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11

• a 16th-century alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca Native American groups living in the eastern Great Lakes region.

• Iroquois League

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22

• He was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.

• Christopher Columbus

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33

• an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.

• mercantilism

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44

• the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres.

•   Columbian Exchange

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55

• the practice of holding a person in bondage for labor.

•   Slavery

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66

• the forced removal of Africans from their homelands to serve as slave labor in the Americas.

• African Diaspora

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77

• the middle leg of the triangular trade route—the voyage from Africa to the Americas—that brought captured Africans into slavery

• Middle Passage

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88

• first permanent English settlement in North America established in 1607. Sir Walter Raleigh financed the settlement.

• Jamestown

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99

• a soldier and adventurer, he took control of the Jamestown settlement in late 1608 and convinced local tribes to trade corn to the colonists.

• John Smith

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1010

• created in 1619, the first representative assembly in the American colonies.

• House of Burgesses

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1111

• a member of the group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620

• Pilgrim

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1212

• an agreement established by the men who sailed to America on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self-government.

• Mayflower Compact

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1313

• the movement of Puritans from England to establish settlements around the world, including 20,000 who sailed for America; the movement of African Americans between 1910 and 1920 to northern cities from the South

• Great Migration Home

1414

• a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies’ trade.

•  Navigation Acts

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1515

• a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws.

• Stono Rebellion

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1616

• a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

• Great Awakening

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1717

• an 18th-century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to obtain knowledge

• Enlightenment

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1818

• a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada.

• French and Indian War

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1919

• the 1763 treaty that ended the French and Indian War; Britain gave up all of North America east of the Mississippi River.

• Treaty of Paris

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2020

• an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• Proclamation of 1763

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2121

• a 1765 law passed by Parliament that required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp showing a tax had been paid.

• Stamp Act

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2222

• a group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution.

• Sons of Liberty

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2323

• leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty, he urged colonists to resist British controls

• Samuel Adams

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2424

• a Patriot and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses, - known and remembered primarily for his "Give me liberty or give me death" speech.

• Patrick Henry

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2525

• author of “Common Sense” he was a radical Patriot, and recent immigrant from England. He believed that all Monarchies were corrupt and that is was America’s destiny to break from Great Britain.

• Thomas PaineHome

2626

• Famous American Patriot, inventor, and diplomat. He was present at the First Continental Congress, the Declaration of Independence, the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the Constitutional Convention

• Benjamin Franklin

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2727

• a Patriot, lawyer, Vice President and President, he believed in the rule of law and defended soldiers of the Boston Massacre.

• John Adams

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2828

• a Boston silversmith, member of the Sons of Liberty, and messenger at the start of the Revolutionary War.

• Paul Revere

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2929

• the dumping of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act.

• Boston Tea Party

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3030

• a force of armed civilians pledged to defend their community during the American Revolution; an emergency military force that is not part of the regular army.

• Militia

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3131

• sites in Massachusetts of the first battles of the American Revolution.

• Lexington and Concord

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3232

• an American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution

• Loyalist

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3333

• the document, written in 1776, in which the colonies declared independence from Britain.

• Declaration of Independence

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3434

• Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd President of the United States, responsible for the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark Expeditions

• Thomas Jefferson

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3535

• General of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, he was the 1st President of the United States elected in 1789.

• George Washington

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3636

• a series of conflicts between British soldiers and the Continental Army in 1777 that proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War, after the Continental Army victory French agreed to support the colonies.

• Battles of SaratogaHome

3737

• The most famous naval officer of the Revolutionary War, he commanded the Bonhomme Richard in a battle against the British vessel the Serapis, in which he sunk the Bonhomme Richard and sailed off in the Serapis. He is known as the father of the American Navy

• John Paul JonesHome

3838

• The last major battle of the Revolutionary War, which resulted in Lord Cornwallis’ surrender of British forces in 1781.

