards have natural gradient for drainage.

According to UDPFI guidelines, the

population below 5,00,000is given below. Based on that the proposal on each sectors

are worked out.

01 R l esidentia 40-45

02 Commercial 3-4

03 Industrial 8-10

04 Public & Semipublic 10-12

05 Recreational 18-20

06 T ransportation 12-14

07 Agriculture

& water bodies

12-14

Based on the land use suitability analysis on the major parameters considering

accessibility, physiographic constraints, and restricted zones, the land suitable for new

developments for the future is identified.

22

5.2 COMMERCIAL SECTOR tail stores and related facilities planned to give maximum

IC SHOWING THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY FOR THE TOURIST POPULACE.

Commercial center is an area of re

convenience to the customers and maximum exposure to the merchandise. Being a tourist

town, the major activity is commercial and it gives the imageability to the town as such.

Commercial activities have a propensity to develop along the margin of major streets. The

commercial areas have been concentrated in the core area of the town.

P

5.2.1 EXISTING PROFILE Mamallapuram poses a different trend varying

rcial trend in Mamallapuram has been analyzed as major

identified.

The commercial scenario of

drastically from that of other towns of the same scale. The land use for

commercial amounts to 35.77% of the developed land use (6.21 of the total land),

while on the other hand the residential land use is only 30.71. This remains as

one main indicator to infer that the town sustains on tourism and tourism related

commercial activity.

The present comme

spines in the city with similar commercial activity are identified and their character

in terms of traffic, people it caters to, type of shops and their problems are

23

• The major commercial spines are identified to be

a. Kovalam road

treet

e road

a. Kov m

This forms the main approach road from the ECR to Mamallapuram characterized

omprises of star hotels, beach resorts with huge and lavish

pproach road from Chengelpet, also characterized by heavy traffic. This road is

ps which caters to the local population. eg. Provisional stores, petty

a Street

orms the main arterial street inside the city and carries the accumulated traffic

road and the Kovalam road. Intense commercial activity

ollector street leading to the sea. Few sea view restaurants are there near the

et is characterized by minimal vehicular traffic and large

b. TKM road

c. East raja street

d. Othavadai s

e. Sea shore templ

f. Five rathas road

ala road

by heavy traffic. C

frontages. Gives a prelude to the tourist activity inside the town. The public market

acts as the higher order market to the adjoining villages.

b. TKM road

A

lined with sho

shops etc.

c. East Raj

F

from both the TKM

banking on tourism. Huge displays to attract the tourists.( boutiques, sculpture

shops, handicraft showrooms, and service shops to cater to the tourists such as

photo studios, foreign exchanges etc.,)

d. Othavadai street

C

sea coast. The stre

pedestrian flow. All the mediocre range hospitality centers are lined along this

road.(lodges and restaurants).Other commercial activity along this road include

small sculpture shops which produces fashion goods, massage centers etc.

24

e. Sea shore temple road

horoughly pedestrianised due to the efforts of ASI. Planned and landscaped area

ur to the shore temple. Consists of a continuous

is one of the roads leading to the five rathas. All along its stretch we find

centrated. It takes in both vehicular traffic & pedestrian flow.

POTENTIAL

• The market place of the town acts as the nodal point for all commercial activities

villages.

• traditional sculpture industry.

• Location of markets along Kovalam road poses a chaos condition right in the

y.

• the market poses a further aggravation of the problems.

ommercial land use. Haphazard change in land

•

shore temple road in continuation to the

5.2.4 PROPOSALS • Allocation of exclusive zone for commercial activities catering for the tourist

T

dignifies and adds grande

organized stretch of boutiques, sculpture shops etc.

f. Five rathas road

It

sculpture activity con

Due to the presence of sculpture activity it attracts both the tourist and sculptural

dealers .

5.2.2

for the neighbouring

• Huge scope for tourism oriented commercial activity.

To act as a regional center for

5.2.3 PROBLEMS

approach road to the cit

• Shift in the indelibility of the town.

Poor drainage condition of

• Residential frontages changed to c

use adds to the chaotic condition of the TKM road.

• Heavy traffic mixed with street shopping poses threat to the shoppers.

Inadequate parking space to the lodges.

• Vehicles parked along the road covering shop frontages

• Haphazard informal shops along the sea

existing formal shops.

populace.

25

• Creating a sculpture industry zone.

• Promotion of exhibition cum sale of sculptures.

.

5.3 IVITIES

town is occupied by agricultural lands which are

of the town panchayat area. Of this, total

ry lands

Water bodies such as canal, tones and other courses occupy nearly 300 hect

of the total extent of the town. The Buckingham

ES:

The monumental zone consist of three zones namely,

The monuments that comes under protected zone are,

Temple.

.

• Creation of informal shopping areas

AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACT

5.3.1 AGRICULTURE USE: Most of the area of the

782.21 Ha and this forms 60%

agricultural land 60% is dry lands and the rest 40% wet lands. D

constitute 36% of the Town Panchayat area whereas wet lands occupy 24% only.

More than 1000 people are employed in agriculture.

5.3.2 WATER BODIES:

and this constitutes 22.65%

Canal passes through this town on the North-South direction and on the west of

the main monument area.

5.3.3 RESTRICTED ZON

a) MONUMENT ZONE:

Protected zone.

Prohibited zone.

Regulated zone.

1.) Shore temple.

2.) Five Rathas.

3.) Seven Pidaris.

4.) Mukundanayanar

5.) Dolotsava Mandapa

6.) Pidari Amman Ratha.

26

7.) Valayankuttai Ratha.

8.) Hillock Monuments.

The area upto 100 meters from the protected limits have been declared

beyond upto 200 meters as regulated

b)

stallation (Regulation of building and use of

land) Act, 1978 stipulates that no building activity shall be permitted in the

Town Development Plan.

c)

amanathapuram, Tiruchendur and

Kanyakumari are classified as CRZ-I where in, building / construction

i) d important such as national

parks/ marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats,

as prohibited area and further

area for the purpose of construction/mining.

STERLIZED ZONE:

The Tamilnadu Nuclear In

exclusion area which comprises of areas within 1.6 km from any boundary

of such nuclear installation. Within 4.8km of the boundary called sterilized

area, no construction or re-construction etc., shall be done without license

from the nuclear installation Local authority.

Only sterilized zone comes within the New Town area and the same has

been maintained as sterilized zone in the New

COASTAL ZONE REGULATION:

Mamallapuram, Poompuhar, Nagur, R

activity of any form is not permissible till 500m from the high tide line.

CRZ-I (CATEGORY I) notifications :

Areas that are ecologically sensitive an

mangroves, corals/ coral reefs, areas close to breeding and spawning

grounds of fish and other marine life, area of outstanding natural beauty/

Historical heritage areas, areas rich in genetic diversity, areas likely to be

inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and

such other areas as may be declared by the central govn. Or the

concerned authorities at the State/ Union Territory level from time to time.

27

ii)

C

shall be permitted within 500m of the

High Tide Line.

g FSI existing plinth area and existing density and

re from seawater are permitted in this zone.

Us

er works, fire

station, telephone exchanges, Government and semi-government

POSAL OF AGRICULTURE USE ZONE:

b.) Rural settlements with allied uses.

arks, playfields, gardens, caravan and

l uses.

e.)

irs.

umps.

rications.

burial grounds.

Area between Low tide line & High tide line.

RZ-I: Permissible activities:

No new construction activities

Permitted for repairs of existing structures before 20.02.1991 not

exceeding existin

existing use.

Agriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, playfields, forestry and

salt manufactu

es permitted with Special Sanction Of Authority:

Public utility building like sewage pumping station, wat

offices. Serving the local needs, libraries, bus terminal and depot

yard bank.

5.3.4 PRO

a.) All agriculture uses.

c.) Public and Private P

camping sites and other recreationa

d.) Dairy and cattle farms.

Piggeries and Poultry farms.

f.) Water tanks and reservo

g.) Sewage farms and garbage d

h.) Airports and broadcasting lub

i.) Forestry

j.) Cremetries, crematoria and burning and

k.) Fish curing

28

l.) Salt manufacturing.

5.3.5 tectural or Historical interest

buildindgs:

the opinion of the Authority, the historical or

Preservation of Archi

If a building or premises not under the Archaeological monument

Act and in

Archaeological building is in danger of demolition or alteration may

by notification issue order for preservation of such buildings.

29

6. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION Km away from Chennai along the East Coast Road connecting

t Coast Road)

amallapuram Road)

oast Road)

am.

KOVALAM ROAD

Mamallapuram is about 60

Chennai to Pondicherry. There is a well connected road network system to Mamallapuram

from Chennai, Chengalpattu and other parts of the district and state. The major routes to

Mamallapuram from other places are as follows.

i. Chennai – Kovalam – Mamallapuram (Eas

ii. Chennai – Navalur – Thirupporur - Mamallapuram (Old M

iii. Chengalpattu – Thirukkalukundram – Poonjeri – Mamallapuram

iv. Pondicherry – Markkanam – Kalpakkam – Mamallapuram (East C

v. Apart from these there is an access from the Atomic Power Station at Kalpakk

vi. Within the town, the main spines are Kovalam road, Thirukkalukundram road.

30

6.2 PRESENT SCENARIO other uses are about 33.99 hectares – which constitutes

6.3 LENGTH OF ROADS

• Mud road and gravel road - 2.15 Km

Land occupied by the road and

15.01% of developmental area and about 2.61% of the total town area. All the roads except

the East Coast Road are maintained by the special grade village Panchayat. These roads

are mostly of concrete and black – topped roads. Traffic is mainly because of public buses

and tourist vehicles.

• Metal road - 1.23 Km

• Tar road - 3.75 Km

• Concrete road - 7.99 Km

• Bitumen road - 5.99 km

ource : DTCP Report

.4 MODAL SPLIT m 5% of the vehicular traffic is due to the tourist vehicles like vans and

S

6The odal split shows 7

cars. The next are the public buses and the tourist buses which are of 16%. Remaining are

the two wheelers.

MODAL SPLIT

16%

75%

9%Buses

Vans & Cars

Two wheelers

31

6.5 PASSENGER CAR UNIT amallapuram is 8358 PCU/Day. This clearly The PCU observed in the ECR at M

demarks the vehicles entering into the Mamallapuram.

LOCATION PCU/Day

Chennai 27,000

VGP golden beach 27197

Kovalam 9788

Mamallapuram 8358

Cheyyar 4102

Source : Tamilnadu Road Development company ltd.

e movement from Chennai - Mamallapuram for car

Cars (in Rs.) Trucks (in Rs.)

6.6 TOLL COLLECTED The toll collected in ECR for th

and Truck are as follows.

Details

Opening of ECR 71 67

Proposed improvement 22 36

Combined 48 52

Source : Tamilnadu Road Development comp ltd.

.7 VOLUME OF TOURIST TRAFFIC IN MAMALLAPURAM

any

6YEAR VISITOR TOURIST

Domesti oreign Domest oreign c F ic F

1991 7582 7984 3622 363040 0 00 0

1992 54624 89300 447183 55340

1993 581001 127316 534468 59301

1994 604883 81020 579342 59530

1995 879370 191374 586379 60520

1996 739887 134979 585893 62445

1997 473097 59578 598976 63881

1998 601962 62420

1999 629301 40644

2000 679170 73296

Source : Directorate of Tourism, Chennai

32

The growth of to rist arrivals in t town have been found to be highly irregular. During

rge number of tourists from nearby areas as a

Route No. Of Service No. Of Singles

u he

holidays and weekends the town draws la

sight seeing and picnic spot. The tourist flow will be more during Pongal and Dance

festival , which is organized by the directorate of tourism every year.

6.8 NUMBER OF BUS TRIPS TO MAMALLAPURAM Route No.

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Kovalam

188v Chennai to Marakkanam 1 4

188A cut Chenna 4 i to Marakkanam 1

119A Chennai to Kalpakkam 4 20

188A Chennai to Pondy 3 10

188 Chennai to Anaicut 1 4

188B Chennai to Ozhitiyapattu 1 4

19C Chennai to Mamallapuram 4 24

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Vi Kelambakkam a)

119 Chennai to Kalpakkam 4 20

19A Che 24 nnai to Mamallapuram 4

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Mamallapuram, Thirukalukundram, Chengalpattu

108B Kalpakkam to Chennai 4 8

108K Kalpakkam to Chennai 1 2

108B cut attu Kalpakkam to Chengalp 1 2

Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram (via) Mamallapuram, Chengalpattu

212A Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram 1 4

Mamallapuram to Vandavasi (via) Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram

157M Mamallapuram to Vandavasi 1 4

Mamallapuram to Tirupathi (Ivia) Chengalpattu, Tirutani

212H Mamallapuram to Titupathi 2 6

212H cut Mamallapuram to Chengalpattu 1 1

33

The present ring peak season on veral routes and

eccesiating more buses in holidays and special festival days.

he circulation system in the Mamallapuram own is categorized into three are as follows.

1. Tou

On an isit Mamallapuram every day out which 10% are foreign

uram is enroute destination from Chennai and also from Pondicherry. Where in

c buses as mode of transport. After getting dropped at

two wheelers and

e for the public buses are Mukundanayanar temple, TKM road

thas and Shore temple.

he local residents mainly use public transport to reach other nearby locations to avail

ospitals etc.. Their use of private transport within the

oods movement are two fold. One for the local population and other for sculptors. For

arket located at Kovalam road is one of the major active zone.

Goods and commodities reach Mamallapuram from nearby villages-

• Grocery goods from Chennai, Thirukalukundram

• Pots from Poonjeri

fleet of buses are inadequate du se

n

6.9 EXISTING CIRCULATION SYSTEM T

1. Tourist circulation

2. Local residents circulation

3. Goods circulation

rist circulation

average 7500 tourist v

tourists.

Foreign Tourist Circulation

Mamallap

most of the tourist use publi

Mukundanayanar temple or bus terminus the internal circulation starts.

Inland Tourist circulation

Inland tourists visit Mamallapuram by public buses, private vehicles,

four wheelers. The drop nod

junction and at the bus terminus.

The tourist circulation route is along the major spine roads connecting monument areas

namely Arjuna’s penance, Five ra

2. Local resident circulation

T

service facilities like Schools, H

town area is limited. The major circulation routes are the main spines – Kovalam road,

Thirukalukundram road and East Raja street within the area.

3. Goods circulation

G

the local population the m

34

• Perishable goods from Chennai, Kalpakkam

• Fishes from Venpursham, Devaneri

The catchment area includes nearby villages like Pattipulam, Payanur, Kokilamedu,

Kadambad K shandy on Thursday’s,

wherein ex a lace.

Goods circ aw materials (ie, Stones for

chiseling ) m m in Kancheepuram district and the

re not plying according to schedule.

No organized parking space available within the town.

ction chaos.

No significant delineation of an access between the monuments.

s for intra transportation.

