International Workshop - Session 1

Urban spatial environmental planning preparing for linkage of land planning and environmental planning

International Workshop on Eco-city and Biodiversity Session 1: Eco-city

Urban spatial environmental planning preparing for linkage of land planning and environmental planning

*Young Kyu SHIN 1), Jang Soo KIM 1)

1) Natural Environment Research, Division, NIER, Korea*Corresponding author (shingeo@korea.kr)

Keywords: Environmental planning; Land planning; Spatial data

Even though Korea has shown rapid economic development and urbanization, its natural environment has been degraded for a few decades. One of the reason is that environmental plans have not been properly utilized in land (development) plans ; the formers are established by ‘conservation-oriented’ Ministry of Environment(MoE), whileas the latter are built by ‘development-oriented’ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MoLIT). Feedbacksbetween two plans have not been enough ; some land (development) plans are against nature conservation strategy. development plans are often blocked by environmental impact assessment(EIA) or by NGO.

To overcome these problems, President Park declared “Development in Harmony with Environment” as one of major government projects. It is necessary to make linkage of land planning and environmental planning to achive this goal. To link to land plans, the target periods of environmental plans should be synchronized with land plan as 20-years. Environmental conservation plans in city/county/district level should be divided as ‘environmental master plans’and ‘environmental implement plans’.

Fig. 1 Structure of land planning and environmental planning

Environmental plans in local scale(city/county/district) should be based on spatial data(maps), so as to be arranged with area classification(zoning) and to be utilized in urban master plans and urban management plans. In 2013, Ministry of Environment(MoE) made ‘Directive of Spatial

November 13, 2014; Kawasaki, Japan

Environmental Planning’ to help local governments to establish spatial environmental plans(MoE, 2013). The directive consists of 6 categories : nature and ecology, natural landscape, soils and groundwater, air quality, water quality and water resources, noise.

National Institute of Environmetal Research(NIER) have launched a new research project, named “Study on urban spatial environmental planning preparing for linkage of land planning and environmental planning.” The objectives of this project is to support spatial environmental planning of local governments by analyzing cases on linkage of land planning and environmental planning in Germany, and by applying ‘Directive of spatial environmental planning’ to a sample city and testing for finding any problems to improve.

NIER reviewed Landschaftplannung(Landscape Planning) in Germany because it is closely linked to land use planning. We visited Berlin to study structure and legal foundation of landscape planning, Umweltatlas(Envriromment Atlas) of Berlin(FIS-Broker), application of Biotopflächen-faktor(BFF, biotope type area factor), Eingriffsgelung(compensation of natural degradation), etc.

To test ‘Directive of spatial environmental planning’, NIER chose Boryeong-si(city) as a sample area ; this city was pilot area of ‘National Environmental Map Project’ in 2013 and its biotope map is available. NIER is gatheringenvironmental information and mapping various environmental status maps and evaluation maps.

This study will be continue in 2015 to make ‘Directives of environmental planning’ to be more practical and applicable to local governments.

References:Ministry of Environment(MoE, Korea), Directive of spatial environmental planning (2013), in KoreanSenate Department for Urban Development and the Environment (Berlin), ‘FIS Broker : Maps, Plans, Data – Online’,

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/index_en_shtml [last accessed 14 October, 2014]

Fig. 2 Land use map of Berlin(source : FIS-broker)

Fig. 3 Land cover map in Boryeong-si(city), Korea

November, 13, 2014

Urban Spatial Environmental Planning

preparing for Linkage of Land Planning

and Environmental Planning

- and other relating research projects

Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER), Korea

SHIN, Young Kyu(辛永奎), KIM, Jang Soo(金長洙)

I. Research Backgrounds and Objectives

II. Case Study in Germany

III. Application of ‘Directives of Spatial Environmental

Planning’ on a City in Korea

IV. Other relating Research in NIER

Contents

* Function Transfer and Rebuilding in NIER

Function Transfer and Rebuilding

Ecosystem Survey

Long-Term Ecosystem Trends

Protected Areas

Alien Species

LMOs

Ecosystem Evaluation

Ecological Networks

NIE (Nat’l Insti. of Ecology)

NIER

Effects of Pollution on Ecosystem

Environmental Specimen Bank(ESB)

Diseases related Wildlife and Human

Urban (Natural) Environment Planning

Wetlands

Natural Landscapes

New Functions

Environment Impact Assessment(EIA)

Ecological Restoration of Urban Ecosystem

Environmental Disaster

NIBR(NI of Biol. Resources) Biodiversity, Species Information, Endangered species, CBD, ABS,

IPBES, etc.