• Battle of Yorktown

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3939

• the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation

• Treaty of Paris of 1783

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4040

• the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people; people exercise their power by voting for political representatives

• Republicanism

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4141

• a government in which people elect representatives to govern for them.

• Republic

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4242

• a document adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, which outlined the form of government of the new United States.

• Articles of Confederation

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4343

• it described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and set conditions for settlement and settlers’ rights.

• Northwest Ordinance

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4444

• an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787.

• Shays’ Rebellion

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4545

• a meeting held in 1787 to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; resulted in the drafting of the Constitution

• Constitutional Convention

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4646

• considered to be the “Father of the Constitution”, our 4th President he was in office during the war of 1812.

• James Madison

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4747

• the Constitutional Convention’s agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house.

• Great CompromiseHome

4848

• supporter for the ratification of the Constitution.

• Federalist

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4949

• Secretary of Treasury under Pres. Washington, he is credited with creating our current financial system. He was shot and killed by Aaron Burr in a dual.

•   Alexander Hamilton

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5050

• an influential Virginian during the Revolutionary Era, he opposed the signing of the Constitution until it contained a Bill of Rights.

•   George Mason

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5151

• the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791, and consisting of a formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms

• Bill of Rights

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5252

• a tax on imported goods• Tariff

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5353

• a 1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey, which was valuable to the livelihood of backcountry farmers

• Whiskey Rebellion

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5454

• A policy governing our relations with the governments of other countries.

• Foreign policy

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5555

• a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States

• Alien and Sedition Acts

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5656

• theory that said that states had the right to judge when the federal government had passed an unconstitutional law

• States’ rights

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5757

• an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish laws by declaring them unconstitutional

• Marbury v. Madison

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5858

• the principle that the Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution.

• Judicial review

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5959

• The 3rd Vice President of the United States, he is largely known for his political rivalry with Alexander Hamilton which led to a duel and eventually Hamilton’s death. He would later be tried for treason in a conspiracy to steal a portion of the Louisiana Purchase and crown himself king of his own new empire

• Aaron Burr

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6060

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he upheld federal authority and strengthened federal courts, one of the most important decisions of the Supreme Court during his leadership was Marbury v. Madison

• John Marshall

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6161

• the 1803 purchase of millions of acres of land west of the Mississippi River from France. The purchase was authorized by Thomas Jefferson.

• Louisiana Purchase

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6262

• a group who explored the lands of the Louisiana Purchase beginning in 1803

• Lewis and Clark expedition

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6363

• treaty, signed in 1814, which ended the War of 1812; no territory exchanged hands and trade disputes were not resolved

• Treaty of Ghent

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6464

• an act that stated that American ships were no longer allowed to sail to foreign ports, and it also closed American ports to British ships

• Embargo Act of 1807

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6565

• National Anthem of the United States of America, words written by Francis Scott Key

• Star Spangled Banner

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6666

• in late 18th-century Britain, factory machines began replacing hand tools and manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work

• Industrial Revolution

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6767

• innovator of the interchangeable part gun and inventor of the cotton gin, a machine built in 1793 that cleaned cotton much faster and far more efficiently than human workers.

• Eli Whitney

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6868

• a machine invented in 1793 that cleaned cotton much faster and far more efficiently than human workers

• Cotton gin

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6969

• led a rebellion of slaves in 1831, he was an enthusiastic preacher who believed God wanted him to free all slaves even by use of force

• Nat Turner

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7070

• a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward one’s country

• Nationalism

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7171

• the placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole.

• Sectionalism

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7272

• a series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states

• Missouri Compromise

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7373

• a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the Western Hemisphere, announced in 1823

• Monroe Doctrine

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7474

• Became President because of what some called a “Corrupt Bargain”, he was Secretary of State under James Monroe, and the first son of a former President to become President

• John Quincy Adams

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7575

• the idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule

• Jacksonian Democracy

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7676

• National War Hero from the Battle of New Orleans, he was the 7th President, his policies towards Native Americans are renowned for their cruelty, he was responsible for the “Trail of Tears

• Andrew Jackson

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7777

• the practice of winning candidates giving government jobs to political backers or supporters.

