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Urban Transportation Land Use and Urban Transportation Land Use and the Environment in Latin America the Environment in Latin America
A Case Study ApproachA Case Study Approach
Lecture 2
1Urban Transport and City Development in Latin America (Contrsquod from Lecture 1)
2 Urban Transportation and Sustainability ndashndash the Three Ersquos
Urban Transportrsquos ldquoVicious or Viciousrdquo Cycle
Transportation ndash Providing Access
bull Facilitate movement of goods and services
bull Improves accessibility to work education etc
Development bull Increase in IndustrialCommercial Activities
bull Increase in Personal Incomes
EconomicEnvironmental Impacts bull Congestion bull Infrastructure Costs bull Resource Degradation (ie energy air land)
TransportUrban Effects bull Growth in Trip Rates bull Motorization bull Changes in Mode Share bull Urban Expansion
Automobility amp the Forces Against the Bus
Increased Income
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Reduced Frequencies
Fare Increases ampor Reductions in Service Quality
Motorization
Reduced Demand for Bus Trips
Suburbanization
Greater Trip Complexity (Chaining etc)
Growth in Road CongestionIncrease in Bus
Operating Costs
Bus vs Auto ndashndash Travel Speeds
Growth of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Minibuses shared sedans vans etc illegal or licensed but with little regulatory effort or power ―Mexico City Lima Recife (Brazil) San Jose (Costa Ric
a) etc Combination of initiating factors
―Liberalization of the public transport market scarce alternative employment opportunities public sector employment restructuring (Peru) institutional weakness 1048698
Positive Impacts ―Employment fill demand with ldquodoor to doorrdquo service 1048698
Negative Impacts―System-wide effects (congestion pollution) political clout
unsafe on-road competition
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Urban Transportrsquos ldquoVicious or Viciousrdquo Cycle
Transportation ndash Providing Access
bull Facilitate movement of goods and services
bull Improves accessibility to work education etc
Development bull Increase in IndustrialCommercial Activities
bull Increase in Personal Incomes
EconomicEnvironmental Impacts bull Congestion bull Infrastructure Costs bull Resource Degradation (ie energy air land)
TransportUrban Effects bull Growth in Trip Rates bull Motorization bull Changes in Mode Share bull Urban Expansion
Automobility amp the Forces Against the Bus
Increased Income
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Reduced Frequencies
Fare Increases ampor Reductions in Service Quality
Motorization
Reduced Demand for Bus Trips
Suburbanization
Greater Trip Complexity (Chaining etc)
Growth in Road CongestionIncrease in Bus
Operating Costs
Bus vs Auto ndashndash Travel Speeds
Growth of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Minibuses shared sedans vans etc illegal or licensed but with little regulatory effort or power ―Mexico City Lima Recife (Brazil) San Jose (Costa Ric
a) etc Combination of initiating factors
―Liberalization of the public transport market scarce alternative employment opportunities public sector employment restructuring (Peru) institutional weakness 1048698
Positive Impacts ―Employment fill demand with ldquodoor to doorrdquo service 1048698
Negative Impacts―System-wide effects (congestion pollution) political clout
unsafe on-road competition
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Automobility amp the Forces Against the Bus
Increased Income
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Increased Attractiveness of Autos
Reduced Frequencies
Fare Increases ampor Reductions in Service Quality
Motorization
Reduced Demand for Bus Trips
Suburbanization
Greater Trip Complexity (Chaining etc)
Growth in Road CongestionIncrease in Bus
Operating Costs
Bus vs Auto ndashndash Travel Speeds
Growth of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Minibuses shared sedans vans etc illegal or licensed but with little regulatory effort or power ―Mexico City Lima Recife (Brazil) San Jose (Costa Ric
a) etc Combination of initiating factors
―Liberalization of the public transport market scarce alternative employment opportunities public sector employment restructuring (Peru) institutional weakness 1048698
Positive Impacts ―Employment fill demand with ldquodoor to doorrdquo service 1048698
Negative Impacts―System-wide effects (congestion pollution) political clout
unsafe on-road competition
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Bus vs Auto ndashndash Travel Speeds
Growth of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Minibuses shared sedans vans etc illegal or licensed but with little regulatory effort or power ―Mexico City Lima Recife (Brazil) San Jose (Costa Ric
a) etc Combination of initiating factors
―Liberalization of the public transport market scarce alternative employment opportunities public sector employment restructuring (Peru) institutional weakness 1048698
Positive Impacts ―Employment fill demand with ldquodoor to doorrdquo service 1048698
Negative Impacts―System-wide effects (congestion pollution) political clout
unsafe on-road competition