□ “Development in harmony with Environment”

ㅇ One of major government projects declared by President Park

ㅇ Linkage of Land Planning and Environmental Planning is necessary

□ Current Status of National Land Planning and Environmental Planning

ㅇ Land (Urban) Planning (by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, MoLIT)

- Oriented to land development and effective use

ㅇ Environmental Planning (by Ministry of Environment, MoE)

- Oriented to Conservation and Sustainable Use

Research Backgrounds and Objectives Ⅰ

Land Plans (Development-oriented)

Environment Plans (Conservation-oriented)

ㅇ Problems

- Environmental Planning is considered as a section of Land Planning

- Lack of feedback between relating Authorities(MoLIT↔MoE)

* sometimes building development plans against nature conservation strategy

* development plans are often blocked by Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) or

by NGO

Downhill Ski Slopes for 2018 Winter Olympic Games

Tidal Power Generation in Garorim Bay(in the Yellow Sea)

Wind Power Generation in Mountain Ridges

□ Sturcture of Land Planning and Environment Planning

6

Current Structure Future Structure(with linkage)

Land Plans Environmental Plans

Urban Management Plans

(10yrs)

National Comprehensive Land Plans

(20yrs.)

Metropolitan/Provincial Comprehensive

Land Plans (20yrs)

Urban Master Plans (20yrs)

National Comprehensive Environmental Plans

(10yrs.)

Metropolitan/Provincial Environment Conservation

Plans (10yrs)

City/County/District Environment Conservation

Plans (10yrs)

None

Land Plans Environmental Plans

Urban Management Plans

(10yrs)

National Comprehensive Land Plans

(20yrs.)

Metropolitan/Provincial Comprehensive

Land Plans (20yrs)

Urban Master Plans (20yrs)

National Comprehensive Environmental Plans

(20yrs.)

Metropolitan/Provincial Comprehensive

Environmental Plans (20yrs)

City/County Comprehensive

Environmental Master Plans (20yrs)

City/County Comprehensive

Environmental Implement Plans (10yrs)

* To be utilized in Urban Plans, Environmental Plans in local scale(city/county) should be based on spatial data(map).

国家

市道

市郡区

ㅇ Problems

- Land Planning has good hierarchy in accordance with Scale, whileas,

- Environmental Planning in local scale(city / county) is not so well based on

spatial data(map), so zoning(area classification) is not accurate(clear).

Can we find out if my town is worth of preservation with this map?

Baekdudaegan Mountain Ranges : major ecological corridor for wildlifes and alpine plants

We need more detailed map for decision making on land use of my town.

□ Essential steps for linkage of Land planning and Environment planning

ㅇ Make more detailed environmental plan for local level

- Separate mater plans and implement plans for city/province-level environment plans

ㅇ Environmental Planning based on detailed spatial data

- Detailed maps of environmental status(1:25,000 scale or more detailed, 1:5,000)

- Detailed area classification in making maps for environment management

- To make maps of environmental status and management plans more detail enough to

be utilized on Urban Planning(master plans and management plans)

ㅇ Detailed directives of environment planning and well-made cases for local governments

- To spend little budget and efforts by utilizing spatial data produced

by national authorities.

- To motivate local governments by showing recommendable cases of planning

□ Research Objectives & Approaches

Purpose :

- To prepare Linkage of Land Planning and Environmental Planning

- To support spatial environmental planning of local governments by applying ‘Directives of spatial environmental planning’ made by MoE(2013.9)

Periods : 2014~2015

Category : Ecology, Landscape, Soil &

Groundwater,

Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise

Approaches

- Landshaftplannung(Landscape Planning) in

Germany

- Case study applying ‘Directives of spatial

environmental planning’to a city in Korea

with focus on environmental information mapping

(data mining, mapping, zoning etc.)

