U.S. Foreign Policy1865-1914

Introduction Since the 1870’s, U.S. foreign policy focused on:

Expansion Westward Protecting the U.S. interests abroad Limiting foreign influence in the Americas

Industrial economy was in bloom following Civil War Called for a change in international relations Led the U.S. to become one of the leading world

powers Was the first time since the War of 1812 that U.S. was

involved in foreign politics “Age of Power”

President Obama’s Foreign Policy Challenges

“New Imperialism”

Foreign relations intensify, US now needs Worldwide Markets

Growing industries Agricultural Surplus

Sources of raw materials Overseas hope by the Conservatives

Wanted an outsource for unhappiness Territories Adventure

Expansionist policy Economic and Diplomatic resolutions No military intervention

Global Darwinism Survival of the Fittest

U.S. needed to be strong in three critical areas Religiously Militarily Politically

In order to prove the nations strength in the international arena, the U.S. acquired land overseas Revival of Manifest Destiny

Imperialism: Acquiring territory or gaining control over either the political or economic life of other countries Supported by:

Missionaries Politicians Naval Strategists Journalists

Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis

Josiah Strong (1885)

Quote I: “It is not necessary to argue to those for whom I write that the two great needs of mankind, that all men may be lifted up into the light of the highest Christian civilization, are, first, a pure, spiritual Christianity and second, civil liberty…. It follows, then, that the Anglo Saxon, as the great representative of these two ideas, the depositary of these two greatest blessings, sustains peculiar relations to the world's future, is divinely commissioned to be, in a peculiar sense, his brother's keeper.”

Naval Power

US Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan Strong navy needed Most powerful nations had great navies The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

Naval strategists used Mahan’s book Convinced Congress to modernize naval fleet Steel-plated steam powered ships USS Maine Purchase Samoa

By 1900’s, US had third largest navy in the world

Latin America James G. Blaine as Secretary of State under Harrison

Sponsored the Pan-American Conference (1889) Pushed Big- Sister Policy

Pushed trade with Latin American Markets Created Jobs Stepping stone toward Panama Canal

Pan- American Conference (1889) Held in Washington Effort to establish closer ties with Latin America Created Pan American Union

Goal was hemispheric cooperation Economic Political

Continues today as Organization of American States (1948) Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine

Boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana US insisted that the British withdraw from the dispute British insisted it was none of their business Cleveland and Olney said that the Monroe Doctrine made it their business Great Rapprochement

Efforts of Britain to maintain Yankee friendship

Spanish-American War

Americans wanted to obtain Caribbean territory Three components led to fighting

Based on the following map, use deductive reasoning to determine the third reason for the Spanish-American

War

1. America had invested large amounts of money into Cuban sugar

2. The Spanish had mistreated the Cubans

3. ???

Monroe Doctrine

Cuban Revolt (1895)

Why do you think the Americans sympathized with

the Cubans?

Yellow Press

Press written by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Heightened the public’s dislike of Spanish government

Published stories exaggerating Spanish atrocities and compared rebel Cubans to Revolutionary War patriots

McKinley warned Spanish to establish peace

Hearst

Pulitzer

De Lôme Letter

Letter written by Spanish ambassador to Washington Enrique De Lôme

Published in the Journal Was stolen by Cuban

rebels and given to Hearst

Criticized McKinley as a weak and Stupid politician

Fueled Jingoism Jingoism: extreme

nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

Sinking of the Maine McKinley sends the Maine to the Havana

harbor to protect the US citizens living in Cuba

On February 15, 1898 the battleship Maine exploded One week following the published De Lôme

Letters

260 Americans on board killed The Yellow Press accused Spain of sinking

ship McKinley orders special naval board of

inquiry to investigate the cause of the explosion Evidence proved that it was an accident, not

a purposeful attack on the United States

Still, most people blamed Spain

“Remember the Maine!” and “To hell with Spain!”

Headline of Journal

McKinley’s War Message

President McKinley Issues cease fire ultimatum to Spain Spain Agreed to the demand Public still cried for War McKinley caves to pressure, and sends message to congress

with four reasons to intervene with the Cuban revolt on behalf of the Cubans:1. To “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and

horrible miseries” in Cuba

2. Protect the lives and property of the US in Cuba

3. End the “very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people”

4. End the “constant menace to our peace” arising from the disorders in Cuba

Teller Amendment passed by Congress on April 20, 1898 Declared that the US had no intention of taking political control

of Cuba and that, once the peace was restored, the Cuban people would control their own government

The Philippines

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant secretary of navy Ordered Commander George Dewey’s fleet to

Philippines in anticipation of war Recognized the strategic value of Spain’s territories

in the Pacific Resigned from Navy post to participate in war

The Philippines had been under Spain’s control since 1500’s

War Declared and on May 1, 1898 Dewey’s fleet attacks Spanish ships in Manila Bay Spanish defeated August 13, 1898, the fight on land ends with the

capture of the city of Manila Filipino rebels aided the US troops under the guide of