Provision of adequate parking area catering to the tourist population.

erated vehicles for inter transportation network

To develop a waterway communication (Ferry service) between Chennai and

ed MRTS between Chennai and

posal of Old

nsuring proper accessibility and connectivity.

i, alpakkam, Poonjeri etc., There is a weekly

ch nge of goods takes p

ulation for sculptors include the movement of r

fro Sankarapuram and Pattimalaikutta

delivery of finished sculpture products within the region and also exported to foreign

countries.

6.10 PROBLEMS • The town lacks proper bus terminus.

• Buses a

•

• Drop nodes at jun

•

• Insufficient road width.

6.11 PROPOSALS • To restrict vehicular access within the heritage zone.

• Proposal of Bus terminu

•

• Proposal of battery op

•

Mamallapuram.

• To make use and take advantage of propos

Pondicherry (via Mamallapuram) and also the six lane pro

Mamallapuram road.

• Provision of adequate and optimum road network for the local population in the

residential area e

35

7. HERITAGE & CONSERVATION

Ma the artisan. It is the ancient

ort with flourishing maritime trade. Also the second capital of Pallava dynasty. Mamallapuram-

the city of mamalla, derived after the K Nara er of 7th

century who is responsible for the rock-cut temples and carvings. It is the rich portrait in stone of

arious Gods, Goddess celestial beauties and epic stories.

hiva or Vishnu. Mamallapuram also

lose to Chennai is on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, along the eastern coast. Mamallapuram

onolithic sculptures has the famous shore temple, the only

ries

• Open air bas - relief,

temples,

7.0 INTRODUCTION mallapuram the glimpse of the Pallava Kings and creativity of

p

ing simhavarman I, the great Pallava rul

v

7.1 HISTORY AND HERITAGE Most of the temples and rock carvings of this place were built during the reigns of Narsimha

Varman I (AD 630-668) and Narsimha Varman II (AD 700-728). Though the initial kings of

Pallava dynasty were followers of Jainism, the conversion of Mahendra Varman (AD 600-630)

to Shaivism led most of the monuments to be related with S

c

known for its rocks carvings and m

one to have survived the ravages of nature. Also known as the Seven Pagodas (temples), six

now lie submerged in the sea. Known as the Pallava Art, this was built during the period 830 -

1100 AD. The pallavas designed the monuments in the form of there emblem, Bow and the

arrow which starts with the Mukunda narayana temple and the rathas in one cardinal axis and

the arjuna’s penance and the shore temple in another axis.

7.2 ARCHITECTURE Mamallapuram stands as a centre of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of temple

architecture. The tiny sea - side village of Mahabalipuram, is set in a boulder - strewn landscape

between the beach and the canal. It is a show case of movement from rock-cut to structural

temples. Mamallapuram art can be divided into four catego

• Structured

• Man-made caves,

• Rathas.

36

7.3 PLACE OF INTEREST The monumental zone are mainly divided into

R as

S

A

M

7.3.1 Rathas

ath

hore Temple

rjuna’s penance

ukundaNarayana Temple

• Rathas are the first phase of Pallava architecture modeled on Buddhist Viharas

or monasteries and chaitya halls. The mandapas or pavilions and the rathas shaped as

temple chariots are hewn in granite rock face which is a similar rock-cut caves of

Ajantha and Ellora. The eight rathas are monolithic temples fashioned as chariots. They

remain an architectural mystery, for each is apparently a faithful reproduction of a

structure built of wood. In fact, even the grain of the timber beams and rafters has been

hed but borne on the backs of elephants and lions. It was probably

simulated in stone.

• Of the eight rathas, five have been named for the Pandava brothers, the heroes

of the epic Mahabharata, and their shared wife, Draupadi. The largest is the

Dharmaraja ratha and it sets the tone for the others. Modeled on a Buddhist vihara or

monastery, it sports a square hall topped by a vaulting roof. The Bhima, Arjuna and

Nakula-Sahdeva rathas are lesser copies of the Dharma raja ratha.

• The Draupadi ratha is the smallest and the quaintest. It is a simple structure,

fashioned as a thatc

the facsimile of a portable village shrine.

37

7.3.2 Shore Temple • Perched on a rocky outcrop, it presides over the shoreline, serving, as Percy

Brown puts it, 'a landmark by day and a beacon by night'. Designed to catch the first

rays of the rising sun and to illuminate the waters after dark, the temple ended up with

an unusual lay-out.

• As the main shrine faces the sea on the east, the gateway, the forecourt and the

behind the sanctum. Unusual, too, is the fac

e temple into a water shrine. But, in recent times, a stone wall as

shrine also shows a creative leap in temple architecture of the South. Elements like the

assembly hall of the Shore Temple all lie t

that the temple has shrines to both Shiva and Vishnu. The main sanctum and one of the

two lesser ones on the west are dedicated to Shiva. The enclosing wall has a series of

Nandi bulls on it. Interconnected cisterns around the temple meant that the sea could be

let in to transform th

been added to protect the shrine from the rising seas and further erosion.

• The Shore Temple was built by Rajasimha who ascended the throne in AD 674.

it is also hewn out of single rocks, the Shore Temple was the first Pallava structure to be

built of stone. The greatest improvement in design is in the shikhara or spire, which has

moved away from the rounded vihara design to a soaring, tiered style. This seashore

38

vimana or spire, the gopuram or gateway, and animal figures that were to become

trademarks of Dravidian architects can all be seen here. And it is largely the use of

dressed stone, which gave the architects greater creative freedom. The sound of the

wind on stone and swish of waves bathing the shore temple also floodlit its beauty.

7.3.3 Arjuna’s Penance

• The exquisitely sculpted scene is an enormous relief made on two huge

boulders. The cleft in the rock depicts the descent of River Ganga, brought to earth by

King Bhagiratha to redeem the cursed souls of his ancestors.

• One of the biggest open-air rock canvases in the world, this bas-relief is 31m

long and 9m high. The surface of the rock has detailed carvings, showing the most

endearing and natural renditions of animals.

• Penance area consists of 25 monuments in it.

Varaha cave

Mahisasura mardini cave

Dharma raja lion throne

Krishna mandapam

Adhivaraha mandapam

39

Pancha pandava mandapam

pam

lephant and peacock

ne

dapam

le

(old)

apam

ves

Ramanuja mandapam

Kodikal manda

Thirumoorthy mandapam

Arjuna's Penance

Krishna Mandapam

Scupltures of Monkey

Gopi's Chrun

Sculptures of Monkeys, E

Krishna's Butter Ball

Ganesha Ratha

Rayala Gopuram

Dharmaraja Lion Thro

Draupath's Bath Tub

Pulipu Thurman

Mahishasura Marthini Cave

Olakannesvara Temp

Arjuna's Pennance

Dharamaraja Mand

Five Celled Temple

Adivaraha Temple

Light House

24 & 25 Incomplete Rock Ca

40

7.4 MAMALLAPURAM DANCE FESTIVAL Mamallapuram Dance Festival is an occasion for the dance lovers to enjoy the performances

of the artists from all parts of the country. The festival is celebrated in the month of

January/February every year. The Shore Temple forms the backdrop of this festival and the

music from the musical instruments mixes with the natural music of wind and the sea. The

Mamallapuram Dance festival is an occasion when artists from all over the country come

together to perform. Pongal harvest Festival is celebrated on a grand scale during the middle

of January and February. These are added attractions at Mamallapuram.

• Well maintained landscape facilities around the monuments gives a pleasing appearance.