Landuse Plan in Berlin

Land Cover Map in Boryeong City, Korea

□ Gathering written data and literature Review

ㅇ legal, institutional foundation for linkage of

spatial planning and landscape planning

ㅇ Status of linkage

□ Case studies for various regional types

ㅇ Metropolitan Area : Berlin

- Structure of Landscape Planning,

Application of BFF...

ㅇ Others : Rural areas, Industrial areas, etc.

- Various types according to locality

□ Focuses

ㅇ Mapping environmental status : Obtaining data, lists of thematic maps, mapping skills…

ㅇ Process of Landscape planning : criteria and standards of area classification(zoning)

ㅇ Application of Landscape planning to spatial planning

Case Study in Germany Ⅱ

Landscape Program in Berlin

Landuse Plan in Berlin

□ 5 Categories of Landscape Program in Berlin

(1) Nature and Ecological Functions

(2) Biotope and Ecological Networks

(3) Urban Amenities – Recreation & Green Areas

(4) Urban Scenery

(5) Alternative Areas Compensating for Development

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5)

□ Environmental Atlas (“Umweltatlas”)

ㅇ 8 categories : Soils, Water, Air, Climate, Biotope, Landuse, Transport & Noise, Energy

ㅇ 83 section, over 800 thematic maps

ㅇ Internet Service(“FIS BROKER) : to open and share spatial information

(http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/index_en.shtml)

Basic Information map (ex. Soil Associatons) Evaluation map (ex. Efficiency of Soils)

habitat, yield,

buffering,

water balance, natural history

Management Plan map (ex. Conservation Priority) Information Share(Internet Service)

Biotope and Land Use Plan in Projected Area Flora&Fauna Survey, Selecting Important Species

In-situ Compensation Plan Ex-situ Compensation Plan in Alternative Areas

□ Compensation for degradation of Nature(“Eingriffsgelung”)

□ Alternative Areas Compensating for Development

ㅇ Designating 43 areas for natural restoration and connection of ecological networks

ㅇ Utilized during ex-situ compensation for degradation of nature against development projects

Berlin Wall Mauerpark

Railway Station Park am Nordbahnhof

□ Current Status

ㅇ‘(Detailed) Directives of spatial environment planning’ in ‘Directives of Environment

Conservation Plan for local governments’ were established(2013.9)

ㅇ Needs of case study to apply this directives to a real local area

□ Directives of spatial environment planning

ㅇ 6 sections: Nature and Ecology, Natural Landscape, Soils & Groundwater, Air Quality,

Water Quality, Noise

* Spatial data and maps are well arranged for Nature and Ecology sections, however,

data of other sections are arranged mostly as statistic tables of measured data.

ㅇ Sample area : Boryeong-si(city), Chungcheongnam-do(province)

- pilot test areas of‘National Environment Map Project’in 2013, Biotope map available

ㅇ Environmental status map: assess difficulties of data access, data processing & mapping

ㅇ Case study of maps in management plan

- Analyzing maps in existing urban planning and environmental planning

Application of Directive of spatial environment planning Ⅲ

□ Environmental Information Maps

Land Cover Biotopes

Infiltration of Soils

Landform Types

Effective Soil Depth Soil Formations

□ Environmental Information Maps

Topological Position Index (TPI)

Vegetation Coverage Geology(Lithology)

□ Management Plan Maps

□ Management Plan Maps

□ Management Plan Maps

Other relating Research projects in NIER Ⅳ

□ Backgrounds

ㅇ 42 local governments among 162 ones published Biotope Maps

ㅇ Categories and mapping methods do not match one another

□ Directives on Mapping Methods of Biotope Maps(MoE, 2013)

(都市生態現況地圖 作成指針)

ㅇ Purpose

- To build up and publish biotope maps more effectively

- To make biotope maps more useful for user

- To enhance interoperability and to make unification of biotope maps more easier

ㅇ Scale : 1:5,000 ~ 1:1,000

ㅇ Basic thematic maps : land use, land cover, topography, vegetation, flora & fauna, etc.

- Methods for field surveys and area classifications have been set up.

ㅇ Evaluation maps : biotope types and conservation value grade

- Categories and indices to evaluate biotope types have been set up.

