U.S. History AP Class Notes – Coach Parker Unit 2 – “American Revolution”

Objective 1: Analyze the French exploration & colonization of the Americas

I. France joins colonization – Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the colony race. It was convulsed in the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife. a. Louis XIV – When King Louis XIV became king, he took an interest in overseas colonies. b. French colonists – Unlike English colonists, French colonists didn’t immigrate to No. America by hordes.

Peasants were too poor and the Huguenots (French Protestants) weren’t allowed to leave II. “New France” in Canada

a. Quebec – In 1608, France established Quebec, overlooking the St. Lawrence River. b. Ohio Valley – c. Samuel de Champlain – an intrepid French soldier and explorer who became known as the “Father of New

France.” His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and settlement of Quebec.

i. Native relations – He entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeated the Iroquois. The Iroquois, however, did hamper French efforts into the Ohio Valley later.

d. Beaver Hunting – New France’s one valuable resource was the beaver. Beaver hunters littered the land with place names, including Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land), Des Moines (some monks) and Grand Teton (big breasts).

e. Native Relations – The French also recruited Indians to hunt for beaver as well, but Indians were decimated by White Man’s diseases, and the beaver population was heavily extinguished. French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to convert Indians.

III. New France Expands a. Detroit – To thwart English settlers from pushing into the Ohio Valley, Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit

(“city of straits”) in 1701. b. Louisiana – founded, in 1682, by Robert de La Salle, to thwart Spanish expansion into the area near the Gulf

of Mexico. Three years later, he tried to fulfill his dreams by returning, but instead landed in Spanish Texas and was murdered by his mutinous men in 1687.

i. Robert de La Salle – was responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada and upon seeing the beautiful river valley named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.

c. Illinois – The fertile Illinois country, where the French established forts and trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, became the garden of France’s North American empire.

IV. Clash of Empires a. King William’s War: In Europe a war fought between the Grand Alliance and France which also embroiled

the colonies. The entire war was battled over who would reign in England. In the colonies the Indians were fighting for the French. In 1697 fighting ceased due to the Peace of Ryswick which restored Port Royal to the French.

b. Queen Anne’s War: The second of the four imperial wars fought between Britain, France and Spain. It took place from 1702­1713. Though many Spanish colonial towns were captured and burned by English forces, American colonists met with military failure creating a feeling of dependence on Britain. The war ended with Peace of Utrecht.

i. Peace of Utrecht: Treaty that ended Queen Anne's War in 1713. Due to treaty France had to give up Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia), Newfoundland and Hudson Bay territory to England but got to keep Cape Breton Island. The treaty also introduced a period of peace in which the American colonists experienced growth economically and politically.

c. War of Jenkin’s Ear: British versus Spain.

i. Cause – English Captain named Jenkin’s had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander, who had sneered at him to go home.

ii. Location – It was fought in Georgia and North Carolina. iii. Combat – Lieutenant Governor William Gooch led Virginia’s 400 men into the whole 3000 men

colonial army and after their Colonel died Gooch succeeded him. When they attacked Cartagena it proved disastrous, though Gooch wouldn’t report it that way.

iv. Merger – This war soon merged with the War of Austrian Succession and came to be called King George’s War in America

d. King George’s War: War fought between Britain and France and Spain. It took place not only in Europe but also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with thousands of troops.

i. Peace – However, peace terms of this war gave Louisbourg, which the New Englanders had captured, back to France, outraging the colonists. The Treaty of Aix­la­Chapelle also gave British lands in India

Objective 2: Evaluate the French­Indian (Seven Years) War

I. War with France – The French­Indian War (Seven Years’ War) begins the serious tension that occurs between the Colonists and the British that will eventually lead to the American Revolution a. Causes

i. National Rivalry – War is a result of a long Anglo­French rivalry as France & Britain were in competition for territory in North America

ii. Expansion in Colonies – The Ohio Valley became a battleground among the Spanish, British, and French as it was lush and very good land.

1. France has settlers in Ohio Valley and constantly expand 2. British Colonies grow and colonists move close to area

b. Spark – In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent 21 year­old George Washington to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen.

i. Fort Duquesne – Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader.

ii. Fort Necessity – The French returned and surrounded Washington’s hastily constructed Fort Necessity (near present­day Pittsburgh). After a 10­hour siege, they made him surrender. He was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war.

iii. War – The French and Indian War (aka Seven Years’ War) began with Washington’s battle with the French.

II. Global Conflict – the fourth war between empires in America was different than the other three because it evolved into a global conflict. a. Sides – It was England and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. b. Native Relations – British have harsher treatment of Natives than French and therefore Natives side with

French in conflict c. Colonists – In previous wars, the Americans were not unified, but now they were. An inter­colonial congress

was planned to be held in Albany, NY i. Ben Franklin – A month before the congress, Ben Franklin had published his famous “Join or

Die” cartoon featuring a snake in pieces, symbolizing the colonies. Franklin helped unite the colonists in Albany

ii. Albany Congress – Conference in from June 19 to July 11, 1754 in Albany, NY. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French.

iii. Albany Plan of Union – plan to unify the colonies during the war – the plan does not succeed in totally unifying the colonies, but shows unity in colonies and sets stage for self­government and later union.

III. Early War a. British Strategy – In the beginning, the British sent haughty 60 year­old general Braddock to lead a bunch of

inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery.

b. British lose Battles – The British were routed. George Washington reportedly had two horses shot from under him and four bullets go through his coat, but never him.

c. Constant defeat – As the British tried to attack a bunch of strategic wilderness posts, defeated after defeat piled up.

d. Effects – Afterwards, the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina felt the Indian wrath, as scalping was rampant.

V. Pitt Takes Lead – In hour of British trouble, William Pitt, the “Great Commoner,” took the lead and in 1757, became a foremost leader in the London government. Later earning the title of “Organizer of Victory” – Pittsburgh is named after him a. Focus on Quebec­Montreal – Pitt soft­pedaled assaults on the French West Indies, assaults which sapped

British strength, and concentrated on Quebec­Montreal. b. Fall of Louisbourg – In 1758, Louisbourg fell after a blistering siege. c. Fall of Quebec – the French were defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered

i. Significance – The 1759 Battle of Quebec ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

VI. Treaty of Paris, 1763 – ends French & Indian War a. British gain Canada – Britain got all of Canada, but the French were allowed to retain several small but

valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two never­to­be­fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations.

b. British gain more land – Britain gains control of large area west of 13 colonies c. Effects – Before 1689 almost all of the land belonged to Spain, and France with Britain only starting. By 1713

France was dominating the North America and Britain was spreading up and down the coast. In 1763 with the Treaty of Paris, Britain became the overwhelming power.