Emilio Aguinaldo

Invasion of Cuba End of June, US forces had landed in Cuba

Were extremely ill-prepared volunteers Most lethal enemy was not Spanish, but the tropical

diseases Malaria Typhoid Dysentery

5,000 Americans died from disease Only 500 died in battle

Cavalry charge up San Juan Hill by Rough Riders Rough Riders were volunteers led by Theodore

Roosevelt US Navy defeats Spanish Army at Santiago Bay, June

3, 1898 Without navy, Spain could no longer fight, and called

for peace in early August

Treaty of Paris Peace treaty signed in Paris on December 10, 1898 Provided for

1. Recognition of Cuban independence

2. US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam

3. US acquisition of Philippines in return for a payment to Spain of $20 million

To annex, or not to annex the Philippines 2/3 vote needed to ratify the treaty Anti-imperialists argues that the annexation would defy the

ideas of the Declaration of Independence Deprive the Filipinos the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit

of happiness” Would entangle the US in Asian conflicts

February 6, 1899: Treaty of Paris ratified Vote of 57 to 27, two votes short of defeating the treaty

More Issues with Cuba Congress creates the Platt Amendment (1901)

US was to withdraw troops at the end of the war according to the Teller Amendment, but remained in 1898-1901

Upon withdrawal of troops, Congress made Cuba agree to the conditions of the Platt Amendment1. Never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired

its independence

2. Never build up excessive public debt

3. Permit the US to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order

4. Allow the US to maintain Naval Base in Cuba, including one at Guantanamo Bay

Cuba now a US protectorate Foreign policy in Cuba would be subject to US oversight

Filipino Conflict Weren’t we just free? Emilio Aguinaldo was like…really?

He had fought alongside the US in the Spanish American War Led guerrilla fighters in a war against the US now

America mimics Spanish Created civilian concentration camps

1901: Americans capture Aguinaldo Overall: 5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos died America sent over 100,000 troops fight the war Paid upwards of $400 million to defeat the insurgency

1901: Taft becomes governor of Philippines Wanted to help the islands recover Censored the press and put dissidents in jail Ordered the construction of schools, roads, and bridges

Annexation of Hawaii Hawaii has been linked to the US since the 1790’s

American merchant ships would stop there on route to East Asia 1887: treaty made giving America Naval Base at Pearl Harbor. Americans maintained sugar plantations on the island

imported Japanese and Chinese to work for low wages 1887: Wealthy American planters convince King Kalakaua to Hawaii’s

constitution Gave only wealthy landowners the franchise Really only gave the whites to vote

US legislation caused issues for US citizens in Hawaii Tariff put into effect to place duty on Hawaiian sugar Sugar plantation owners feared a drop in sale & profit

1891: Queen Liliuokalani assume throne after death of King Kalakaua Hated the rise in power he gave white planters Abolished the Hawaiian Constitution to strip the white majority of

their power Overthrow the Queen!

With help from US officials and the Marines, the rebel planters took action to overthrow the monarch.

Sanford B. Dole assumes power and request that President Harrison annex Hawaii into the United States

Continued… Harrison agrees to

Annexation Could not get required

signatures from the Senate before election of Cleveland

Cleveland orders full investigation of the proposed annexation

Investigation proves: Hawaiians did not want to

become annexed into United State

California Angry! Californian businesses

were closely tied to Hawaiian planters

Scared of losing business

McKinley takes office His administration

favored annexation

July 1898: Hawaii annexed and become territory in 1900

August 1959: Hawaii becomes 50th state to Union

Review….

What are the major reasons for US expansion overseas? (19th/early 20th century)

How was the Monroe Doctrine used to justify US defense of Cuba?

What did the US gain in the Philippines and in the Caribbean?

Boxer Rebellion Chinese were angry at the

so called spheres of influence

The Society of Harmonious Fists Secret society of Chinese

nationalists that attacked foreign settlements and killed Christian missionaries

US sent troops to protect American lives and property

Ended up joining in an international force of troops from all the spheres to crush the rebelling Boxers

Chinese in the end had to pay the sum of the insurrection in indemnities

Xenophobia at its finest

Big-Stick Policy

Roosevelt’s Policy “speak softly and

carry a big stick” Acting boldly and

decisively in situations

Broke the tradition of noninvolvement

Used to maintain peace between rival nations

Roosevelt Corollary 1904 Latin American nations were in debt to European creditors European nations were ready to dispatch military control to

force the nations into payment Roosevelt took action so that the Monroe Doctrine would not

be violated The US would intervene in nations owing whenever needed Gunboats filled with sailors and marines would occupy the

delinquent countries major ports and manage the custom taxes until they had fulfilled all of their debts

Between 1904 and 1924, the US presidents used the corollary in : Haiti Honduras Dominican Republic Nicaragua