Shore temple with its locational advantage haloing with the sunset and sunrise attract

more tourist within itself.

into

preserve the old town of historic or architectural value but no contemporary function? The key

fac al with the increasing tourist inflow.

er the monuments and its surroundings.

• Protection and maintenance of the character of the monuments for the future.

e axis spine between the Mukunda Narayana temple to the rathas and

7.5 POTENTIALS • It has an approach route starting from the group of five monoliths in the extreme south,

proceeds to see the monuments on and at the edge of the hill and finally proceed towards

the sea for the shore temple.

• Sculptures depict the scenes of day to day life which differs from the sculptures of other

temples.

•

7.6 PROPOSALS When conservation of architectural heritage of a town is considered certain questions come

existence. Does urbanization affect the historic fabric of the city? How importance is to

is Heritage tourism may attract more tourists only if heritage areas are fully equipped with

ilities to de

• The immediate concern is to identify a complete heritage zone in an orderly manner to

certain heritage guidelines and to prevent the buildings propping up in height and

gaining dominance ov

• Revitalize thSthalasayana Perumal temple to Shore temple.

41

• Delineation of areas exclusively of heritage character as an attribute towards tourists

enhancement.

• Information booths regarding the heritage zone should be provided.

•

• be provided.

To pro roposals should be given to enhance

the i

• a darshan should be arranged within the heritage zone.

odating all important

• Proper linkage with all the monuments & resting hubs to be provided in-between.

Provision of adequate parking facilities near the monuments.

Infrastructural facilities like drinking water, toilet facilities should

• Beach should be maintained properly.

mote a large inflow of tourists in the near future, p

ex sting activity.

Organized Shilp

• More nuumbers of cultural festivals should be organized.

• A permanent exhibition pavilion for the sculptures to be accommodated.

• Package trip within 5KM radius from Mamallapuram accomm

places in turn invite the tourists to lodge.

42

8 PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES

.0 INTRODUCTION amallapuram is classified as a small town based on its population (12,345). It is a special

rade village Panchayat covering an area of 12 sq.km. The town being a tourist town requires

cilities for enhancing tourism. The public and semi public areas classified as,

1. Parks and open spaces

2. Social cultural facilities

3. Utility and services

The public and semi public spaces covers abo 9% of

the developed area and 2.26 % of the total town area.

the school p ea.

OPENSPACES : The p form the open spaces. A

part of the p considered as the open space. The vast expanse of

8.1.2 SOCIAL INFRA STRUCTURES vided regarding the regional bearing of the town.

8M

g

fa

ut 29.45 hectares and this area forms 5.4

8.1 PARKS AND OPEN SPACES 8.1.1 EXISTING PARKS : There are no specific spaces meant as parks and play grounds other than

layground in the core ar

rohibited areas of the monuments

rotected area are also

the beach area also constitutes the percentage of open spaces.

Social infrastructural facilities are pro

Socio cultural facilities of the town of Mamallapuram are classified as follows.

ON HEALTH FACILITIES

SERVICE FACILITIES

DISTRIBUITON EDUCATIFACILITIES

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACILITIES

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURAL

FACILITIES

43

8.2 ANALYSIS he provision of social infrastructure amenities should necessarily consider the regional

earings as medium size town, caters to neighboring villages. In order to efficiently cater to

e town and regional demand 25%, additional population is considered while providing

menities.

8.2.1 EDUCTIONAL FACILITIES The town has totally 8 schools and 2 colleges.

School Nos

T

b

th

a

Government Higher secondary 1

school

Government Panchayat middle

school

2

Noon meal school 3

Private schools 2

COL

1. G

2. Royal engineering college

• I ES 1. T her secondary scho lacks basic facilities.

2. T nt ratio is low when co ared with standards.

8 TH FACILITIES d one maternity centre for the town people. There

al and one for sidha. There is no inpatient facility in the

ealth center. On an average 80 to 100 patients are treated per day in the heath centre

se of emergencies the patient’s are send to Chengalpet medical

LEGE

overnment college of sculpture

NFERENChe Government Hig ol

he teacher stude mp

.2.2 HEALThere is one primary health centre an

are two doctors, one for gener

h

as out patients. In ca

college or Chennai. There are three private clinics in the town.

44

Name nal ment

No. of units

Existing bed strength

Doctors Employees Total requirement

Available No. of beds

Additiorequire

Primary health centre 1 - 2 17 15 45

Dispens

Clini n aries and 7 15 8 20

5 beds /

1000

populatiocs

• INFERENCES 1. No inpatient facility prevails in the health centre

2. Emergency cases are taken either Chennai or Chengalpattu.

8.2.3 SOC FACILITIES halls and Kalyana mandapam et the d The no provisi f

ity centers in ter leve

8.2.4 OTHER SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILIGOVERNMENT OFFICES

e ent offices in Mamallapuram town. The location of these facilities

n. They extend their facilities to the

BURIAL GROUNDS

T e town maintained by the town Panchayat.

ne petrol bunk located at Devaneri on ECR road.

ther than distributed.

IO CULTURALCommunity me emand. re in on o

commun clus ls.

TIES

Th re are 9 governm

are mainly concentrated in the core area of the tow

new town area.

here ar 9 burial grounds in and around the

POLICE STATION : There are 3 police station, located much closer to the entry of the

town.

BANKS : There are 2 banks and an ATM center in the town.

PETROL BUNK : There is o

• INFERENCE The town is well served regarding social infrastructure facilities. But they seem to be

concentrated, ra

45

8.3 ND SERVICES 8.3

8.3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY The water source for the people of Mamallapuram town, is the ground water that is

tapped and stored in the over head tank and supplied to the public. The water is

supplied twice a day to the public and water is chlorinated once in two days. There

are 2000 service connections in the town out of which 1500 are house service

connection and the rest are commercial. At present the town Panchayat supplies

AL BODY

UTILITY A.1 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

water at the rate of 33 lpcd.

INSTALLED AND MAITAINED BY LOC 1. INFILTRATION WELLS

ON NO. S.NO. LOCATI

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 1

2 Devaneri 1

3 Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR) 4

4 East Raja street 1

5 Venpurusham village 1

6 Venpursham fisherman colony 1

Total 9

2. SUMP DETAILS There is one 30,000 litres capacity sump opposite to Motel Mamalla along the

Kovalam Ea ad.

3 OVER H ILS

st Coast ro

. EAD TANK DETA

O. TION CAPACITY S.N LOCA NO.

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 30,000 Litres 1

2 Poonjeri 30,000 Litres 1

3 Nearer to Kovalam Road Mandapam 1,50,000 Litres 1

46

4 East Raja street 50,000 Litres 1

5 Venpurusham village 30,000 Litres 1

Total 5

4 P ROOM DETAILS. PUM

O.

LOCATION

. S.N NO

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 1

2 Devaneri 1

3 Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR) 1

4 East Raja street 1

5 rusham village Venpu 1

Total 5

5. POWER PUMP DETAILS

O. ON HORSE POWER

NO.

S.N

LOCATI

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 3 hp submersible pump 1

2 Devaneri 3 hp submersible pump 7.5

submersible pump

1

3 ite to motel Mamalla (AloOppos n

Kovalam road – ECR)

5 hp submersible pump 7.5

submersible pump

1

4 East Raja street 5 hp submersible pump 1

5 Venpurusham village 3 hp submersible pump 1

Total 5 hp submersible pump 5

47

I TALLE D HANDED OVNS D BY TWAD AN ER TO LOCAL BODY E SITNG 1. INFILTRATION WELLS

XI CONDITION

S.NO. LOCATION NO.