Objective 3: Evaluate the effects of the French & Indian War

I. British establish power – Great Britain took its place as the leading naval power in the world, and a great power in North America.

II. Decline of French Power in North America – British gain possession of Canada and most French land holdings in North America. Louis XIV envisioned a French empire in North America, but defeats in 1713 and 1763 snuffed that out a. French leave Canada

i. Cajuns – The first French to leave Canada were the Acadians. The British who had won that area had demanded that all residents either swear allegiance to Britain or leave. In 1755, they were forcefully expelled from the region.

1. Louisiana – The Acadians fled far south to the French colony of Louisiana, where they settled among sleepy bayous, planted sugar cane and sweet potatoes, and practiced Roman Catholicism.

a. Culture – spoke a French dialect that came to be called Cajun. Cajuns married Spanish, French, & Germans. They were largely isolated in large families until the 1930s, when a bridge­building spree, broke the isolation of these bayou communities.

ii. New England French­Canadians – 1763, a 2nd group of French settlers began to leave, heading toward New England because bad harvests led to lack of food in Quebec.

1. Beliefs – Most hoped to return to Canada someday. These people also preserved their Roman Catholicism and their language.

2. Effects – Today, most Cajuns & New England French­Canadians speak English. b. Quebec – Today, Quebec is the only sign of French existence that once ruled.

i. French Culture – strong there in the form of road signs, classrooms, courts, and markets, eloquently testifying to the continued vitality of French culture in North America.

III. Confidence for Colonists – The colonists, having experienced war firsthand and come out victors, were very confident. However, the myth of British invincibility had been shattered.

IV. Colonists­British Tension a. Military – friction developed between British officers and colonists.

i. The British refused to recognize any American officers above the rank of captain. However, the hardworking Americans believed that they were equals with the Redcoats.

ii. Colonists felt British should have helped more in War and were upset that British were leaders of war and not colonists

iii. British felt that Colonists should appreciate the British coming to help them in this colonial conflict.

b. Trading – Brits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders during the war; in fact, in the last year of the war, the British forbade the export of all supplies from New England to the middle colonies. Many American colonels refused to help fight the French until Pitt offered to reimburse them.

V. Unity of Colonists – During the French and Indian War, Americans from different parts of the colonies found, surprisingly to them, that they had a lot in common (language, ideals), and barriers of disunity began to melt.

VI. Colonists Could Roam – Now that the French had been beaten, the colonists could now roam freely, and were less dependent upon Great Britain. a. French Consolation – The French consoled themselves with the thought that if they could lose such a great

empire, maybe the British would one day lose theirs too. b. Elimination of Spain – Spain was eliminated from Florida, and the Indians could no longer play the

European powers against each other, since it was only Great Britain in control now. c. Changing Native Relations – 1763, Ottawa chief Pontiac led a few French­allied tribes in a brief but bloody

campaign through the Ohio Valley, but the Whites quickly & cruelly retaliated after being caught off guard. One commander ordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed among the Indians. Such violence led to the Proclamation of 1763

VII. Proclamation of 1763 – English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Land­hungry Americans wanted to settle west of the Appalachians. Parliament and King George III (young, new king of England) issued Proclamation. The newly gained territory was off­limits for colonists – British troops are sent to area to prevent conflicts a. Purpose – to ease tension with French & Natives. This document was meant to work out the Indian problem,

but colonists saw it as another form of oppression from a far away country. b. Defiance – In 1765, an estimated one thousand wagons rolled through the town of Salisbury, North Carolina,

on their way “up west” in defiance of the Proclamation. c. Tension with British – The British were in no way to accept this blatant disobedience by the lowly

Americans, and the stage was set for the Revolutionary War. d. Effects – The Proclamation of 1763 caused the first major revolt against the British

VIII. British War Debt – cost of keeping a large standing army in No. America led British to try to raise money by taxing colonists. The British were the highest taxed people in the world and King George III was unable to raise British taxes. He decides to tax the colonists, who paid very little taxes.

Objective 4: Identify the events leading up to the Imperial Reorganization of 1763

I. The Deep Roots of Revolution – In a broad sense, the American Revolution began when the first colonists set foot on America. A sense of independence had already begun to develop because London was over 3000 miles away. a. Sailing across the Atlantic in a ship often took 6 to 8 weeks. b. Survivors felt physically and spiritually separated from Europe. c. Colonists in America, without influence from superiors, felt that they were fundamentally different from

England, and more independent. d. Many began to think of themselves as Americans.

II. The Mercantile Theory a. Lack of formal British Ties – Of 13 original colonies, only Georgia was formally planted by the British

government. The rest were started by companies, religious groups, land speculators

b. Mercantilism – British embrace theory of mercantilism that justified their control of colonies. Theory says a country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. To amass gold and silver, a country had to export more than it imported. Countries with colonies were at an advantage, because the colonies could supply the mother country with materials, wealth, supplies, etc. For America, that meant giving Britain all the ships, ships’ stores, sailors, and trade that they needed and wanted. Also, they had to grow tobacco and sugar for England that Brits would otherwise have to buy from other countries.

III. Mercantilist Trammels on Trade a. Navigation Laws – were the most famous of the laws to enforce mercantilism. They restricted commerce

from the colonies to England (and back) to only English ships, and none other. Other laws stated that European goods consigned to America had to land first in England, where custom duties could be collected. Some products could only be shipped to England and not other nations. Settlers were even restricted in what they could manufacture at home

b. Currency – Americans had no currency, but they were constantly buying things from Britain, so that gold and silver was constantly draining out of America, forcing some to even trade and barter. Eventually, the colonists were forced to print paper money, which depreciated.

c. The Boards of Trade – English legislative body, based in London, which was instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the American colonies. It lacked many powers, but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system while its influence lasted. The height of the Boards' power was in the late 1690's

d. Privy Council – Colonial laws could be voided by the Privy Council, though this privilege was used sparingly (469 times out of 8563 laws). Still, colonists were inflamed by its use.

IV. The Merits of Mercantilism a. Limited Enforcement – The Navigation Laws were hated, but until 1763, they were not really enforced

much, resulting in widespread smuggling. John Hancock amassed a fortune through smuggling. b. Tobacco Market – Tobacco planters, though they couldn’t ship it to anywhere except Britain, still had a

monopoly within the British market. c. Self­Government – Americans had unusual opportunities for self­government. d. Access to British Assets – Americans also had the mightiest army in the world, and didn’t have to pay for it.

