U.S. Expansion

1803-1860

Manifest Destiny

• John O’Sullivan

• Young America Movement– Free trade, social reform, westward expansion,

support for republicanism abroad– Political movement (Dem faction)– Literary movement

Reason for Expansion

• M.D.

• Force Acceptable

• Cheap/free land

• New immigrants

• Moral/religious justifications

• Transportation = canals, RRs

Presidents

• Jefferson – Louisiana

• Monroe - FLA

• Tyler – Texas 1845

• Polk – Oregon, Mexico

Texas

• Moses/Stephen Austin• Land Grants• By 1830 whites outnumbered Mexicans• 1829 Mexico Outlaws slavery• 1834 – Santa Anna demands enforcement• Sam Houston leads revolt & declares Texas Ind.• The Alamo • Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/36) – 1 costly siesta

TEXAS Republic of Texas Republic of Texas

(Lone Star Republic) (Lone Star Republic) tejanostejanos

Oregon

• Once jointly owned by U.S., Brits, Spn, Russia• Spain cedes – Adams-Onis (1819)• Oregon Trail, “Oregon Fever” (1840’s)• 54-40>>>49

– sell out to South?

Oregon Trail(s)

Mexican War 1846-48

• Polk• John Slidell sent to purchase NM & Cali• Zach Taylor to Rio Grande• “American Blood on American Soil”???• Whigs v Dems on expansion (slavery issue)• (David) Wilmot Proviso (1846)• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)• Mexican Cession

Results of the War:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

Territory to U.S. Texas boundary U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million

plus claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico (~$3.5M)

Results of the Mexican War1.1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of (mostly of

disease).disease).

2.2. U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)

3.3. The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.politics. These new territories would upset the balance of power These new territories would upset the balance of power

between North and South. between North and South.

4.4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5.5. ““Manifest Destiny” ?Manifest Destiny” ?

1.1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of (mostly of disease).disease).

2.2. U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)

3.3. The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.politics. These new territories would upset the balance of power These new territories would upset the balance of power

between North and South. between North and South.

4.4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5.5. ““Manifest Destiny” ?Manifest Destiny” ?

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an as an express and fundamental condition express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United Republic of Mexico by the United StatesStates, by virtue of any treaty which , by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryof said territory, except for crime, , except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.convicted.

Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an as an express and fundamental condition express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United Republic of Mexico by the United StatesStates, by virtue of any treaty which , by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryof said territory, except for crime, , except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.convicted.

Rep. David WilmotRep. David Wilmot(D-PA)(D-PA)

Rep. David WilmotRep. David Wilmot(D-PA)(D-PA)

Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil!Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Labor! Free Free Men!Men!

Free Soil!Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Labor! Free Free Men!Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slavery members of the Whig and Liberty Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slavery members of the Whig and Liberty Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories

WHY?

WHY?

1848 Presidential Election Results

√

Settling The West 1860-1900 Overview

• Homestead Act 1862: 160 free acres if developed for 5 years

• Transcontinental Railroad (1863-1869): Federal government pays for building railroad. Land grants to many other railroads.

• Indian Wars: A series of wars leads to the defeat of Native Americans and beginning of reservations

• Dawes Act (1887): Attempt to “Americanize” (assimilate) Native Americans and distribute tribal land to individuals (with disastrous results).

Ostend Manifesto

• 1854

• Franklin Pierce

• Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain accompanied by threats

• Anti-Slavery pressure to halt

• Leads to heightened tensions N v S

• Pierre Soule’

William Walker’s Filibustering Frenzy for Slave Empire in Central America Between the

Years 1853 and 1860• Pro-Slavery prodigy from Tennessee• Invaded Baja California in 1853 and est. the Republic

of Sonora (defeated w/in months)• Nicaragua 1855-57

– Accessory Transit Company– Defeats “Legitimists” on behalf of the “Democratic” Party– Declares himself President– Gov’t recognized by Pierce but later lost under pressure from Vanderbilt – Defeated by Central American alliance in ’57– Several other attempts to form slave republic failed– Executed by Honduran gov’t in 1860