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Growth of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Minibuses shared sedans vans etc illegal or licensed but with little regulatory effort or power ―Mexico City Lima Recife (Brazil) San Jose (Costa Ric
a) etc Combination of initiating factors
―Liberalization of the public transport market scarce alternative employment opportunities public sector employment restructuring (Peru) institutional weakness 1048698
Positive Impacts ―Employment fill demand with ldquodoor to doorrdquo service 1048698
Negative Impacts―System-wide effects (congestion pollution) political clout
unsafe on-road competition
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
ldquoInformalrdquo Sector
Rio ―Kombis complementary service in inaccessible areas―14-seater ldquoluxuryrdquo vehicles competing express
service―Fares 2 to 3 times equivalent bus fare―Early 1990s 600 vehicles today 6000 to 9000―Buses have responded to competition diversifying
operations and adding amenities (ie AC)
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
The Rise of the ldquoInformalrdquo Sector in Mexico City
of All public
Transport Trips
Colectivo
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Urban Rail Transit
Metros suburban rail light rail 1048698Typically the exception in developing cities inclu
ding Latin America―High capital costs lack of flexibility in adapting to cha
nging travel patterns long construction times―Still often highly prized as visible ldquomodernrdquo solutions
to transport problems
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Suburban Rail in Latin America
Suburban Rail in Buenos Aires Santiago Satildeo Paulo Rioand several other Brazilian cities
Buenos Aires ―7 lines 840 kms 8 of trips
Rio―264 kms 2 of trips
Satildeo Paulo―6 lines 270 kms 2 of trips
Santiago―1 line 85 kms ltlt03 of trips
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Metros in Latin America
LinesLines KmsKms StationStation TripsTrips
BouenosAiBouenosAiresres
55 4444 6767 55
CaracasCaracas 33 4646 4040 NaNa
Mexico Mexico CityCity
1010 180180 167167 ~13~13
Rio (incl Rio (incl LR)LR)
22 3535 3030 ~3~3
Sao PaulosSao Paulos 33 4949 4646 55
SantiagoSantiago 33 4040 5151 ~7~7
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Metros
High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Capacity ndash 60 PassengersHrDirection High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm High Cost -$40-$150 mnKm Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Capital Costs rarely if ever recovered Operating RevenuesOperating costsOperating RevenuesOperating costs ndash ldquo ndash ldquoFarebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Farebox Ratiordquo (in 1990) ndash Mexico City Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1Rio Satildeo Paulo lt 1 ndash ndash Santiago gt 15 Santiago gt 15 ndash ndash Policy outcome planning outcome Policy outcome planning outcome
operations operations outcomeoutcome
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Approaches to Sustainability
The Three ldquoErsquosrdquo (or the Three Pillars Three Dimensions etc)―Economics Environment Equity
Can Economic Growth (development) be achieved with Ecological Balance and Social Progress 1048698 WBCSD Mo
bility 2001 adds to the Three Ersquos
―Operational SustainabilityCan our transportation systems continueoperating
Others have suggested additional elements ―Particularly Institutions or Governance
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
The Three Ersquos Compatible or Contradictory
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Sustainability amp Transportation
Can the transportation system itself be sustainable 1048698
Can a sustainable transportation system exist but contribute to a larger unsustainable global economic system 1048698
What do we mean by sustainable
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
The Three Ersquos as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transportin EconomicFinancial SustainabilityEconomicFinancial Sustainability
―Ensure that cities continue to support Ensure that cities continue to support economic development 1048698 economic development 1048698
EnvironmentalEcological SustainabilityEnvironmentalEcological Sustainability― Generate an overall improvement in Generate an overall improvement in
quality of lifequality of life Social Sustainability (Equity)Social Sustainability (Equity)
― The benefits should be shared equitably by The benefits should be shared equitably by society How Can These Principles Help Guide society How Can These Principles Help Guide Policies Strategies DecisionsPolicies Strategies Decisions
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Social Sustainability
Mobility (providing accessibility to jobs education recreation etc) serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo to sustaining our basic social systems 1048698
Mobility ldquoopportunitiesrdquo are unequally distributed across countries and within countriescities―Trip possibilities trip rates trip times travel condition
s―Income gender age raceethnicity 1048698
Mobility and its infrastructures produce disparate negative impacts across different groups ―Accidents noise ldquobarrierrdquo effect pollution etc