After independence, the U.S. had to pay for a tiny army and navy. e. Better life than in England – Basically, the Americans had it made: even repressive laws weren’t enforced

much, and the average American benefited much more than the average Englishman. The mistakes that occurred didn’t occur out of malice, at least until the revolt.

V. Imperial Reorganization of 1763 – After the Seven Years’ War, Britain had HUGE debt, and though it fairly had no intention of making the Americans pay off all of it for Britain, it did feel that they should pay off one­third of the cost, since Redcoats had been used for the protection of the Americans. a. George Grenville – Prime Minister from 1763­1765 who was a financier not noted for tact. To obtain funds

for Britain after the costly Seven Years War, he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and he got Parliament to pass several acts taxing the colonists.

b. End of Salutary Neglect – British colonial policy changes in 1763 after the conclusion of the French­Indian War. The policy of Salutary neglect toward the colonies had officially ended

VI. The Menace of Mercantilism – after Britain started to enforce mercantilism in 1763, the fuse for the American Revolution was lit. a. Disadvantages of New Policy:

1. Colonies couldn’t buy, sell, ship, or manufacture under their most favorable conditions 2. The South, which produced crops not grown in England, was preferred over the North. 3. Virginia, which grew just tobacco, was at the mercy of the British buyers, who often paid very low

and were responsible for putting many planters into debt. 4. Many colonists felt that Britain was just milking her colonies for all their worth.

Objective 5: Analyze the British Acts against the Colonies

I. The “First” American Revolution – the idea that the real American Revolution could not have been made possible had not a First American Revolution paved the way. The First Revolution consists of the first sparks of discontent. Previously, there had been a great deal of affection between the U.S. and its mother country, due to the

protection colonists enjoyed. However, with colonial governments, colonists were enjoying democracy, leading to opposition against taxation.

II. Sugar Act – 1764 – was the first “act” against colonists passed by Parliament to raise revenue for the crown. This ended the previous British policy of keeping Americans out of all revenue­raising measures. a. Purpose – taxed foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies b. Type of Tax – Indirect tax (did not tax everyone, just importers who raise prices – people are taxed

indirectly) – also called an external tax c. Enforcement – strictly enforced – any smuggling case was to be tried in Britain and not colonies. (Admiralty

courts). In these courts, there were no juries and the defendant was presumed guilty until proven innocent. Courts presided over by corrupt judges who received a percentage of the confiscated goods if they found the defendants guilty.

d. Reduction – after numerous protests from spoiled Americans, the duties were reduced. III. Quartering Act – 1765 Law passed by Britain to force certain colonists to house and feed British soldiers in the

colonies after the French­Indian War IV. Stamp Act – In 1765, he also imposed a stamp tax to raise money for the new military force – this was the most

detested act of Grenville. a. Purpose – The Stamp Act mandated the colonists to print newspapers, legal documents, mortgages, playing

cards, almanac, etc. on special stamped paper. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents. Tax was designed to raise money for keeping up defense in colonies.

b. Type of Tax – Buying the stamped paper was the equivalent to paying tax. This is a direct tax (pay tax directly to government) – also called an internal tax

c. Prosecution – Both the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act provided for offenders to be tried in the admiralty courts, where defenders were guilty until proven innocent.

d. British Perspective – Grenville felt that these taxes were fair, as he was simply asking the colonists to pay their share of the deal; plus, Englishmen paid a much heavier stamp tax.

e. Colonists Reaction – violence & protests – Americans felt they were unfairly taxed for an unnecessary army (French & Natives had been defeated), and lashed back violently.

V. “No taxation without representation” – This is a theory that developed in England and culminated in the Puritan Revolution of the English Civil War. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. Americans took it upon themselves to enforce this principle, reminding Brits of the principles that England’s own Puritan Revolution had brought forth. a. Colonists Argument – Americans denied right of Parliament to tax them, since no Americans were seated in

Parliament – wanted either to be represented in Parliament or not pay taxes b. British Response – Grenville replied that these statements were absurd, and pushed the idea of “virtual

representation,” in which every Parliament member represented ALL British subjects. i. "Virtual" representation – Theory claiming every member of Parliament represented all British

subjects, even those Americans who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament. Americans wanted “actual” representation

c. Needed Principle – Americans rejected “virtual representation,” and in truth didn’t really want representation because that wouldn’t have done them good, and if they had really had representation, there wouldn’t be a principle for which to rebel.

VI. Repeal of the Stamp Act a. Stamp Act Congress – In 1765, 27 representatives from nine colonies met in NYC to discuss the Stamp Tax

and send a formal protest to the king – known as The Stamp Act Congress i. Colonist action – Some colonists agreed to boycott supplies, instead, making their own and

refusing to buy British goods ii. British reaction – largely ignored in Britain iii. Effects – was a step toward inter­colonial unity.

b. Formation of Sons of Liberty – secret society established in 1765, took law into their own hands, tarring and feathering violators among people who had agreed to boycott the goods. They also stormed the houses of important officials and took their money.

i. Samuel Adams – leader of the Sons of Liberty.

ii. Members – usually upper or middle class – included Paul Revere iii. Daughters of Liberty – the Sons of Liberty merged with the Daughters of Liberty – Daughters

were upper class females who gave aid to the revolutionary cause by attending rallies and protests and refusing to associate with men who were Loyalists

iv. Actions – boycotting, terrorizing, spreading propaganda 1. Terrorizing Stamp Distributors – Stamp Distributors, people responsible for

collecting the stamp tax, were a target for such associations as the Sons of Liberty who attempted, through violence, to force the distributors to resign before taxes were due.

v. British reaction – demands appeared in Parliament for repeal of stamp tax, though many wanted to know why 7.5 million Brits had to pay heavy taxes to protect the colonies, but 2 million colonials refused to pay only one­third of the cost of their own defense.

c. The Loyal Nine: A group of middle class workers joined in summer of 1765 to resist the Stamp Act. They realized that if they could intimidate stamp distributors with house­wrecking and tar­and­feathers, they could bully them into resigning before the act could be put into effect, making it impracticable.

d. Declaratory Act – In 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but passed the Declaratory Act, proclaiming that Parliament had the right “to bind” the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” – states from now on British will rule over colonists