Resulted in poor relationships with Latin America countries

History Channel: Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy

Panama Canal Because the American empire now spanned throughout the Pacific

and Atlantic oceans, a canal needed to be built through Central America

Revolt in Panama Roosevelt couldn’t build his canal because Panama was under the

control of Colombia In order to expedite things, Roosevelt agreed to support the

Panamanians in a revolt for their freedom Succeeded almost immediately New independent government of Panama agreed to help out the US

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 Granted the US long-term control of a canal zone

1904-1914: building of the canal High handed tactics

Many Americans were approving of the canal Many Latin Americans were disapproving because of the support given

to panama against Columbia Congress cores in 1921 to pay $25 million to Columbia to pay for its

loss of Panama

Quote II: "There was much accusation about my having acted in an 'unconstitutional' manner," Teddy shrugged. "I took the isthmus, started the canal, and then left Congress -- not to debate the canal, but to debate me. . . . While the debate goes on, the canal does too; and they are welcome to debate me as long as they wish, provided that we can go on with the canal."

East Asian affairs Russo-Japanese War

1905: Roosevelt hosts conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire for both nations

Both sign the Treaty of Portsmouth, but Japan blames the US for not giving them all they wanted from Russia

“Gentlemen's Agreement”(1908) Japanese angry that children with Japanese heritage were forced to attended

segregated schools in San Francisco

Roosevelt agreed to a non-formal agreement that he would make California repeal the legislation if the Japanese government would restrict emigration of Japanese workers

Great White Fleet Roosevelt orders a parade of the US naval power around the world (1907-1909) When the ships arrived at Tokyo Harbor, they were warmly greeted

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) Sec. of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador Takahira agree to:

1. Show mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions2. Support of the Open Door Policy in China

Great White Fleet

Dollar Diplomacy Taft’s foreign policy

Mildly expansionist Dependant on investor’s money Supported American enterprises abroad

East Asia and Latin America Taft placed American investments in China and Central America

Railroads in China (1911) American was planning on joining an already developing international

investment towards railroads in China Japan and Russia, excluded from the earlier investment, agreed to make

their own investments in northern china US was angry because this action defied the Open Door policy, and Japan

and Russia agreed to hold the area as a joint sphere of influence

Lodge Corollary (1912) Stated that non-European countries could not hold territory in the Western

Hemisphere Angered Japan and Latin America, as Japan was planning on buying land

from the Baja Peninsula to the southern border of California Henry Cabot Lodge, senator from Michigan, proposed this legislation in fear

that Japan’s government might be trying to acquire the lands Unsupported by Taft

Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy

Moral approach to foreign affairs Opposed Big-Stick Policy Opposed imperialism Opposed Dollar Diplomacy

Righting the Past Wrongs Philippines

Jones Act (1916) granted them full territorial status, a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, and Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was formed

Puerto Rico (1917) Congress grants US citizenship to all inhabitants and limited self

government The Panama Cana

(1914) Wilson persuades congress to repeal the act that gave US ships free passage through the Panama Canal, something that angered both Roosevelt and Lodge, but pleased the British, who had objected the US exemption

Conciliation Treaties Arranged by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan Negotiated treaties with 30 nations where they pledged

1. Submit disputes to international commissions2. Observe a one-year period of military abstinence before taking military

action again

continued… Military intervention in Latin America

Wilson went far beyond both Roosevelt and Taft in use of the military to straighten out financial and political troubles in Central America and the Caribbean

Argued that such actions were needed to protect the stability of the regions and the Panama Canal

Conflict in Mexico Civil War and Revolution occurring in Mexico Tested Wilsons moral approach to foreign relations Tampico Incident (1914)

Mexican Authorities arrest American sailors upon landing in Vera Cruz The Mexican ruler, Huerta, refused to apologize for the false arrest, so Wilson

ordered a full on occupation of Vera Cruz War between Mexico and the US was avoided when South America’s ABC

powers offered to mediate the issue ABC Powers: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile

Pancho Villa When Huerta fell from power in late 1914, he was replaced by Venustiano

Carranza Pancho Villa, leader of the revolutionaries, led raids across the US-Mexican

border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico Wilson orders General Pershing to pursue the bandit in Mexico, but was forced

out by Carranza because they had not found him in the many months there were there

January 1917: Wilson withdraws Pershing’s troops due to the growing possibility of America’s entrance in World War I

“I hardly Know which to take First!”

America had become an Imperial Empire ( 1857-1917)

Philippines from Spain 1898

Guam from Spain 1898

Midway 1867

Wake I. 1899

Johnston Astoll 1898

Howland 1857

Baker I. 1857

Jarvis 1857

Palmyra Atoll 1898

Samoa 1899

Puerto Rico 1898

Hawaii 1898

Alaska from Russia in 1867

Kingman Reef 1858