1 Opposite to head pumping station located at western side of

Saluvankuppam Kovalam road

2

2 Opposite to head pumping station located at eastern side of

Saluvankuppam Kovalam road

1

Total 3

2. SUMP DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION CAPACITY NO.

1 O

s road

s pposite to head pumping station located at easter

ide of Saluvankuppam Kovalam

50,000 litre 1

2 N

M

esearer to head pumping station opposite to Motel

amalla along Kovalam road

2 lakhs litr 1

T otal 2

3. OVER HEAD TANK DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION CAPACITY NO.

1 Deveneri 30,000 litres 1

2 e to Motel 4 lakhs litres 1 Nearer to head pumping station opposit

Mamalla along Kovalam road

3 3 lakhs litres 1 Poonjeri

4 five rathas lakhs litresNear to 2 1

Total 4

48

4 UMP ROOM DETAILS. P

O LOCATION OS.N N .

1 eastern side of the

ppam – Kovalam road

1 Nearer to main pumping in the

Salavanku

2 Opposite to western side of Saluvankuppam – Koval

the Main pumping station – I

am 1

road in

3 Opposite to motel Mamalla along the Kovalam road,

nearer to main pumping station – II

1

Total 3

5 R PUMP DETAILS. POWE

O. E POWER NO. S.N LOCATION HORS

1 In the well on the western side of 3 hp submersible pump

Saluvankuppam along the East

Coast road

4

2

road

3 hp submersible pump 2 In the well on the eastern side of

Salvankuppam along the East coast

3 Along the east coast road in the Eastern

earer to Head

12.5 hp submersible pump

and 1 hp submersible pump

4

side of Saluvankupam n

pumping station

4 Opposite to model Ma e

Kovalam Road, nearer to Main pumping

p

malla along th

station – II in the 4 lakhs litre sum

12.5 hp submersible pump

and 7.5 hp submersible pump

4

14 Total

49

• POT1. The water supply distribution in the town is satisfactory, they are served

throu ne

2. The

effec

3. Ground water table @ a depth of 15’ – 20’

• INFERENCES 1. After tsunami, existing water sources are contaminated by sea water.

2. Temporary water resource has been tapped near Venpurusham for the town

• PROPOSALS 1. Provision of overhead tanks of adequate capacity to serve the relocated

about 50 lpcd.

s

3. fective

4. f adequate number of public fountains in the monument

8.3.2 SAN

• EXISTING SCEThere is no underground sewerage system in the town. Their own wet latrine connects the

houses he

streets within orm water drains. Nearly, all the drains are

connected to y

letting out all the waste from the hou

menac e

Type Toof

streets in Km

streets covered in Km

streets yet to cover in Km

ENTIALS

gh the public fountains & individual con ctions in the core area.

water supply for the areas of tourism & its related activities are done

tively.

population with

2. House service connections are to be provided in the relocated area

Recharge of ground water will be done through ef

implementation of rain water harvesting and restoration of water tanks

Provision o

zones.

ITATION

NARIO

in t town. The town lacks in a proper drainage system. Around 40% of the roads &

the town are provided with st

nearby ponds. Hence the environs of the town seems to be dangerous b

ses & nearby lodges into the ponds. Hence mosquito’s

e to th people who stay in the town.

tal No. Total Total Total % of % of streets length of length of Length of coverage deficiency

Op 38 11.43 en 7.10 4.33 62.37 37.88

drainage

system

Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram

50

At present there are three public toilets of pay & use type, at

• Seashore Road

• d

•

For the maintenance of the above toilets every year the local body calls in for tender with the

private agencies. The private agencies collect the rom the users. Other than these

er tw ilets spe for w whic

am fisherman kuppam. These two toilets were constructed under “VAMBAY”

and then handed over to the self-help groups for the maintenance purpose.

1. Most of the public toilets are not maintained properly.

ge system.

3. near by water bodies, surrounded by the residential zones

osquito breeding.

• PRO S

8.3.3

• ESince t

properly and effectively. The township finds it difficult to remove all the solid waste

generated in various parts of the town with only just seven scavengers, eleven hired private

scavengers, bout 200 dust bins

provided at various parts of the tow alternate

days. The solid wastes eri Village.The total

extent of this yard is 4

Bus Stan

Near Five

Rathas

amount f

are oth

Venpurush

scheme

o to cifically omen h are at Devaneri Fisherman kuppam and

• INFERENCE

2. Lack of proper drainage and under ground sewera

Sullage disposal in the

– are source for m

PO ALS 1. Construction of storm water drains in the relocation area

2. Proposed storm water drains must be linked with major water bodies

3. Proposal of sewage treatment plant in the relocated areas

4. Provision and proper maintenance of public toilets in the monument area

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

XISITNG CONDITION he town is a tourist place. The amount of solid waste generated should be disposed

one supervisor and two power tillers with trailer. There are a

n. The solid waste generated is collected on

thus collected are being dumped now at Poonj

Acres located along TKM road.

51

Population Generation Total t of aste

Amount of Clearence/day

Type of Vehicles

No of Vehicles

No of Trips

% of uncleared waste

of solid waste per

Amounsolid w

head/day generated per day

12345 250 3.4 1.8 Tiller 2 6 52

Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram

INFERENCES i. Irregular collection of Waste results in environme

•

nt degradation

The number of public du in t

iii. Im n c olid waste is given more prominence in the mon

zone than the residential areas

• PROPOSALS Establishment of compost yards and landfill areas for waste management as per the

standards with proper infrastructural facilities

2 e transfer station

f waste at the source

4. making manure by

ue to the local body.

5

6. T be used for controlled land filling. The sides of the

ould be retained properly. The waste should be compacted in layers and

7. aste collection.

mpost yard for absorbing carbon di oxide emitted

ii. stb

ollection of s

s are insufficien

portance i ument

1.

. Proper access load should be provided for th

3. Segregation o

The properly segregated biodegradable waste can be used for

composting which can be a good source of reven

. Movable garbage bins should be procured and placed in the monument zone

he non-biodegradable waste can

filling area sh

covered with earth at the end of each day.

Women empowerment can also be used for w

8. Introduce vermi-composting.

9. Provide thick vegetation around co

during composting.

52

Considering the parameters for selection of the garbage disposal and sewage treatment like ;

• Wind direction

• Low lying area for land fill

Availability of land

Ground water table

Accessibility - access road

200 Mtrs from Lake or ponds.

• 500 Mtrs. from Residential Area

• ublic Parks

• ly Wells

• way.

Wit n of 250 g / per capita / day for a population of 40,000 by the year 2021 land fill is for combined solid waste. Are sal site is , Q 3 = 10 Tons x 365

= 3650 M3 / Year Are 320 M2

= 2.4 Ha.

4.8 Ha.

•

•

•

•

• 100 Mtrs from River or stream

300 Mtrs from P

500 Mtrs. from Water Supp

200 Mtrs. from High

h assumed waste generatio

a required for solid waste dispo

= 40,000 x 250/ 103 x 10

a Required 3650 x 20 / 3 = 24

Area for other purpose = 2.4 Ha x 2 Total Area Required is =

53

8.3.4 STREET LIGHTS t present all the streets are provided with street lights. The town Panchayat has a total of

77 street lights.