VII. The Townshend Acts – Parliament still needed money to pay off debt. Charles Townshend (British Prime Minister known for brilliant speeches while drunk) persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts in 1767. a. Purpose – taxes on white lead, paper, paint, and tea (imports) to raise money to pay royal governors. This

freed the governors from local control and threatened the colonies’ power of self­government (also suspended the NY Assembly b/c it would not abide by Quartering Act)

b. American Board of Customs Commissioners – created by Townshend whose sole job would be to enforce the Navigation Acts. Townshend wanted to crack down on colonial smuggling. The corrupt members of the Board practiced customs racketeering, a legalized form of piracy. This led to a major movement between colonists of anger and violence toward the Board members.

c. Type of tax – indirect – taxed imports which raised prices, indirectly taxing colonists. Parliament felt the Colonies would respond better to another indirect tax – colonists did not want any tax

d. Colonists reaction – boycotting & smuggling – colonists refused to buy products that were taxed i. Massachusetts Circular Letter: Massachusetts legislature sent other 12 colonies a letter in

response to the Townshend Acts and asked for a united response from the colonies. The British threatened to dissolve the Massachusetts court unless it was withdrawn. They refused and were dismissed. The other assemblies defiantly signed.

e. British Troops in America – Tea became smuggled, though, and to enforce the law, Brits had to send troops to America – especially Boston, MA

i. Writs of Assistance – laws to counter colonists smuggling and disregard of paying taxes on imports. Writs allowed search of shipped materials. It required no cause for suspicion and homes were often ransacked.

f. Boston Massacre – On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd of about 60 townspeople in Boston were harassing the British Redcoats who were in Boston to discourage opposition to the Townshend Acts. One got hit in the head, another got hit by a club. Without orders but heavily provoked, they opened fire, wounding or killing eleven “innocent” citizens (5 died)

i. Crispus Attucks – African­American man who was “leader” of mob – killed in conflict ii. Prosecution – Only two Redcoats got prosecuted of the eight charged with murder – the Redcoats

attorney was John Adams, who stated everyone deserved a fair defense – after the acquittals, anti­British sentiments grew larger

iii. Reaction – Sons of Liberty portray event as “massacre” VIII. Committees of Correspondence – The colonies, in order to spread propaganda and keep the rebellious moods,

set up committees of correspondence; the first was started by Samuel Adams. These were groups of colonists who coordinated resistance throughout colonies by corresponding with each other. Eventually every colony had committees of correspondence to spread ideas of revolution

IX. Tea Act – Townshend Taxes didn’t really do much, so they were repealed, except for the tea tax. Lord North wanted to eliminate the Townshend duties due to increased hostility against the British and to keep the boycott

from gaining momentum. However, he still recommended they maintain the tea tax, because it was profitable for the Royal Treasury in Great Britain. a. Purpose – In 1773, the powerful British East India Company, overburdened with 17 million pounds of

unsold tea, was facing bankruptcy. The British decided to sell it to the Americans, who were suspicious and felt that it was a shabby attempt to trick the Americans with the bait of cheaper tea and pay tax.

b. Colonists Reaction – colonists still refuse to pay any taxes and continue to boycott c. Thomas Hutchinson: Colonial governor of Massachusetts that opposed taxes harming U.S. trade, but still

supported Britain’s right to impose taxes. When the Stamp Act was in effect, his home was ransacked. In 1773, he refused to allow British ships to be returned without unloading.

d. Boston Tea Party – On December 16, 1773, some members of the Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians opened 342 chests and dumped tea into the ocean from Boston Harbor.

e. Annapolis Tea Party – People in Annapolis did the same and burned the ships to the ground. f. Reactions – Reaction was varied, from approval to outrage to disapproval. g. Effects – shows the British that the colonists are not interested in any compromise

X. The “Intolerable Acts” – The Boston Tea Party was the last straw for the British. George III becomes tired of colonists protest. In 1774, by huge majorities, Parliament passed a series of “repressive acts” to punish the colonies, namely Massachusetts (The British called these the Coercive Acts). a. The Boston Port Act – passed on April 1, 1774 – Boston Harbor was closed until retribution was paid. Led

to economic difficulties in Boston. The Act also allowed for enforcing officials who killed colonials to now be tried in England.

b. Massachusetts Government Act – Massachusetts charter revoked – Governor of Massachusetts was replaced with a British friendly governor and the number of town meetings were reduced

c. The Quebec Act – after the French and Indian War, the English had claim the Quebec Region, a French speaking colony. The Act guaranteed Catholicism to the French­Canadians, permitted them to retain their old customs, and extended the old boundaries of Quebec all the way to the Ohio River – took away port of territory of Massachusetts and gave it to Canada

d. New Quartering Act – a new, more strict Quartering Law took effect e. Effects

i. Militias Formed – formed to resist enforcement of the Intolerable Acts ii. Continental Congress Called – meeting of colonies iii. Colonists Threatened – colonists saw their territory threatened and aroused anti­Catholics were

shocked at the enlargement that would make a Catholic area as large as the original 13 colonies iv. Colonists Unite – Americans united in sympathy for Massachusetts.

Objective 6: Describe the Move toward War & Identify both sides of the war

I. The First Continental Congress – In Philadelphia, a convention was held from September 5th to October 26th, 1774, the First Continental Congress is held to formally protest the Intolerable Acts a. Purpose – did not want independence – met to discuss problems. The colonies want to remain part of Great

Britain but want to either pay no taxes or be in Parliament b. Representation – Only Georgia didn’t have a representative there – 55 total men represented c. Actions

i. List of Grievances – ignored in Parliament. ii. Declaration of Rights – also ignored iii. Future Actions – They agreed to meet again in 1775 (the next year) if nothing happened. iv. Called for the Continental Association – agreed to boycott trade with Brits & pressure the

British economy. v. Preparation – Decide if British do not give one of these to the colonists, they may have to use

force. Tell each colony to tell people to prepare in case anything happens II. The “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”

a. Lexington – In April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to nearby Concord to seize supplies and to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock. Colonists meet troops (thanks to Paul Revere and others) at Lexington – first shots of war fired at Lexington

i. Paul Revere – leader of Mass’ resistance to British. Devised early warning system to alert local minutemen about movements of British troops. When British moved to capture ammunition at Concord, Revere & others rode through countryside alerting local militias.

ii. William Dawes – partner of Revere who aided in alerting colonists of British b. Concord – Minutemen, after having eight of their own killed at Lexington, fought back at Concord, pushing

the Redcoats back, catching them from behind rocks and trees. III. The Second Continental Congress – after bloodshed at Lexington & Concord in April 1775, about 20,000

