U.S. History 101Balancing Liberty & Order (1753-1820)

Election of 1796

• Washington chose not to run for a 3rd term

• John Adams – Federalist• Thomas Jefferson – Republican • Adams 71 electoral votes• Jefferson 68 electoral votes

John Adams’ Presidency

XYZ Affair French agents demanded a bribe of $250,00010 millions in loans

Lead to an undeclared Naval War

The Alien and Sedition Acts

•Pushed measures to increase the size of the military

•Higher Taxes•Arrest and deport citizens of other countries

From 5 years to 14 years to become a citizen

“false, scandalous, and malicious” speech against the Government

Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans

Federalists (Hamilton)

Jeffersonian Republicans

Constitution Loose construction Strong central gov Favored national bank

Strict construction Weak central gov Opposed national bank

National Debt Use debt to establish credit

Pay off debt

Vision of America Pro-business Pro-agriculture

Political Power With wealthy & educated

With the common man

Ally Britain France

“as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form” - Jefferson

• Nasty campaign

• Jefferson wins after 36 ballots in the House

• Importance: Peaceful transition of power

• Led to passage of 12th Amendment

Jefferson’s Presidency

• Reduced the amount of taxes paid to the Federal Government

• Cut the size of the federal bureaucracy

• Cut the size of the Army to 3000 men

• Judiciary Acts 1789 3 circuit courts and 13 district courts

• Judiciary Act 1801 Reduce the amount of Supreme Court Justices

Marbury v. Madison

• Adams filled judicial post with Federalist

• Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice• William Marbury justice of the peace for DC

• Jefferson tried to deny appointments from Adams

• Secretary of State James Madison never delivered the official papers giving Marbury his authority

• Marbury sued Madison

• Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

• Established “Judicial Review”

Louisiana Purchase 1803

• Land Act of 1800: Americans were able to buy land in small parcels and on credit

• Napoleon: French controlled the Mississippi RiverCharged Americans to traders

• James Monroe: Sent to Paris to purchase New Orleans for up to $10 million

• Napoleon wanted to sell the Louisiana region for $15 million

• Expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

• There goal was to explore the new territory: Scientific and commercial

• Left from St. Louis

• Sacajawea: Shoshone Tribe and Interpreter

• Demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific Coast

• Americans territory was destine to reach the West

Battle of Tippecanoe 11/7/1811

• Tecumseh: Shawnee in the Indiana Territory

• U.S. Government convinced a small population of Natives to sell of parts of their land

• He protested to then Governor William Henry Harrison

• Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison’s militia and soldiers of 1000 men.

• Neither side won

• Destroyed Native relations

• 1812-1814; U.S. vs. Britain & natives• Causes

British support of Natives attacking U.S. Anger over impressments Embargo Act of 1807 – U.S. stops trading with all nations Economic recession in America; Depression in Britain

• Britain burns Washington, D.C.• Hartford Convention (1814) – New England

threatens to secede • Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) ends war.

Old boundaries restored.• Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815)

U.S. defeats British Makes Andrew Jackson a national hero

War of 1812

Battle of Baltimore

• British bombardment of Fort McHenry

• Francis Scott Keys

• Star-Spangled Banner

By Gilbert Stuart

• Panic of 1819 – economic depression hits• Missouri Compromise (1820)

After the War