Type of lights Nos

A

5

Sodium Vapour Lamps 282

4 Nos – Tube lights 276

Halogen Lamps 18

High Mast Light 1

Focus Light 4

Focus lights are provided at ,

r Shore temple

a’s Penance

ght House

ES equate amount of street light re provided

2. Streets lights are provided at the rate of 37 Nos per KM.

• PRO1. P i for the major streets of heritage and tourist

im

2. Provide street lighting in relocated areas

hould be left alone for locating transformers in newly developing area

4

5 s and also at junctions

of heritage value and tourist importance.

• Nea

• Near Arjun

• Near Li

• INFERENC1. Ad s a

POSALS rov de underground cables

portance

3. Proper area s

. Efficient management systems to be adopted.

. High mast lights must be provided at important road junction

54

9 MUNICIPAL FINANCE

9.1 MUNICIPAL FINANCE The concept of adequacy of municipal finance has received increasing attention since

the municipal bodies are facing a resource crunch and fiscal stress for the delivery of

municipal service. The financial operation generally comes under two categories –

esource mobilization and expenditure allocation.

9.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION The resource mobilization in urban local bodies can be discussed under two main

apital Income: one time transaction and it may not be permanent

REVENUE INCOME

R

categories: Revenue Income : It refers to the items of receipt, which are of recurring nature and are a definite source of

income every year.

CIt refers to the revenue derived from a

source of income every year.

PROPERTY TAX PROFESSIONAL TAX GRANT WATER DRAINAGE INCOME FROM PROPERTY &

ECIAL RVICES

SPSEGENERAL

STREET LIGHTING

SCAVENGING

EDUCATION

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL

55

REVENUE EXPENCES

.3 REVENUE INCOME

The present practices of resource mobilization are from the taxes and fees to

venues. Thus the sources of funds available to

nder three

• Own sources – Tax and Non tax

• Assigned Revenue

• Grants

ESTABLISHMENT O&M EXPENSES DEBT SERVICING 9 some extent, fro the assigned re

al bodiemunicip s generally fall u catogories:

STREET LIGHTING

WATER SUPPLY

LOANS GRANTS DEVOLUTION FUND

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

ROADS WATER SUPPLY UNDER GROUND AINAGE DR

PARK

CAPITAL INCOME

TOILET

56

9.3

y be

sources

Tax resources include taxes levied and collected directly by he Municipality.

Property Tax and Professional Tax are the major own tax sources of the

municipal bodies. Property Tax has been the most stable sources of revenue for

odies for a long time. In addition to these major taxes other

government and is transferred to local

bodies are advertisement tax, tax on carriage and animals and pilgrimage tax

n I the Municipal Acts.

Assigned Revenue include revenue transferred to the local body by the state

acts. These are transferred to the local body in the

.1Own sources Own sources of municipal bodies include taxes, charges and fees and other income

derived by the municipality through its operations. Accordingly, they ma

classified as Tax and Non Tax Resources.

a) Tax Re

the Urban Local B

taxes that the municipal bodies collect, Professional tax is tax levied on all

registered employed professional and establishment in the organized sector. In

some state this collected by the state

based on the provisio

b) Non-Tax Resources

Non-tax resources include all non-tax revenues like fees and charges levied

against the various services offered by the ULBs, as per the Act. Such revenue

sources include water charges; D&O trade license fee income from special

services (like education, lighting, medical institutions, etc.), income from

remunerative enterprises, interest on investment etc.

9.3.2 Assigned Revenue

government under special

form of its share of taxes levied and collected by the state government from

establishments/ operations within the Municipal limits entertainment tax, motor

vehicle tax, surcharge on stamp duty land revenue magisterial fines etc… are the

items under which these revenues are realized by the municipality.

57

9.3.3 Revenue Grants

The local bodies receive revenue grants from the state government to

supplement local body resources for meeting recurring expenses. The relevant

parts of the SFC recommendations with respect to the determination of the fund

are as follows:

90% of the entertainment tax receipts shall be assigned to the lo

cal bodies

from the year 1997-98 as against in earlier years. 8% of the total revenue from all state taxes excluding the entertainment tax

shall be transferred to the local bodies from the year 1997-98 ransferred, would be apart in an equalitarian and

would be allocated between rural and urban local bodies in the

9.4

•

•

lodging houses bedding tax, a share in

, urban land tax, terminal tax passenger and goods, surcharge on

.5 DC on the

increas

the tax

15% of the amount t

incentive und, for correcting deficiencies arising out of the implementation of the

principles of distribution and to continue the incentive grants for improving the

local bodies would be in he ratio of 60:40 Balance 85%

ratio of 55:45

Guidelines for utilization of the SFC Devolution:

The amount should be utilized only for revenue expenditure.

Accounts should be audited separately and separate audit reports issued.

In addition to the above mentioned traditional sources of revenues the SFC has

recommended the introduction of new tax domain such as advertisement tax,

cable TV tax, tax on luxurious hotels and

state excise revenue motor vehicle tax, a share in agricultural income tax,

sugarcane tax

the bus ticket and local body as on passenger traveling by bus.

9 COLLECTION AND BALANCE STATEMENTS

B statements related to mainly tax and non tax items. The demand has been

e year by year particularly the tax component. The arrears in demand are more of

es, the non-tax portion being almost insignificant.

58

9.5.1 Incom

1994-95

Income and Expenditure Details of Town Panchayat. e ( Rs. In Lakhs)

Components 1992-93 1993-94 Property Tax 4.5468 5.5114 4.1726 Professional Tax 0.0686 2.0192 1.1689 Vehicle Tax 0.0145 0.0415 0.0060 Entertainment Tax 0.2628 0.1686 0.3426 Stamp duty 8.2682 5.4482 9.8866 Rent from property 0.8306 0.8022 1.3492 Bus Fees 2.0537 5.2321 2.7742 Advance 0.3025 1.6907 0.1995 Deposit 0.9265 1.1737 0.5150 Grants 2.0000 - - Others 1.5931 5.7208 5.3336 Total 20.8675 27.9818 26.7485 Old balance 13.6900 13.0040 6.0940 Grand Total 34.5575 40.9858 32.8426

E . In L Components

xpenditure( Rs akhs)

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 G eneral 9.6806 23.5741 17.5837 E lectricity Bill 1.3294 1.4350 2.2278 L abour Payment 3.1886 3.6705 4.2314 W epair ater line r 0.6154 1.5822 1.4042 B.S. Employees p

ayment

0.4586 0.5296 0.6043

Road Laying 0.498 4.1017 9 1.2599 W Line Extension

ater 0.5917 1.7825 0.7542

T otal 19.9663 33.0731 28.0656 Others 1.5853 1.8186 1.9210 Grand Total 21.5535 34.8918 29.9867 Source: Administrative report – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

and rform

1992-93

9.5.2 Demand Collection Pe ance :

1993-94 1994-95 Total R

Lof

andof

andof

ands. in % akhs dem

Rs. In % Lakhs dem

Rs. In % Lakhs dem

Demand 9.432 - - 8.434 - 9.985 Collection 2.586 27.41 3.589 42.55 2.905 29.09 Balance 6.846 72.58 4 91 4.845 57.4 7.08 70.Source: Administrative Repo

rt – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

59

9.5.3 Abstract

002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Revenue

.NO Components 2001-02 2S1. Tax Revenue 16,09,1 7 2 84,415 53 20,83,05 6,57,111 6,2. Non Tax Revenue 7,13,493 927,491 19,11,921 7,823 3. Assigned Rev ,1 1, 36,36,662 6 enue 44,11 98 5 15,261 6,83,90