Minutemen swarmed around Boston, where they outnumbered the British. The 2nd Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no real intention of independence, merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. a. Delegates – Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John

Hancock b. Actions

i. War – war inevitable, independence not – called to discuss what to do in war & how they will conduct the war – this is major difference between 1st & 2nd Continental Congress

ii. Grievances – It sent another list of grievances to Parliament. iii. Olive Branch Petition – delivered to King on July 5, 1775 – begged George III to restore peace

and adopted a Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking up Arms 1. George’s Response – George III ignored the petition and issued the Prohibitory Act –

declaring all colonies in rebellion and no longer under his protection iv. Assumed Government Duties – United all the colonies for the war effort & encouraged colonies

to set themselves up as states. The Congress ran the government of the colonies until March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by Articles of Confederation took over.

v. Raising Army & Navy – adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy vi. Appointed Washington – It also selected George Washington as Commander in Chief.

IV. Philosophy of the Revolution a. Causes – Colonists believed the following rights were being violated:

i. Protection from taxation without representation ii. The right to a trial by jury of peers iii. The protection from searches without warrants iv. Protection from having troops quartered on their property

b. American at Time of Revolution i. By 1775, Great Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America.

1. Only 13 of them revolted. 2. Canada and Jamaica were wealthier than the 13.

ii. All of them were growing by leaps and bounds. iii. By 1775, the population numbered 2.5 million people. iv. The average age was 16 years. v. Most of the population was densely cooped up east of the Alleghenies, though by 1775, some had

slowly trickled into Tennessee and Kentucky. vi. About 90% of the people lived in rural areas.

V. British Strengths a. People – Britain had the heavy advantage: 7.5 million people to America’s 2 million b. Great Military – strongest in the world – well equipped and well disciplined

i. Superior naval power

ii. Large Army – professional army of about 50,000 men, plus about 50,000 American loyalists and many Native Americans.

c. Great wealth – could afford supplies and could hire others to fight in war VI. British Weaknesses

a. Busy in Ireland – Britain still had troops in Ireland b. France as Enemy – France was waiting to stab Britain in the back c. Outnumbered – because of other conflicts, the British could not commit totally to war – the continental

army outnumbered the Redcoats in the conflict d. No Drive to Win – Many Brits had no desire to kill their American cousins – Brits gain nothing from a

victory e. Distance – Britain fighting a war some 3000 miles away from home f. Land – Fighting in a new land and America was expansive. There was no single capital to capture and

therefore cripple the country. VII. American Strengths

a. Leadership – Americans had great leaders like George Washington (giant general), and Ben Franklin (smooth diplomat) – British best leaders were fighting other places

b. European Hatred of Brits – French aid (indirect), as the French provided Americans with guns, supplies, gunpowder, etc. Marquis de Lafayette, at age 19, was made a major general in the colonial army.

c. Home Front – fighting in familiar area d. Defense – The colonials were fighting in a defensive way, and they were self­sustaining – could use new

tactics that were not as formal e. Drive to Win – Americans enjoyed moral advantage in fighting for a cause

VIII. American Weaknesses a. Lack of Unity – Americans were terribly lacking in unity. Jealousy was prevalent, as colonies resented the

Continental Congress’ attempt at exercising power. Sectional jealousy boiled up over the appointment of military leaders; some New Englanders almost preferred British officers to Americans from other colonies.

b. Economics – Inflation also hit families of soldiers hard, and made many people poor. The American army was desperately in need of clothing, wool, wagons to ship food, and other supplies.

c. Lack of Training – Many soldiers had also only received rudimentary training. d. Over matched – facing the most powerful country in the world

IX. American Leaders a. George Washington – Colonial Military Leader. Reluctant leader from VA that had never risen above the

rank of colonel, and his largest command had only been of 1200 men i. Philosophy of War – His early military experience in French & Indian War taught Washington

dangers of overconfidence & necessity of determination when facing defeat. ii. Imposing – was a tall figure who looked like a leader, and thus, was a moral boost to troops. Also

one of the wealthiest people in the colonies. iii. Beliefs – served U.S. while maintaining commitment to concepts of equality, civic duty, preserving

unity of the U.S., and advancing cause of independence. He radiated patience, courage, self­discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working without pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,000

b. Benjamin Franklin – uses power of the press to influence colonists to join Revolution – later uses his diplomatic powers to influence the French to join the war on the side of the colonies

i. Beliefs – served U.S. while maintaining commitment to concepts of equality, civic duty, preserving unity of the U.S., and advancing cause of independence

c. Samuel Adams – the "Penman of the Revolution" He was a Master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion. Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader that was aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772.

d. John Adams – Massachusetts lawyer who is persuasive in changing opinion of war – cousin of Sam Adams; attended both Continental Congresses; swayed his countrymen to take revolutionary action against England which later gained America independence from the English.

e. John Hancock – wealthy Massachusetts leader who signs Declaration of Independence largest. Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers" who was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ring leader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord.

f. Patrick Henry – fiery lawyer who was member of the House of Burgesses during revolutionary era. He is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775. This quote is a symbol of American patriotism.

g. Abigail Adams – wife of John Adams – has impact on Adams’ in Revolution. She attempts to bring women’s rights to revolution using colonists’ ideas of “natural rights” in Declaration of Independence to help women’s movement.

X. British Leaders a. King George III – king of England in the 1770's.Though he was a good man he was not a good ruler. He lost

all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom. b. Lord North – stout prime minister in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782

XI. American Groups – War of Independence was a war within a war, as not all colonials were united. a. Patriots – There were Patriots, who supported rebellion and were called “Whigs.” The Patriot militias

constantly harassed small British detachments. i. Traits – The Patriots were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. ii. minute men – militia men in colonies who were ready to fight at any minute iii. Continental Army: Composed of colonial men, consisted of less than 10,000 men prepared for

duty at one time. Out of the potential 250,000 men living in the colonies, the Continental Army was quite diminutive. Led by George Washington

b. Loyalists – There were Loyalists, who supported the King, often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.”

i. Traits – Loyalists were generally conservatives, but the war divided families. Ex: Ben Franklin was against his illegitimate son, William, the last royal governor of NJ.

ii. Regions – Loyalists were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest.

c. Neither – many people did not care and these people were constantly being asked to join one side or another. During the war, the British proved that they could only control Tory areas, because when Redcoats packed up and left other areas, the rebels would regain control. Some sold to the highest bidder

i. Effects – made raising a large number of troops difficult, if not impossible ii. Consequences – Only because a select few threw themselves into the cause with passion, did the

Americans win. Seldom have so few done so much for so many. XII. New American Government

a. New State Constitutions – former colonies assemble new state governments after the fall of British authority in 1775. Massachusetts voters insisted that a constitution were made by a convention rather than the legislature, in hopes of implicitly making it superior to the legislatures. Most state constitutions included a bill of rights, although the constitutions ranged from extremely democratic models to unicameral legislatures.

b. Continental Congress – the 2nd Continental Congress assumed responsibility of the federal governmental – their power was very limited

Objective 7: Evaluate the early stages of the war and the fight for public opinion

I. Earliest Stages of War – In first year, the war was one of consistency, as colonists maintained their loyalty while still shooting at the king’s men. In May 1775, a tiny American force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point.