•   Spoils system

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7878

• this 1830 act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west

• Indian Removal Act

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7979

• the tragic journey of the Cherokee people from their homeland to Indian Territory between 1838 and 1839; thousands of Cherokee died

• Trail of Tears

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8080

• Withdrawal in this case by Southern States from the Union.

• Secession

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8181

• an increase in the price of goods and services and a decrease in the value of money.

• Inflation

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8282

• a severe economic slump over a long period of time

• Depression

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8383

• a political party organized in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson

• Whig Party

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8484

• a trail that ran westward from Independence, Missouri, to the Northwest United States. Many settlers followed this trail in hopes of new economic opportunities

• Oregon Trail

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8585

• persuaded the Mexican government to allow him to start a colony which would later be Texas

• Stephen Austin

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8686

•  the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

• Manifest destiny

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8787

• President who believed in Manifest Destiny, he initiated the annexation of Texas, California, New Mexico and settled the border dispute over the Oregon Territory with Britain. 11th President of the U.S.

• James K. PolkHome

8888

• 12th President of the U.S. he was a war hero from the Mexican -American War, he opposed the expansion of slavery and proposed California apply for statehood without becoming a territory

• Zachary Taylor

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8989

• a vast region given up by Mexico after the War with Mexico; it included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

• Mexican Cession

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9090

• a person who went to California to find gold, starting in 1849.

• Forty-niner

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9191

• Starting around 1849, large numbers of people moved to California in search of wealth.

• California gold rush

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9292

• a person who settles in a new country.

• Immigrant

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9393

• peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust

• Civil disobedience

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9494

• a group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions.

• Labor union

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9595

• the movement to end slavery• Abolition

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9696

• a series of escape routes used by slaves escaping the South.

• Underground Railroad

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9797

• a women’s rights convention held in New York, in 1848. Called for women’s right to vote, Lucretia Mott, Fredrick Douglas and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the featured guests

• Seneca Falls Convention

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9898

• the right to vote.

• Suffrage

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9999

• an 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

• Wilmot Proviso

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100100

• a series of Congressional laws intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states such as admitting California as a state and passing fugitive slave laws.

• Compromise of 1850

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101101

• a novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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102102

• an abolitionist, he was a runaway slave that escaped to the North, eventually he wrote several books while in Europe. He purchased his own freedom upon his return to the U.S. Pleaded with President Lincoln to emancipate all slaves in America during the Civil War

• Frederick Douglas

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103103

• an education reformer, he called education “the great equalizer”, and pushed for public education for all children

• Horace Mann

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104104

• a proponent of women’s rights, she held the Seneca Falls Convention, and fought for women’s suffrage, or right to vote

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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105105

• a famous conductor in the Underground Railroad, she made as many as 19 trips into the south to rescue slaves, she also served as a spy for the Union Army.

• Harriet Tubman

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106106

• a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue

• Popular sovereignty

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107107

• an 1854 law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

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108108

• an abolitionist, he fought slave owners at “Bleeding Kansas” and also is responsible for the attack at Harper’s Ferry where he attempted to create a slave revolt throughout the South

• John Brown

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109109

• the newly formed Republican Party nominee in 1856. He carried 11 states in the North, proving the nation was strongly divided over slavery and the Republican Party was force.

• John C. Fremont

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110110

• Powerful Democratic Senator from Illinois, he defeated Abraham Lincoln for his Senate seat in 1858 but lost to Lincoln during the Presidential Election of 1860, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and strong proponent of popular sovereignty.

• Stephen A. Douglas

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111111

• an 1856 Supreme Court case in which a slave sued for his freedom because he had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal; the Court ruled against him.