4. Grants from government ,37,4 87,20,000 10,89,306 ,938 1 00 18,21

5. Grants from Government _ _ _ _6. Loan from Government _ _ _ _

7. miscellaneous _ _ _ _

Total 68,71,244 89,97,809 92,95,000 31,98,082

E

O

xpenditure

S.N Components 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

1. Revenue expenditure 25,75,036 24,06,179 16,05,779 14,58,960

2. Capital expenditure 39,28,592 79,70,091 78,02,520 21,141378

3. Date of Internal Audit

19:11:2003 _ _ _

3. Date of Internal Audit by Director of Local Fund Audit

_ _ _ _

4. Date finalizing of Annual _ _ _ _ A/C’s

9.5.4 Details of Tax Revenue / Non Tax Revenue / Assigned Revenue nts and re

2004-2005

2002

Gra / Loans Received Expenditu during the year 2001-2002 to

S.NO Nature of Receipt 2001-02 -03 2003-04 2004-05

I Tax Revenue 1. ouse Tax 744270 1105911 1271950 597573 H2. 0

Advertisement 567 _ _ _

3. ional Tax 140320 144880 165593 5787 Profess4. Tax on Agriculture _ _ _ _ 5. ax 1224 1424 _ 815 Water T

60

6. Pilgrimage Tax

_ _ _ _

7. Other Taxes (if any) 717669 830842 1219578 80240 II Non-Tax Revenue

8. Market Rent 483751 271839 170834 7823 9. Ferry Rent _ _ _ _ 10. Any other Income 229742 655652 1741087 _ III Assigned Revenue 11. Local cess _ _ _ _ 12. Local cess surcharge _ _ _ _ 13. Duty on transfer of property 2122130 2723244 2723244 _ 14. Entertainment Tax _ _ _ _ 15. Mines & Minerals _ _ _ _ 16. Surcharge on sales Tax _ _ _ _ 17. ehicle entrance fees 1419000 895000 _ _ V18. Other (devolution funds) 870068 1497017 913418 683906 IV Grant from govt. of TN &

govt. of India

19. Part II Scheme (Augmentation pply) VAMBAY

of Water Su

_ _ _ _

20. Infra structure Facilities _ _ 88115 85000 21. ion Grant _ 32000 70000 68100 11th Finance commiss 4 1 122. National Slum Development

Pro. _ 440000 354191 23404

23. SJSRY _ _ _ _ 24. Water Supply Improvement

11th finance _ _ _ _

25. Drainage Improvement _ _ _ _ 26. Burial Ground improve mental _ _ _ _ 27. Shandy improvement _ _ _ _ 28. Improvement to C.C. road _ _ _ _ 29. _ _ _ _ Temple Town Development 30. incartion grants _ _ _ _ Equalization & 31. Drought relief Grant _ _ 300000 565000 32. MPLAD Scheme _ _ 177000 0 2250033. MLACD Scheme _ _ _ _ 34. Namekku Name Thittam 50000 _ _ _ 35. rsion of Dry Latrine into

t latrine _ _ _ _ Conve

Flush ou36. Funeral Rites Adidravidar _ _ _ _ 37. rd _ _ _ _ Funeral Rites Backwa

Classes 38. District Development

Programme _ _ _ 355434

39. State Finance Commision _ _ _ _ 40. Election Grants 87400 _ _ _

61

41. Bio Gas Scheme _ _ _ _ 42. Siddha Grant _ _ _ _ 43. Grant from Street Light _ _ _ _ 44. Maternity Dept of chief of

welfare grant _ _ _ _

45. Govt. grant bitumen _ _ _ _ 46. Education Grant _ _ _ _ 47. Dispensary Grant _ _ _ _ 48. Small Savings Grants _ _ _ 400000 49. Makkal Nala Paniyalar _ _ _ _ 50. Anna Marumalarchi Thittam _ _ _ _ 51. Employment Assurance

scheme (EAS) _ _ _ _

52. Samatuvapuram _ _ _ _ 53. Central sanitation scheme _ _ _ _ 54. District Health Scheme _ _ _ _ 55. Sport Grant _ _ _ _ 56. Local Road Grant _ _ _ _ 57. Allopathy Grant _ _ _ _ 58. Irrigation Grant _ _ _ _ 59. JVVT _ _ _ _ 60. NABARD _ _ _ _ 61. Social forestry grant _ _ _ _ 62. JISY _ _ _ _ 63. IAY _ _ _ _ 64. Million well scheme _ _ _ _ 65. _ _ _ _ SISY 66. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

scheme _ _ _ _

67. Chula Grant _ _ _ _ 68. Paradan Mantri Grammodhya

Yojana _ _ _ _

69. Jawahar Gram Samidhi _ _ _ _ 70. Rural Water Supply _ _ _ _ 71. SGSY _ _ _ _ 72. Credit Cum Subsidy Grant _ _ _ _ 73. Any other Grant DD Plan _ _ _ _ V Loans from Government /

s Other _ _ _ _

74. Improvement to Roads from NABARD

_ _ _ _

75. Conveflush o

rsion of dry latrine into ut latrine

_ _ _ _

76. TUFIDCO own fund loan _ _ _ _ 77. IDSMT Loan _ _ _ _ 78. HUDCO _ _ _ _

62

79. L _ _ _ _ TNUIFS80. Other Loan (if any) _ _ _ _ Grant Total 6871244 8997809 9295000 3198082

VI Total Expenditure During the year

(Including Establishment chargbut exceeding investment ma

es

her account and

de, Transfer of funds from one account to anotadvances paid to the Staff)

_ _ _ _

S 2

s .NO Expenditure 2001-0

Actual2002-03 Actuals

2003-04 Actuals

2004-05 Actuals

1. REVENUE ACCOUNT 2. A.) Salaries including

conservancy staff

3. a.)Provincialised 398499 237945 331660 101987

4. 179537 141838 245083 356973 b.)Non Provincialised 2 2 1 15. minal Benefits _ 26396 29036 _ c.)Ter

6 Total 257503 2406179 1605779 1458960 s B.)Obligatory Service

(Maintenance) 6. & 703820 201075 622507 205434 a.)Water Supply Materials

Labour 7. Water Supply maintenance

Payable to TWAD & Other _ _ _ _

8. Public Health 379466 289820 565380 179376 9. Sanitation & Sewage 66270 _ _ _ 10. Solid Waste Disposal 189815 _ 106610 _ 11. _ 3800 62066 31296 Street Light 8 2 212. _ _ _ _ Roads 13. _ _ _ _ Storm Water Drain 14. round Burial & Burning G _ _ 150539 _ 15. Office Management Expn. 78631 130904 55630 8578 816. SRY Subsidy paid under SJ

Self Employment _ _ _ _

17. Library Chess Remitted _ _ _ _ 18. 8 70098 5474 _ Others 55766 1 9 19. 225000 347000 _ _ Fund Change

Total 2298770 1222697 1858206 704684 ary Service C.)Discretion

20. Parks & Play Grounds _ _ _ _ 21. _ 170098 195613 _ Library & Reading Room 22. Stand Markets / Bus _ 32575 _ _ 23. plex Shops & shopping com _ 92409 37461 _ 24. Building properties _ 2687200 106270 _ 25. Others _ _ 225000 13200026. Total _ 2982282 564344 132000

enue 6 Total (A+B+C RevExpn.)