II. Bunker Hill – June 1775, the colonials seized Bunker Hill (before known as Breed’s Hill). Instead of flanking them, Redcoats launched a frontal attack.

a. British Leaders – Three British generals arrived to assist General Gage (William Howe) i. Thomas Gage: Commander in chief of Britain’s military forces in America from 1763­1775. He

issued the order for British troops to march on to concord and seize American weapons stored there. He was also the royal appointed governor of Massachusetts.

b. Battle – Two failed British attacks occurred – eventually colonists’ meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat.

c. Effects i. No Hope of Reconciliation – After Bunker Hill, King George III slammed door for all hope of

reconciliation & declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair. ii. British See Different War – British win but battle is hard­fought for British and won at high

costs – they realize the war may be more difficult than first thought iii. Colonists Moral Rises – Battle teaches colonists that they can win the war – they now had to

commit to a full­scale revolution iv. Hiring of Hessians – The King also hired many German mercenaries, called Hessians, who,

because they were lured by money and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens. Overall, Hessians comprised of approximately 30,000 soldiers in the British army during the War. They fought among 162,000 other Britons and loyalists but were outnumbered by the 220,000 troops of the Continental Army.

III. The Attempt for Canada – In October 1775, the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. The colonists decided that invading Canada would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. The French­Canadians would support the Americans because they supposedly were bitter about Britain’s taking over of their land. a. Attack – General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. At Quebec, he was joined by the bedraggled army

of General Benedict Arnold. b. Retreat – On the last day of 1775, in the assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Arnold was

wounded in one leg, and the whole campaign collapsed as the men retreated up the St. Lawrence River, reversing the way Montgomery had come. The French­Canadians, who had welcomed the Quebec Act, didn’t really like the anti­Catholic invaders.

IV. Evacuation of Boston – British were finally forced to evacuate Boston V. Shifting Public Opinion – most people living in the colonists were still either indifferent about the war or against

the war – the revolutionaries had to shift public opinion in the colonies VI. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense – In 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, which urged colonials to

stop pretending loyalty, and just fight. He encourages people to join the revolution. a. Arguments

i. Larger Body – Nowhere in the universe did a smaller body of land control a larger one, so Paine argued, saying why tiny Britain had to control gigantic America. He called King George III “the Royal Brute of Great Britain.”

ii. Idea of “Republicanism” – Paine argued his idea that there should be a “republic” where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people. He laced his ideas with Biblical imagery, familiar to common folk.

b. Effects – one of the most potent pamphlets ever written i. Government Ideals – ideas about rejecting monarchy and embrace an independent republic fell on

receptive ears in America, though these ideas already existed. The New Englanders already practiced this type of government in their town meetings. Some patriots would still favor a republic ruled by a “natural aristocracy.”

ii. Changing Opinions – This changes many people’s opinion and allows the leaders of the revolution to keep pushing forward with their cause. The pamphlet with its high­class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.

VII. The Declaration of Independence – Members of Philadelphia Congress, instructed by their colonies, gradually moved toward a clean break with Britain. On June 7, 1776, fiery Richard Henry Lee urged for complete independence – stating, “These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free, and independent states.” This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence that was finally adopted on July 2, 1776. a. Purpose of Declaration

i. justify the American Revolution ii. win support of colonists that were undecided & foreign leaders iii. explain beliefs about the relationship between people and their government

b. Influential People i. Thomas Jefferson – Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson (33 yrs old), already renown as a great

writer, to concoct Declaration. He did so eloquently, coming up with a list of grievances against George III & persuasively explaining why colonies had right to revolt.

1. World influences – The Declaration was written to a worldwide audience and Jefferson wanted the world to understand and sympathize with their cause.

c. Enlightenment Influences – Jefferson influenced by Enlightenment – movement that emphasized science & reason as key to improving society. Beliefs such as the laws of nature, optimism, confidence in human reason, and deism were developed. These ideas encouraged revolution.

i. John Locke – Enlightenment philosopher who criticized "divine right" kings had. He believed people should have a say and that the supreme power should be state power, but only if they were governed by "natural" law. In his 1690 book, Two Treatises of Government, he claims that any person has the right to revolt if the government does not fulfill its duties. His ideas of self­government & natural rights can be seen in the Declaration and the Constitution.

d. Content of Declaration i. Belief in Equality (Preamble) – First part of Declaration focuses on rights of all people – states

that "all men are created equal" ii. Belief in Natural Rights – Declaration states that there are natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of

happiness) that each person has. If these rights are natural – not man­made – they can not be taken away by man.

iii. Belief in Government by consent of people – Declaration states governments are designed to protect these natural rights – if they are not protected, the people should be able to form a new government in which natural rights are protected

iv. Examples of how British government violated rights of the colonists – gives reasons for Colonists declaring independence. Many of the British violations were later written into Bill of Rights so U.S. government could not violate same rights

e. Slavery clause in Declaration – 2 passages in Jefferson’s original draft were rejected by the Second Continental Congress. The first passage was an exorbitant reference to the English people, and the second passage was an attack on the slave trade.

f. Approval – When Congress approved it on July 2nd, John Adams proclaimed that date to be celebrated from then on with fireworks, but because of editing and final approval, it was not completely approved until July 4th, 1776.

g. Effects i. Basis for Social Contract – declaration lays foundation for social contract in America. Social

Contract is idea that people are obligated to do what is best for society and if given the opportunity to succeed in this, they will

ii. Basis for natural rights – Basis for self­evident truths & inalienable rights iii. Gain domestic support – Obtains support of the uncommitted Americans iv. Gains foreign support – not all countries formally support independence, but many quietly

applaud break from British v. Sharp Divide of Colonists – sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots