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Equity ndashndash Travel Times
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Equity --Expenditures
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Accidents ndashndash Social amp Economic Impacts
Traffic Risk (fatalities per vehicle) ― typically 2 to 10 times higher in developing countries
Causes Lack of institutional engineering infrastructure interventions―High degree of mixedconflicting road users ndash Poor driver trainin
g enforcement low penalties health care system 1048698Poorest typically suffer the greatest burden
―Most vulnerable road users 1048698Social Impact
―pain suffering lossEconomic Impact
―Lost productivity material costs resource allocation
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Comparative Traffic Fatalities
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Equity --Accidents
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
EconomicFinancial Sustainability
Mobility serves as key ldquolubricantrdquo(providing accessibility) to sustaining oureconomic systems
Limited resources available to dedicate to mobility demands
ndash Individuals and Firms have limited time amp budgets ndash Financing for infrastructure and necessary institutio
ns competes with other public needs ndash Space for infrastructure is limited ndash Energy resources are finite
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Congestion and The Three Ersquos
Economically ndash lost time for travellersfreight lost resources (fuel) and often distorted investment decisions reduced urban agglomeration economies
Socially ndash poor are most often disproportionately burdened (public transport suffers) social networks (families) hampered
Environmentally ndash air pollutant emissions increased fuel consumption increased urban expansion (sprawl) accelerated
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Congestion ConditionsReflected in slow travel speeds and ndash at least partially ndash i
n high total travel times in developing country cities ndash Avg peak-period travel speed in Bangkok Manila Mexico City 10 kmhr ndash Avg trip time in Manila 120 minutes Jakarta 82 minutes ndash Not necessarily increasing in intensity but almost certainly in time and space 1048698Anecdotal ldquoevidencerdquo abounds but accurately comparing
congestion levels across developing country cities is difficult due to lack of relevant data
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Congestion Perspectives
User ndash speed reduced due to other road users Engineers ndash when traffic density reaches point where flow goes below design capacity
Administrators ndash when a relatively arbitrary threshold (ie level of service) is exceeded 1048698
Economists ndash individual average private cost exceeds the social marginal costs (externality)
Physicists ndash non-linear chaotic system in which small random fluctuations can cause extended flow breakdowns (httpwwwtheatlanticcomissues200012budianskyhtm)
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Congestion ndashndash the Engineerrsquos Perspective
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Congestion ndashndash the Economistrsquos Perspective
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Economic Sustainability ndashndash Infrastructure and Finance
Infrastructurersquos Dueling Pressures―Maintenance and management to make best
use of existing infrastructure ―Expansion to satisfy growth in motorized vehi
cles travel demand urban outgrowth
Infrastructure ldquoopportunity costsrdquo―Of urban land―Of financial resources
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Economic Sustainability and Finance
Relevant Expenditures―Construction Maintenance Management Planning Service Pr
ovision Relevant Revenue Sources
―Vehicle Registrations Fees (buoyant due to motorization) Dedicated Fuel Taxes Fares Property Taxes Other Taxes
Challenges―Other public policy objectives ie Income Redistribution―Multi-level authorities national regional local ―Unclear financing principles ―Lack of marginal cost pricing fees not matched with costs
ldquoexcessrdquo demand inability to plan ldquorationallyrdquo
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
EnvironmentalEcological Sustainability
Airwaterland pollutionAirwaterland pollution ndash ndash A major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growingA major source of local air pollution amp most rapidly growing source of global air pollutionsource of global air pollution ndash ndash Groundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of pavingGroundwater run-off hydrologic impacts of paving Noise pollutionvibration amp aestheticsNoise pollutionvibration amp aesthetics ndash ndash Disruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquoDisruption and damage in urbansuburban areas and rural amp ldquowildrdquo settingssettings ndash ndash Visual ldquointrusionrdquoVisual ldquointrusionrdquo Depletion of natural resources and ecosystem changDepletion of natural resources and ecosystem chang
eses ndash ndash Loss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changesLoss of wetlands infrastructure-induced land use changes partition of habitats etcpartition of habitats etc