487380 6611158 4028329 2295644

63

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 1. 237877 174503 954555 249605 Roads 2. Culverts 91568 _ 4 74673 _

3. Strom water drain 4 _ _ 50000 _ 4. 1Water Supply _ 318020 5954 686389 5. _ 807 1266668 4890 Street light 1362 116. Public Health sanitation 5130654 865782 00000 226810 7. Solid waste & Dustbin Drought _ _ _ _

4. Others 8. Slaughter House _ _ _ _ 9. Burial & Burning Ground _ 149000 _ _ 10. Retaining wall _ _ _ _ 11. Community toilet _ _ 136104 _ 12. Community Hall _ _ _ _ 13. uilding _ _ 1000000 _ School B14. Market _ _ 76939 _ 15. 97504 5000 50000 _ Bus stand 7 89 3 16. Shopping Complex Shops & _ _ _ _ 17. er Bus shelt _ _ _ _ 18. Foot path _ _ _ _ 19. Rest house _ _ _ _ 20. Other MP Fund 224527 _ _ _

ital account) 0 Total 2 ( Cap 148213 3765112 5224893 127769421. Water Supply Govt. Loan _ _ _ _ 22. Water supply LIC Loan _ _ _ _ 23. 47692 _ 55077 _ IUDP 1 1 24. IDSMT _ _ _ _ 25. Mega city _ _ _ _ 26. CMDA _ _ _ _ 27. Other loan Repayment _ _ _ _

28 0Total (1 to 3) 65036 1037627 9408299 3573338 28. Closing Balance _ _ _ _ 29. Without Deposits & advances _ _ _ _

Grand tal 8 70 9 To 650362 103762 940829 3573338

64

10 POLICIES & STRATEGIES

he New town development authority should form a joint committee with the presentation from following departments,

• Archeological Survey of India • Tourism Department • Local Bodies • Ministry of Environment • Fisheries Department

A Joint Committee could address the issues of the tourists, local residents, nvironment, coastal regulations etc. in a phased and a systemic manner.

0.1 MACRO LEVEL ISSUES

The macro level issues to he addressed are :

c)

d) een Chennai & Mamalapuram

e) l Pondicherry

f) Zone

a) Implications of Coastal Regulation Zone

was formulated in the year 1991 by the central

were against it because its implications could

omics along the coastal stretch.

the on 26th December 2004 has changed

tation of coastal regulation zones by the State

vern

Two fisherman's settlement and a few resorts in Mamalapuram have incurred

Tre

e

1

a) Implications of CRZ

b) Monument regulations

Kalpakkam Sterile Zone

Ferry Service betw

Extention of MRTS til

Sculpture Industrial

g) Extending 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamalapuram ECR

) Archeological excavations h

Though coastal regulation zone

government few state governments

create huge loss in terms of econ

But devastrations caused by Tsunami

the entire equation on implemen

Go ment.

huge loss on property as far as Tsunami was concerned.

65

Policy decision to be taken are :

Relocating the existing population living under the CRZ. New sites have to be

identified within the town of Mamalapuram and government through the

new

town development authority could provide basic infrastructure facilities (sites

mental Regulations

n there zone's in and

• The Protected Zone

•

•

he Protected Zone

uch where in no developmental of

e

Hundred meters radius around the monument (Protected Zone) where in

con y form is prohibited. Existing buildings are frozen for

future developments and building permissions are denied.

The policy decision to be taken

Remove the existing building entirely

f the

the prohibited zone are to be landscaped and basic

and services) and soft loans could be provided for the construction of houses.

b) Monu

The heritage town of Mamalapuram has no. of structures declared as

monuments. The archeological survey of India lay's dow

around the monument.

The Prohibited Zone

The Regulated Zone

T

The protected zone is the monument as s

building activities is permitted (Landscaping, Borewells etc are permissible).

The Prohibited Zon

struction activity of an

The alternative sites to be identified and people have to be relocated.

The concept of sites and services could be applied here for the benefit o

relocating people.

The area coming under

facilities for the tourist population such as public fountains, resting shelters,

parks, play areas, etc.

66

per cheological survey of India. (Permissible Till Ground and

act

So the regulated zone can be demarcated for commercial purpose with restricted

FAR.

c. Kalpakkam Sterile Zone

Around 200 ha. of land falls under sterile zone presently few residential buildings

d) Ferry Service between Chennai and Mamallapuram

a coast of Bay of Bengal has the finest beaches whose potential has not

been utilized on the aspect of tourism.

Policy decision to be taken are :

A study has to be done for identification of the jetty on the coast of

Ma

m Canal can also be explored.

The Regulated Zone

In the regulated zone the building activities could be carried out with building

mission from the ar

First). After enforcement of all the regulations area left out for commercial

ivities catering tourist population is very less.

are propping up in the sterile zone which are unauthorized. Sewage treatment

plant and garbage disposal sites are presently identified by local bodies in the

sterile zone of Poonjeri area.

The se

To promote tourism in Mamallapuram a ferry service can be introduced

between Chennai and Mamallapuram.

mallapuram.

A ferry service along the Buckingha

67

e) Extension of MRTS till Pondicherry

The tent mode of transport in India. As per

e press release by the Railway Minister A.K.Moorthy in the year 2000

Via With the proposal of administrative city in Thiruvadanthai

nd Tayur the chances of implementing the scheme is more.

Policy decision to be taken are :

Allocation of land for the railway station in Mamallapuram has to done at the

ear nt.

industrial activities

within the town.

Mamallapuram for hundreds of years.

The projection forecasts a tremendous increase in the tourist population which is

• Presently the sculpture activities are spread around the monument zones in

bits

rooms are not their to display their products.

g in Mamallapuram and for

rejuvenate of the sculpture related activities a exclusive zone for sculpture

ind

railways is one of the major and consis

th

government has plans to propose a rail connectivity from Chennai to Pondicherry

. Mamallapuram.

a

liest in consultation with the railways departme

f) Sculpture Industrial Zone

Considering Mamallapuram has a heritage and tourist town the development of

new industries seems to be very remote. More over the rules laid by the new

town development authority does not permit any large scale

The sculpture activities is happening in

very essential for the survival of sculpture activities.

and pieces.

• The work space are inadequate and working conditions are poor.

• The residential powers supply load is being utilized for the machineries used

for sculpture related activities.

• Proper show

• Road side encroachments.

To sum up the sculpture related activities are dyin

ustry has to be created with considering the following parameters.

68

1. d sculpture

2. raw stones and finished sculptures.

3.

4. ts to view the displays under one roof.

5. Building or Hall where in day to day workshops can be conducted for the

) Extending the 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamallapuram

The existing 6 lane proposal on OMR from Chennai till Sirucheri should be

end ies along

Policy

An exclusive IT corridor zone on both sides of OMR should be llo

h) Archeological Excavations

the shore of

Mamallapuram and have identified few sculptures and temple bases.

apuram had led to new findings.

en found which does not belong to the

Access road connecting highway for transport of stones an

through lorry or containers.

Adequate storage space for

Clean work environment and adequate work space.

Accessibility for the touris

tourists, quality improvement programmes for laborers.

6. An exhibition hall to display though sculptures.

gECR

ext ed till Mamallapuram with the given speed of growth of IT industr

the OMR it would engulf Mamallapuram town in no time. Few sites along the

OMR in Mamallapuram has been plotted for IT development.

decision to be taken are :

a cated on town of Mamallapuram.

History of Mamallapuram states there had been around seven temples near the

shore temple which mere said to have submerged under the sea. Recently

marine archeological survey of India has conducted some studies off

On shore excavation along the coast of Mamall

rabha graha of two more temples has beG

style as that of the shore temple.

Policy decision to be taken are :

Restoration of the 2 temple basis which has found near the shore temple and

new studies have to be conducted in and around the town of Mamallapuram.

69