VIII. The Loyalist Exodus – after the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were more sharply divided, and Patriots often confiscated Loyalist property and resell it (good way to raise money). Some 50,000 Loyalists served the British in one way or another (fighting, spying, etc) a. Who – about 1/3 to 1/5 of the population remained Loyal

i. Traits – Loyalists were conservative, well­educated ii. Minorities – majority of ethnic & religious minorities supported the revolution – African

Americans were the exception

1. African­Americans ­ thousands joined the British ranks for hope of freedom. Many Black Loyalists won their freedom from Britain. Others suffered betrayal. Some Black exiles settled in Britain, but weren’t really accepted easily

b. Why Loyal – i. Disagree with Philosophy – thought that a complete break with Britain would invite anarchy, and

felt that America couldn’t win against the more powerful army in the world. ii. Support home country – Many Britons had settled in America after the Seven Years’ War, and

they had reason to support their home country. Objective 8: Analyze the northern campaign and the turning point of the war

I. Northern Campaign (1776­1779) – After the evacuation of Boston, the British focused on New York as a HQ for operations as the British tried to separate New England from other colonies by taking control of New York. British launch attacks on NY & NJ a. British Mobilization – An awe­inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in July 1776, consisting of some 500

ships and 35,000 men — largest armed force seen in America ever until the Civil War. b. Colonists Mobilization – Washington could only muster 18,000 ill­trained men to fight, and they were

routed at the Battle of Long Island. c. British Domination – British dominated early battles in the Middle Colonies. Americans believe war may be

close to being over. Continental Congress flees Philadelphia II. Christmas Campaign – armies did not usually fight in Winter

a. Washington’s Escape – Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey, reaching the Delaware River with taunting, fox­hunt calling British on his heels.

b. Crossing the Delaware River – at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas Day celebration (drinking).

c. Sneak Attack – Washington led sneak attack and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, showing his military genius at its best.

d. Effects – This boost colonial morale III. New British Strategy in Middle Colonies – London officials adopted a complicated scheme for capturing the

vital Hudson River Valley in 1777 which, if successful, would severe New England from the rest of the colonies: a. General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. b. General Howe’s troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson and meet Burgoyne in Albany. c. A third and much smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west

by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. IV. General Burgoyne’s push from Canada

a. Fight for Lake Champlain – the British would have to win control of the lake before proceeding. i. Benedict Arnold arrives – after failure at Quebec, Arnold and his men retreated slowly along the

St. Lawrence back to Lake Champlain. The Brits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a tattered flotilla from whatever boats he could find.

ii. Delaying the push – Arnold’s “navy” was destroyed, but he had gained valuable time, because winter set in and the British settled in Canada; they would have to begin anew the next spring.

1. Effects – Had Arnold not contributed his daring and skill, the Brits most likely would have recaptured Ticonderoga and Burgoyne could have started from there and succeeded in his venture.

b. Resuming the push – Burgoyne began his mission with 7000 troops and a heavy baggage train consisting of a great number of the officers’ wives.

V. General Howe attacks Philadelphia – General Howe, at a time when he should be starting up the Hudson, deliberately embarked for an attack on Philadelphia. He wanted to force an encounter with Washington and leave the path wide open for Burgoyne’s thrust; he thought he had enough time to help Burgoyne if needed. a. American Defense – sneaky rebels, sensing the kill, were gathering along his flanks. Washington transferred

his troops to Philly, but was defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown.

b. Occupation of Philadelphia – Howe settled down in Philadelphia leaving Burgoyne “to the dogs” – colonists surrounded Philadelphia as the winter neared

c. Valley Forge – Washington finally retired for the winter of 1777­78 at Valley Forge – the British rested at nearby Philadelphia. Washington’s troops froze in the cold, but a recently arrived Prussian drill master, Baron von Steuben, whipped the cold troops into shape.

i. Importance – colonists could have easily quit ii. Effects – shows endurance of colonists – when colonists do not quit, it shows British they will

never quit and will have to be totally defeated VI. The Battle of Saratoga – known as the turning point of the war

a. Burgoyne cornered – Burgoyne’s doomed troops were bogged down, and the rebels swarmed in with a series of sharp engagements.

b. British defeated – Burgoyne, unable to advance or retreat, surrendered his entire force at Saratoga, to Horatio Gates (the leader of the Continental Army in the North and former British officer) on October 17, 1777.

c. Effects – Perhaps one of the most decisive battles in British and American history because it led to the French entering the war.

VII. Entry of France a. Seeking Revenge – France was eager to get revenge on Britain, and secretly supplied the Americans

throughout much of the war. b. Perfect Timing – After Saratoga, France finally was persuaded to enter the war against Britain. Louis XVI’s

ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if Britain regained control, she might then try to capture the French West Indies for compensation for the war. Now was the time the strike, rather than risk a stronger Britain with its reunited colonies.

c. French Alliance – France, in 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America everything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence.

d. American Caution – The Americans accepted with caution, since France was pro­Catholic, but since they needed help, they accepted.

e. Shifting Power – Now war is much more balanced. Advantages Britain had (military, money) are no longer such big advantages

VIII. Becoming a World War a. Spain & Holland – In 1779, Spain and Holland entered the war against Britain. b. Russia – In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality (she later

called it the Armed Nullity) that lined up all of Europe’s neutrals in passive hostility against England. c. British leave Middle Colonies – Britain, with the French now in the seas, decided to finally evacuate

Philadelphia and concentrate their forces in New York, and even though Washington attacked them at Monmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstroke, the British escaped to New York – and target the southern colonies

d. Effects – America, though it kept the war going until 1778, didn’t win until France, Spain, and Holland joined in and Britain couldn’t handle them all.

IX. Arrival of French – French reinforcements, commanded by Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the French.

X. Benedict Arnold Turns – In 1780, feeling unappreciated and lured by British gold, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out West Point. a. Discovery – When the plot was discovered, he fled with the British. b. Reaction – “Whom can we trust now?” cried George Washington in anguish.