Publication and Utilization of Biotope Maps

Purpose :

- To develop guidelines on Utilization of Biotope Maps for Spatial Planning

Periods : 2014

Approaches

- Survey on environmental data used in current Land(Urban) Plans

- Survey on current utilization status of existing biotope maps

- Legend listing of biotope maps among different areas and standardization

- making ecosystem conservation plan with biotope maps

(case study in two cities : highly urbanized area and rural area)

□ Study on Utilization of Biotope Maps for Spatial Planning

Biotope Map in Nothern Region of the Seoul Metropolitan

City(left) and Boryeong City(right)

□ Backgrounds

ㅇ By rapid development and urbanization, green areas has been decresed seriously

ㅇ To control and conserve green areas, gross amount management is worthy of review

□ Study on the Introduction of No Net Loss of Green

for Urban Ecosystem Health Improvement

Purpose :

- To support gross amount management of green areas

- To develop methods to calculate gross amount of green areas in consideration of

their qualities as well as quantities

Periods : 2014

Approaches

- Previous research review on calculation methods for gross amount of green areas

- Study on gross amount management of green areas : Eingriffsregelung, 綠衣基本計劃

(Compensation of natural damage in Germany, Green cover master plan in Japan)

- Questionnaire survey on willingness to pay for gross amount of green areas

Calculating Gross Amount of Green Areas

Impermeable Paving

Biotope Area Factor(Biotopflächenfaktor: BFF) ㅇ To spread green areas and

to enhance ecological functions

Areas with Ecological Function ㅇ BFF = ---------------------------------------- Total Areas

Partial Permeable Paving

Permeable Paving

Artificial Planting (soil depth under 80cm)

Artificial Planting (soil depth above 80cm)

Infiltrating Rainwater over Roofs into Soils

Planting in natural soils

Plant Cover on Wall Faces

Planting over Roofs

* Korea has similar Directives

□ Backgrounds

ㅇ Need for carrying out ‘linkage of land planning and environmental planning’

ㅇ Lack of detailed spatial data for environmental planning

□ Objective

ㅇ Construction of detailed spatial database by the environmental media

- Nature and ecology, water quality, air quality, noise, soil

□ Environmental information map

Spatial Modeling of the Environmental Information

Distribution map of Martes(endangered

species of South Korea)

Richness map of mammals

Vulnerability map of climate change Air pollution map

Assessment of Sensitivity of Birds for Pollutants applying in silico Analysis of Aryl Hydrocarbon(Dioxin) Receptors

High Sensitivity Type Intermediate Sensitivity Type Low Sensitivity

ㅇ Computer simulation of pollutant sensitivity with molecular structure and DNA information

□ Sensitivity of Birds to Dioxin

: I-S type (High Sensitivity) : I-A type (Intermediate Sensitivity) : I-V type (Low Sensitivity)

Chicken Ostrich

Striated heron Great egret Intermediate egret

Grey-faced Woodpecker

Temminck’s Comorant

Short-tailed albatross

Black-tailed gull

Pale thrush White’s thrush

Gray-backed thrush Daurian redstart

Blue and white flycatcher Short-tailed bush warbler

Thick-billed shrike jay

Large-billed crow

Oriental scops owl

Grey nightjar

Reduction of Natural Disaster Damage due to Climate Change

□ Increase of frequency or magnitude of natural disaster in the future ㅇ Typhoon, storm surge, sea level rise

ㅇ Coastal erosion, inundation, coastline retreat

□ Strategies to reduce the risk and damage of natural disaster in the

coastal areas ㅇ Seven monitoring sites along the coastline are installed

ㅇ Topograhy(erosion-deposition), vegetation, and weather environment have

periodically been monitored.

ㅇ Analyses of past events (age dating, historical documents)

Typhoon Bolaven (2012)

Erosion in Jeju coast

- Strong wind

- Rise in water level

Salty wind damage in windbreak trees

- “Dry Typhoon” with

strong wind and little rain

- Damage of trees influenced

by salt water spray

To make strategies to reduce

the risks and damages

- Analysis, Mapping and Monitoring

are necessary

- Prediction is possible only after

gathering data

Natural system is more effective

than artificial system

- Less damaged

- Recovered naturally

- Researching function of coastal

dunes and coastal vegetation

Thank You !

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