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US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Understanding the Operational Environment in COIN
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
The Operational Environment
2
Physical Terrain
Human Terrain
Physical Terrain
Human Terrain
Observation/fields of fire
Avenues of approach
Key terrain
Obstacles
Cover & concealment
Civilian considerations
Areas
Structures
Capabilities
Organizations
People
Events
REF: FM 3-24, Appendix B, B1-B10
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
•Religious boundaries•Political boundaries•Social enclaves•Criminal enclaves•Agricultural, mining, labor
regions•Trade routes•Government centers•Police centers•Military Centers•Temporary settlements for
IDPs
Areas
3
Address terrain analysis from a civilian perspective.
Where do people live, work, play, meet, or worship?
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Tribal Areas Areas
Tribe C
Tribe A
Tribe B
Tribe D
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Religious Boundaries Areas Sunni
Shi’a
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Social Enclaves Areas Sunni
Shi’a
Poor
Poor
Poor
RichEx Regime
Poor
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Economic Districts Areas Sunni
Shi’a
Poor
Poor
Poor
RichEx Regime
Middle Merchants
Middle Merchants
Middle Merchants
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Structures
9
Why are structures in the area important?
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
StructuresM
M
M
M
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
M
M
M
M
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Capabilities
Capabilities: the ability of local authorities to provide key functions and services.
11
Who in the community is capable of providing for the people?
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
CapabilityM
M
M
Gov.CouncilMember
P
P
P
P
TribalLeader
TribalLeader
M
Doctor
GG
G
G
TL
TL
TL
TL
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
Police
Police
PoliceChief
P
TribalLeader
TribalLeader
Imam
Imam
Gov.CouncilMember
Gov.CouncilMember
M
M
M
M
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Organizations
• Tribes• Political Wings of Insurgent Groups• PRT• Non-government organizations
(NGO)• Private Sector (Companies,
Contractors)• International Red Cross• Other Government Agencies
(OGA)• Media (TV, Radio, Newspapers,
periodicals)• Criminal organizations
13
Who are the relevant groups of people in the area?
Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the AO (Political, Cultural, Social, Religious)
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
OrganizationM
M
M
M
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Middle Merchants
P
P
P
P
P
GG
G
G
TL
TL
TL
TL
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
Middle Merchants
Middle Merchants
RichEx Regime
M
M
M
M
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
People
• City council leaders• Imams/clerics• Professionals• Displaced persons or
“squatters”• Sources• Sheikhs, tribal Leaders
15
All nonmilitary personnel that military forces encounter in the AO… whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission
How do the people communicate/interact?
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
PeopleM
M
M
M
T
T
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
P
P
P
P
P
GG
G
G
TL
TL
TL
TL
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
Graffiti
Graffiti
Graffiti
Graffiti
Graffiti
TeaShops
TeaShops
TeaShopsG
M
M
M
M
Squatters
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Events
• National Elections• Anniversaries
(independence, etc.)• Carnival/Ramadan
(religious) • Funerals• Political Rallies
17
When are things occurring?
Events are routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, or military operations.
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Events
• Wedding brings members of the tribe with rifles for celebratory fire. (Important to know if wedding same day as raid on target) Potential I/O issue especially if wedding party fires on raiding party.
• Friday prayer coincides with sectarian violence
• Spring brings seasonal fighters from surrounding nations
18
Insurgents use events to advance their cause.
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
M
T
T
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
P
P
P
P
P
GG
G
G
TL
TL
TL
TL
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
M
M
M
M
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
EventsM
M
M
T
T
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
M
G
Voting ?
P
P
P
P
P
GG
G
G
TL
TL
TL
TL
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Environment
T
T
T
T
TG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Middle Merchants
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
Tribe C
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Middle Merchants
Middle Merchants
RichEx Regime
Tribe A
Tribe B
Tribe D
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Legend
Assassination
Looting
SAF
IED AttackIED
$ Extortion
Environment
T
T
T
T
TG
AG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Tribe C
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Middle Merchants
Middle Merchants
RichEx Regime
Tribe A
Tribe B
Tribe D
InsurgencySectarian Violence
Insurgents attack Tribe A’s economic rivals to secure their support
IED
IED IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
IED
$
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
IED
IED
IED
IED IED
IED
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
RPG
Middle Merchants
M
M
M
M
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09
Questions?
US Army Combined Arms Center
UNCLASSIFIED As of 13 FEB 09Understanding the Operational Environment
ASCOPE – human terrainAreaStructuresCapabilitiesOrganizationsPeopleEvents
OAKOC-C – physical terrainObservation/
Fields of Fire
Avenues of Approach
Key Terrain
Obstacles
Cover/ Concealment
Civilian Considerations
REF: FM 3-24, Appendix B, B1-B1024
