Urogenital System of the Vertebrates

8/17/2019 Urogenital System of the Vertebrates

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


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Origin of Coelom & mesenteries

• Coelom & body cavity : originates from thecavity of the hypomere

• Parietal peritoneum: outer wall of thehypomere w/c comes in contact with muscles.

•

Visceral peritoneum or serosa: inner walls ofthe hypomere; covering of the visceral organs.

• Mesentery: 2 walls of the hypomere above &below the intestine w/c forms the double-

walled membrane• Dorsal mesentery

• Ventral mesentery


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Divisions of coelom• Transverse septum: divides the coelom into 2 compartments

Pericardial cavity

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

Birds Mammals : 4 compartments divided by diaphragm (mammals) &

oblique septum (birds)

Pericardial cavities

2 pleural cavities

Peritoneal cavity

-this arrangement increases the efficiency of the lung respiration.


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Digestive system dogshark


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Viscera of the pleuroperitoneal cavity


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Liver :holds the oil that gives the shark buoyancy, stores

nutrients and transforming food molecules arriving from the

gut

Gall bladder: storage of bile, a liquid that breaks up fat

droplets in the gut

Spleen: blood reservoir and has immune functions

Pancreas: produce digestive enzymes and an endocrine glandfor the regulation of metabolism.

Spiral valve: increase internal surface of the intestine for

digestion

Rectal gland: removes excess salts from the sharks

circulation


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Mesenteries

Parts of the dorsal mesentery

• Mesogaster: dorsal mesentery supporting the stomach

• Gastroplenic ligament: portion of mesentery from the spleen

to the stomach

•

Mesentery proper: supports the small intestines

Parts of the ventral mesentery

• Gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament: from the right side of the

stomach to the liver and duodenum, also called the “lesseromentum”.

• Suspensory or falciform ligament: suspend the liver


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Respiratory System• pharynx contains the visceral arches & gill pouches

•

Spiracle: first gill pouch• Gills

– Gill bar & gill arch: cartilage that support the gills

– Gill lamellae: where gas exchange occurs

– Gill rakers: prevents debris of or food entry to the gills

– Gill rays: support of the gill lamellae

Gill rakers


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2 types of gills:

1. Internal gills: borne in the side walls of the branchialbars• Demibranch or half gill: gill lamellae on 1 side

Holobranch or whole gill: gill lamellae on 2 sides

2. External gills: borne in the outer surface of branchialbars


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Respiratory & Digestive Syst. MammalsCat

• 2 functional units

–Airways that deliver or transport air into the body

– Areas the used for gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries

– Inspiration pathway

Nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

Bronchi, bronchioles & alveoli


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Masseter

Parotid gland

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

Salivary glands


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Gland Location Function

Submaxillary central throat, large salivary

Sublingual anterior on submaxillary, whitish Secretes mucous

Parotid towards ear, outside submaxillary,soft salivary

Infraorbital Lies in the floor of the orbit salivary

molar Between the skin and the external

surface of the mandible in front of themasseter

salivary

GLANDS


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Oral Cavity

vestibule Lips/labia

Hard palate w/transverse ridges

Soft palate

tongue


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Trachea

Esophagus


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Greater omentum

Cecum

Small intestineMesentery

Large intestine

Pancreas


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Ascending colon Ileum

Colon

Spleen

Small intestine

Cecum

Ileocecal valve


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Diaphragm

Liver

Stomach

Intestine

Adrenal gland

Pancreas


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Gall bladder

Right lobes of liver

Duodenum

Pancreas

Ileocecal junction

Cecum

Jejunum

Small intestine

Descending colon

Ileum

Mesentery

Greater omentum

Spleen

Ascending colon

Stomach

Lesser omentum

Left lobes of liver

Falciform ligament


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Liver

Gall bladder

Cystic duct

Hepatic ducts Pancreas

Duodenum

Stomach

Bile duct


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Intestines

Spleen

Pancreas

Stomach

Liver

Superiormesentericartery

Diaphragm


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Colon


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UROGENITAL SYSTEM

OF THE VERTEBRATES


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Vertebrate kidneys consist of glomeruli, tubules surrounded byperitubular capillaries, & longitudinal ducts.

Glomeruli: masses of capillaries that (along withBowman's capsule) 'filter' theblood.

Kidney tubules: collect theglomerular filtrate & conduct it

to a longitudinal duct.Renal corpuscles: glomerulusplus the Bowman's capsule

Longitudinal ducts: begin

developing at anterior end of kidney & grow caudally untilopening into the cloaca

1 = Bowman's capsule, 2 = glomerulus, 3 = afferent

arteriole, 4 =efferent arteriole, 5 = proximal

convoluted tubule, 6 = distal convoluted tubule, 7 =

collecting duct, 8 = loop of Henle, 9 = peritubular

capillaries


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ARCHINEPHROS O R HOLONEPHROS

Excretory organ of the myxinoid cyclostomes

Consist of archinephric duct on thedorsal body wall extending the length

of the coelom

Tubules open to the coelom through

the nephrostome.

