By: Keyara Hampton4th period

1862 1864 1866

The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 160 acres of land to free any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.

The Cheyenne tribe assumed that they were under government protection so they moved to Colorado’s sand creek reserve. General S.R. Curtis U.S. wanted the Indians to suffer more. Him and his troops killed about 150 people including women and children.

Buffalo soldiers were members of the 10th Calvary. This was an all black regiment that was established by congress. They were the first peacetime all black regiment in the U.S. army.

1867 1868 1870

Tatanka Iyotanka, leader of the Hunkapa Sioux tribe never signed the treaty of Fort Laramie.

Agarian economic movement in the late 1800s. Farmers wanted to decrease debt, poverty, and low crop prices through education.

Oliver Hudson Kelley started an organization for farmers that became popularly known as Grange. The main purpose of it was to provide a social outlet & an educational forum for isolated families.

1871-1904 1876 1879

The Battle of Little Big Horn was also known as Custer’s last stand by the Native Americans. This battle was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne combined w/ Arapho tribes against the U.S. 7th Calvary

Exodusters were African-Americans who moved from the post-reconstruction south to Kansas.

Nez Perce was a member of the Shapatain people living on the Pacific Coast.

1881 1886 1887

The Native Americans had a plan of assimilation. This plan stated that they would give up their beliefs and way of life, to become part of the white culture.

The colored farmer’s alliance was made up of black and white farmers who faced problems with decreasing profits. So blacks decided to make their own organization.

Congress passed the Dawes Act in an attempt to “Americanize” Native’s. This act broke up reservations, and gave some of the land to single natives. If you had a family, you got 160 acres and if you were single you only got 80 acres.

18901896 1896

On December 28, 1890 the 7th Calvary; which was made up of Custer’s old regiment, rounded up natives and took them to a camp in Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day, soldiers were taking the natives weapons, and in the process, a shot was fired. The Calvary killed 300 natives.

At the 1896 Democratic Convention, William Jennings Bryan delivered the “cross of Gold Speech”. He also was the editor of the Omaha World.

William McKinley was nominated by the Republican party for the presidential election. He was soon elected president, but his election caused populism to collapse burying the hopes of farmers.

1795 1827 1830-1850

The Vanderbilt family was an American family of the railroad. They became socially prominent in the 1st half of the 19th century.

Socialism was an economic system characterized by social ownership, and means of production. Co-operative management of the economy.

Sweat shops was a negative word that was used to describe any working environment. These environments were very difficult and dangerous to work in.

1850 1859 1870

The Bessemer Process developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer & William Kelly. This process was to inject air into molten iron to remove impurities

Andrew Carnegie was one of the 1st industrial moguls to make his own fortune. He gave money to communities so they could build public libraries. He hoped that this would inspire others to make their own rags-to-riches stories.

Social Darwinism came from Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Social Darwinism explained natural selections and how people pass some traits to their offspring.

1870 1876 1876

John D. Rockefeller established the standard oil company. He used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America. His oil company processed 2/3 of the country’s crude oil.

Alexander Graham Bell helped create the telephone. He actually took a previous invention that was similar to the telephone to make it. This invention opened way for a worldwide communication network.

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. The telephone affected office work and created new jobs for women.

1879 1884 1885

Thomas Alva Edison became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier. He established the world’s 1st research laboratory in Menlo park, New Jersey.

Eugene v. Debs was a court case that attempted to form an industrial union. The American Railway Union (ARU)

Mugwumps were republican political activists who bolted from the republican party by supporting the democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the U.S. presidential election.

1886 1890 1892

Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Strikebackers were known as “scabs” . They kept the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) during the strike.

1780 1790 1800

This period was the beginning of the melting pot. This term was used to describe the mixture of people and different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages & customs.

Urbanization was big at this period in history. Growth of cities mainly occurred in the region of the northwest and mid-west.

Jane Addams was one of the most influential people in the settlement house movement.

1800 1860-1896 1868

Settlement houses were community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area , especially immigrants.

The gilded age was the period following the civil war. This was a time of huge growth that attracted millions of people from Europe.

Tammany Hall was where boos Tweed was the leader. Tammany Hall was a powerful democratic machine.

1871 1871 1871

The Tweed Ring was a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city, Brok.

The Civil Service consisted of the government administration going to the most qualified persons when in need.

A political machine offered services to voters and business in exchange for political or financial support.

1879 1892-19241880-1949

Dumbbell Tenements were cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. They were called this because of the design of the buildings which looked like dumbbells. Many units even had to share a corridor.

Ellis Island was an immigration station. About 20% of immigrants here were detained for a day or more, before being inspected.

Jacob Riis helped the impoverished people in NYC. He endorsed the implementation of “model tenements”. He started out as a photographer and he took pictures of people around NYC.

1971-1940 1920 1930-1950

Angel Island was another immigration center mostly for Asians and Chinese. The processing here was similar to the ways at Ellis Island. People endured harsh questioning and long detention in filthy ramshackle buildings just for waiting.

A Kickback was a worker who would kickback a portion of earnings to the machine. Illegal payments enriched political machines and individual politicians.

The patronage system was giving government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.

1857 1870 1876

Fredrick Law Olmstead spearheaded a movement planned for urban parks. He envisioned the parks as a rustic haven in the middle of a busy city. For example: Times Square in NYC.

Mark twain inspired young authors when he declared his independence of “literature and all that other bosh”. He is the author of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and the sequel “Huckleberry Finn”.

The Grandfather Clause meant that, if a man failed the literacy test or couldn’t afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote. But this is only if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote.

1880 1880 1881

Ida B. Wells worked as a teacher, and later became an editor. In her stories, racial justice was her main theme in her stories. In 1892, 3 of her friends were lynched illegally without trial.

Ragtime was a type of music that developed during this time period. It was a blend of European musical forms and African-American spirituals. Ragtime music later turned into jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock ‘n’ roll music.

Booker T. Washington was an African-American educator and leader who believed that racism would end once black acquired useful labor skills. Blacks would also have to prove their economic value to society.

18811881 1883

This time period was the birth of the first Vaudeville Theatre. These type of theatres were referred to as palaces. Performances included song dance, juggling, slapstick comedy, and sometimes chorus lines of female performers

Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian immigrant who introduced the NY world newspaper in 1883. he pioneered popular innovations such as: the Sunday edition, sports, comics, and women’s news. He greatly emphasized sin, sex, and sensation. His main competition was William Randolph Hearst .

Mail-Order Catalogs were pretty convenient. All you had to do was put in an order for food or other service, and you would do that all by mail.

18881895

1900

George Eastman developed a series of more convenient alternatives to the heavy glass plates. In 1888 he introduced the first Kodak camera.

W.E.B. Dubois was the first African-American to get a doctorate degree from Harvard. In 1905 he founded the Niagara Movement where blacks would seek liberal arts education so that the black community would have well educated leaders.

Segregation laws were laws that separated whites and blacks in public and private facilities.

19031917 1937

Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers who experimented with different engines. First they built a glider, then they commissioned a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine. Their first successful plane was a biplane with a wingspan of 40”4’. Their first successful flight was on Dec. 17, 1903, and it lasted 12 seconds, and covered 120ft.

Literacy tests were given to people to test their literature abilities. Passing this test was a requirement to be registered for voting in some states.

A poll tax was an annual tax that had to be paid before you were qualified to vote.

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