Vehicle and parts disposalVehicle and parts disposal
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Environment ndashndash Local Air Pollution
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Transportation Contribution to Local Air Pollutants
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Pollution ConcentrationsExposure
Determine ultimate health impacts 1048698
Influenced by
ndash Meteorology ndash wind sunshine precipitation temperatures (thermal inversion) ndash Physical characteristics ndash altitude (combustion) topographical (valleys) buildings (ldquoman-made valleys) ndash Population and activity locations and densitie
s
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Environment ndashndash Global Pollution Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions amp Climate Change ndash Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane Nitrous Oxides CFCs ndash Worldwide transportation accounts for 26 of CO2 (17
road sector) ndash Transport most rapidly growing anthropogenic source ndash Transport nearly completely dependent on fossil fuels ndash Developing countries currently 25 of transportation G
HGs but growing rapidly
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle -SantiagoVehicle -Santiago
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashMexico CityVehicle ndashMexico City
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle ndashInterpretationVehicle ndashInterpretation
Santiago and Mexico City ―Poor emissions characteristics of buses taxis
and trucks andor―their relatively intensive use (high VKT)
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Mexico City
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Index of Relative ldquoWork Index of Efficiencyrdquo ndashndash Interpretations
Colectivos ndash Despite their large number these vehicles exhibit
a very low index of pollution per passenger trip share suggesting high passenger utilization rates
Taxis ndash High relative pollution likely derives from their re
latively low occupancy rates and the fact that they spend much time driving without any passengers
Cars ndash High relative pollution index comes from their rel
atively low occupancy rates
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Noise PollutionNoise PollutionTransportation often major source
ndash Scarce data
Santiago late 1980s
ndash 80 of population living or working on major transport
arteries suffered risk of hearing loss
Lima mid-1990s
ndash On principal avenues noise levels 2 times higher than
norms
Affects property values may accelerate decentralization
ndash Policy dilemma buses often a major culprit
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Other Environmental Impacts
Induced consumption of open space ―Again ldquodoes transport cause sprawlrdquo 1048698
Infrastructure destruction of delicate ecosystems
Runoff from highway pavement 1048698 Vehicle disposal fuel leakage etc
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Energy Systems ―Petroleum accounts for 96 of transportation energy use likely t
o remain dominant in medium term ―Price fluctuations OPEC dominance add considerable uncertai
ntyinstability to supply conditions ― Imports pose significant hard currency costs on poorer countries ―Projected growth in road transport fuels 37-42 in developing
world 13-15 in industrialized 1048698Environmental Impacts
― Technology has shown to significantly reduce per unit local air pollution impacts ndash at what cost especially among the poorer
― global air pollution problem more elusive due to petroleum dependency― additional ecological impacts are less well-understood due to complexit
y but likely significant
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Urban Transport Sustainability Some Key Issues
Financial Systems ―Mechanisms proven for ldquosustainablerdquo infrastructure fin
ancing (including via privatization)―Institutional Barriers to implementing effective financin
g systems―Persistently difficult issues related to financing public t
ransport operations (and rail transit development) ―Ongoing challenge of charging external costs
Broader Social Issues―Can mobility strategies be deployed to improve equity
in distribution of opportunities (accessibility ―Accidents still major public health threat
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
How Would You ldquoMeasurerdquo the Principles
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max
Assignment 2
In class and in the readings we have seen the broad-range of impacts of urban transportation and their implications for sustainability We have also been introduced to some of the possible interventions for improving transportation system performance as it relates to sustainability
Identify two of the most pressing needs related to urban sustainability in the Latin America context Justify your selection of these relative to others What interventions would you recommend to address these needs Why
No lengthy introductions or conclusions are necessary rather Pressing Need Why Based on What criteria Thoughts on Intervention
This can be done in 4 paragraphs 15 pages Max