Each duct has a pair of tubules to asegment


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The pronephros is temporary &function only until glomeruli &tubules further back becomefunctional.

1st embryonic tubules in allvertebrates; located they are the 1stto develop & are anteriorly located

Number - never very many (e.g., 3 infrogs, 7 in human embryos, & 12 in

chicken embryos)

PRONEPHROS

The duct that drains the pronephrosis called the pronephric duct.


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the functional adult kidney in fish &amphibians (& sometimes called theopisthonephros)

MESONEPHROS

formed by corpuscles & tubules thatdevelop caudal to pronephric region

form connections with existingpronephric duct (which is now calledthe mesonephric duct)

the embryonic kidney in reptiles,

birds, & mammals

awed fishes amphibians

- males, anterior tubules of

mesonephric conduct sperm from testis to mesonephric duct

“SEXUAL KIDNEY”.


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•the adult amniote kidney•the number of corpuscles is large; upto about 4.5 million is some species•drained by a duct called themetanephric duct or ureter

METANEPHROS:

Mammalian kidneys are divided into the ff:cortex(#5)

medulla (#6)pelvis(#4)

•Cortex - contains renal corpuscles & lots ofcapillaries

•

Medulla - contains collecting ducts and loopsof Henle; divided into pyramids (#7) &columns (#2)

•Pelvis - hollow; receives the urine (which exitsthe kidney via the ureter - #3)Tubules of mammalian kidney have U-shaped Loops of Henle (avian kidney = very short loops & reptilian kidney = no loops)

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Urinary bladders are found in all vertebrates except agnathans, snakes,

crocodilians, some lizards, & birds (except ostriches).

•Fish - bladders are terminal enlargements of the mesonephric ducts called TUB L


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• In gnathostomes, the gonads form in the anterior,retroperitoneal region of the abdominal cavity. Only in

gonads migrate posteriorly in the body.

• In mammals the testes move down in a scrotal sac to allowsperm to develop in cooler temperature.

• pampiniform plexus counter-current heat exchanger w/c helpthat the testes remain cool. Composed of network of vein &arteries

The arteries, veins, nerves & vas deferens that enter or exit thescrotum, travel together in a bundle called the spermatic cord.

GONADS


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Types of UTERUS


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UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: MALE

• Testes: located in the anterior portion of the body

dorsal to the liver

• Wolffian duct: forms connection to the testes & use totransport sperm. In most males, the Wolffian duct divides

into several regions.

Epididymis: stores sperms

Ductus (vas) deferens: also store sperm and it is

highly muscular to propel sperm out of the body

Male sharks have an epididymis & vas deferens that are

considered to be homologous & analogous to the structures in

mammals


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• Leydig’s gland: secretes fluid that are beneficial to the

sperm

• Sperm sac: (= alkaline gland), which may be used for

sperm storage but secretes highly alkaline fluids that may

protect the sperm

• Seminal vesicles: used for sperm storage not homologous

with the mammals

• Opisthonephros kidney: in males only the posterior

portion produces urine


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UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: FEMALE

• Ovary: pair of soft bodies, oval in form, situated dorsal to the liver

suspended by the mesovarium.

• Paramesonephric/ Muellarian duct or oviduct: in immature

female they form as slender tube in mature female they are

usually enlarged suspended in mesotubarium.

•Ostium: common opening of the oviduct in the anterior part of the

body wall

infundibulum [=funnel] forms in reproductively active female

sharks when the falciform ligament enlarges, the single

ostium leads into either oviduct.

• Shell gland or nidamental gland: secretes thin membrane which

encloses the eggs.


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MAMMALS URINARY

Reproductive System


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Right kidney

Left kidney

Left ureter

Urethra

Right ureter

Urinary bladder


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Rightkidney

Right ureter

Urinarybladder

Penis

Left kidney

Left ureter

Urethra


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Ureters

Prostategland

Urinarybladder

Urethra


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Prostate gland:

surrounds the urethra, it ejects milky, slightly alkaline fluid

into the urethra that contributes to seminal fluid

Bulbourethral Cowper’s gland: is smaller primarily produces mucous prior

to ejaculation & mucous that empties into the urethra also contributes to

the seminal fluid


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Renal

capsuleRenal artery

Renal Vein

Ureter

Renal pelvis

Renalmedulla

Renalcortex


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Right ductusdeferens

Prostategland

Bulbourethral

glands

Right spermaticcord

Right testis

Epididymis

Scrotum

Urethra

Left ductusdeferens

Left spermaticcord

Penis

Left testis


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Right ductus deferens

Epididymis

Scrotum

Prostate

Urethra

Left testis


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Right spermaticcord

Righttestis

Left spermaticcord

Lefttestis

Scrotum


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Rightovary

Right uterine tube

Urethra

Leftovary

Left uterine tube

Uterine body

Vagina


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Uterine body

Left uterinetube

Left ovary

Vagina


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Right uterine hornwith fetus

Uterine

bodyUrinarybladder

Left ovary

Left uterine hornwith fetus

Urethra

Right ovary


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Uterine horn

Urethra

Body of uterus

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Urogenital System of the Vertebrates