Objective 9: Evaluate Life during the war & the Southern Campaign

I. War Society a. African Americans in War

i. Fought for Colonists – about 5,000 served in Colonial military (mostly New England freemen) and fought in every major battle – African Americans fought and died in service, though in the beginning,

many colonies barred them from service – especially in the South, where planters feared slave revolts

ii. Fought for British – African­Americans also served on the British side. 1. Somerset Case: defended several blacks in Somerset v. Stewart. The decision reached

was regarded as the end of slavery in England – encouraged slaves in the Colonies to side with British in hopes slavery would end there as well

2. Use of Slavery – 1775 Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation declaring freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British Army. By war’s end, at least 1400 Blacks were evacuated to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and England.

b. Native Americans in War i. Support for British – Indians went on a scalping spree. Most of the Indians supported Britain and

believed that if they won, it would stop American expansion into the West, and save Indian land. ii. Attacks – Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, recently converted to Anglicanism, and his men ravaged

backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York until check by Americans in 1779. iii. Continued Expansion – Even in wartime, pioneers moved west, showing their gratitude to the

French with such town names as Louisville while remembering the Revolution with Lexington, Kentucky.

iv. Peace – 1784 (after Revolution), the pro­British Iroquois (the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras had sided with the Americans, the other four with the British) signed the Treaty of For Stanwix, the first treaty between the U.S. and an Indian nation. Under its terms, the Indians ceded most of their land.

II. War Economy a. Economics Problems – Before the last decisive victory, inflation continued to soar, and the government was

virtually bankrupt, and announced that it could only repay many of its debts at a rate of 2.5 cents on the dollar.

III. War on Frontier a. George Rogers Clark – Spring 1778 – led 175 militia & French volunteers down Ohio River and took

several British forts along northwestern Ohio Valley. He was a surveyor & frontiersmen who led successful military acts against Indians allied to British on the western frontier – this led to British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the U.S. after war

IV. War in Seas – The tiny American navy never really hurt the British warships, but it did destroy British merchant shipping and carried the war into the waters around the British Isles. a. John Paul Jones – Despite Britain’s naval advantage, on September 23, 1779, U.S. Captain Jones engaged

the British frigate, the Serapis, in the North Sea. This was the most famous naval battle in the war – boosted American moral and creditability

b. Privateering – Swift privateers (privately owned armed ships) preyed on enemy shipping, capturing many ships and forcing them to sail in convoys. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale

V. Southern Campaign (1779­1781) – after failure in North, British shift attention to Southern colonies, hoping to separate the South from the revolutionary North. British felt they had more support in South. a. Leaders

i. Lord Charles Cornwallis – British general that fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington. Cornwallis was in charge of the southern campaign for the British

ii. Marquis de Lafayette – French military leader that commands the Colonial Army in the South at the conclusion of the war. The Marquis’ close connections with the French court in 1778 indicated that Louis XVI might recognize U.S. & declare war on Britain.

b. British Domination i. Georgia – Georgia was ruthlessly overrun by the British in 1778­1779. ii. Carolinas – In the Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors.

1. Charleston – Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780. c. Colonists Advancement in South

i. King’s Mountain – 1781, American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at King’s Mountain, and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens.

ii. Nathanial Greene – At the Carolina campaign of 1781, Quaker­reared tactician General Nathanial Greene distinguished himself with his strategy of delay. By slowly retreating and losing battles but winning campaigns, he helped clear the British out of most of Georgia and South Carolina.

Objective 10: Explain the Conclusion of the war, the Peace Process, & the Effects

I. Battle of Yorktown – the last decisive battle a. Cornwallis’ Mistake – Cornwallis was blundering into a trap. Retreating to Chesapeake Bay and assuming

that British control of the seas would give him much needed backup, Cornwallis instead was trapped by Washington’s army, which had come 300 miles from New York, Rochambeau’s French army, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea.

i. Surrender – surrounded by French Army, Navy, and Colonial Army – Cornwallis surrendered his army to the Colonists.

b. British Reaction – after hearing the news of Cornwallis’ defeat, Lord North cried, “Oh God! It’s all over!” Stubborn King George wanted to continue the war, since he still had 54,000 troops in North America and 32,000 in the U.S., and fighting did continue for about a year after Yorktown, especially in the South, but America had won.

II. Peace a. British Stance – Many Brits were weary of the war, since they had suffered heavy reverse in India and the

West Indies, the island of Minorca in the Mediterranean had fallen, and the Rock of Gibraltar was tottering. b. Meeting at Paris – Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal.

i. John Jay – American statesman and jurist. Elected to the Continental Congress, he helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain

ii. Suspicion – Jay suspected that France would try to keep the U.S. cooped up east of the Alleghenies and keep America weak.

iii. Dealing with British – Instead, Jay, thinking that France would betray American ambitious to satisfy those of Spain, secretly made separate overtures to London (against instructions from Congress) and came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance.

c. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 – officially ends Revolution, signed on September 3, 1783 – takes two years to complete. King George III wants to continue fighting, but is losing support in Britain

i. U.S. Independence – Britain formally recognized the USA ii. U.S. Boundaries – British granted generous boundaries, stretching majestically to the Mississippi

on the west, the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on South. iii. U.S. Gains Land – gain land between Colonies & Mississippi River iv. Fisheries – The Yankees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. v. Leniency for Loyalists – Americans couldn’t persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could

only recommend legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land. vi. British withdraw troops – Great Britain agrees to withdraw troops from U.S.

d. New Nation Legitimized – the Treaty was approved by all nations i. Reasons for British terms – Britain had ceded so much land because it was trying to entice

America from its French alliance. Also, during the time, the American­friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament, which was not to be the case in later years.

ii. French approval – France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes. iii. Effects – U.S. came out the big winner and seldom have any people been so favored

III. Immediate Effects of the War a. Loyalists Predicament – Most Loyalists remained in America, where they faced special burdens and

struggled to re­establish themselves in a society that viewed them as traitors.

b. Social impact of war: Women did not receive the status implied by the American Revolution’s ideals. Though the Revolution was fought in the name of liberty, slavery still existed, creating a paradox between the slavery and the freedom. However, slavery virtually ended in the North during the Revolutionary era.

c. French & British relations: France and Britain shared much interest in American territory following the War for Independence.

i. France – wanted to further continue their residence in Virginia, which led to further dispute between them and the colonists – these would fade as French Revolution would start in next decade

ii. British – had to overcome defeat and be prepare for future disputes with France (eventually Napoleon)

IV. Long Term Effects of the War a. On other countries – Especially in North/South America, people know they can break away and form their

own country as well – This occurs throughout the world over the next 200 years b. In the U.S

i. Equality precedent – The idea of “all men are created equal” is used by minorities for 200 years (Natives, African­Americans, Women, etc.)

ii. Rebellious precedent – Southern states use same ideas of revolution to attempt to break away in the Civil War