•   Dred Scott v. Sandford

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112112

• the confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union

• Confederate States of America

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113113

• 16th President of the U.S., he opposed the secession of southern states, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and was assassinated on April 15, 1865.

• Abraham Lincoln

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114114

• President of the Confederate States of America

• Jefferson Davis

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115115

• a federal fort located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Southern attack on this fort marked the beginning of the Civil War.

•   Fort Sumter

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116116

• former U.S. officer, he became the General of the Confederate Virginian Army, he opposed secession and slavery. His land became the sight for the Arlington National Cemetery

• Robert E. Lee

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117117

• Considered to be a poor student, and unorganized. He was a hero of the Civil War because he fought no matter what the expense. He led the Union Army to victory during the Civil War. He was the 18th President of the U.S. his presidency was marred by corruption.

• Ulysses S. Grant

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118118

• a slave state that bordered states in which slavery was illegal

• Border state

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119119

• an 1862 battle in which the Union forced the Confederacy to retreat in some of the fiercest fighting in the Civil War.

• Battle of Shiloh

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120120

• a Civil War battle on Sept. 17, 1862 in which 25,000 men were killed or wounded it is the bloodiest day in all of American History.

• Battle of Antietam

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121121

• an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions in rebellion against the Union.

• Emancipation Proclamation

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122122

• one of the first African-American regiments organized to fight for the Union in the Civil War.

• 54th Massachusetts Regiment

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123123

• a law that required men to serve in the military or be drafted

• Conscription

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124124

• an 1863 battle in the Civil War in which the Union defeated the Confederacy after the failed charge by Maj. Gen. Picket, ending hopes for a Confederate victory in the North. President Lincoln later dedicated a cemetery to those who had fallen in the battle.

• Battle of Gettysburg

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125125

• A U.S. General of the Civil War, he staged “total war”, breaking the will of Southerners during his march to the Atlantic Ocean

• William Tecumseh Sherman

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126126

• the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

• Appomattox Court House

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127127

• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, banning slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

• Thirteenth Amendment

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128128

• the process the U.S. government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War.

• Reconstruction

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129129

• 17th President following Lincoln’s assassination, he is one of only two presidents to have been impeached. His handling of the Reconstruction has led many to believe his presidency was a failure

• Andrew JohnsonHome

130130

• a law passed by Southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves

• Black code

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131131

• rights granted to all citizens • Civil rights

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132132

• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, passed in 1868, that made all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—citizens of the country

• Fourteenth Amendment

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133133

• a system in which landowners gave farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raised

• Sharecropping

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134134

• passed in 1870, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

• Fifteenth Amendment

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135135

• the agreement that resolved an 1876 election dispute: Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes became president and then removed the last federal troops from the South

• Compromise of 1877

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136136

• land set aside by the U.S. government for Native American tribes

• Reservation

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137137

• an 1876 battle in which the Sioux and the Cheyenne wiped out an entire force of U.S. troops

• Battle of the Little Bighorn

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138138

• Sioux Indian Chief who along with Crazy Horse, united his people to push back White Settlers who intruded on their land. He was arrested and killed prior to the Wounded Knee Massacre where the rest of his people would be killed

• Sitting Bull

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139139

• passed in 1862, this law offered160 acres of land free to anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for five years

• Homestead Act

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140140

• a railroad that spanned the entire continent

• Transcontinental railroad

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141141

• a millionaire who earned his fortune from his monopoly on the oil industry, he developed a trust called the Standard Oil Trust Co.; he gave much of his money away to charities and foundations

• John D. Rockefeller

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142142

• a Scottish immigrant he made his fortune through control of the Steel Industry. He controlled every process in the steel industry from mining to shipping. He once said “A man who dies rich dies disgraced.” He gave to charities and created many libraries across the U.S

• Andrew Carnegie

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143143

• in 1886, a union protest resulted in about 100 dead after an unknown person threw a bomb, and police opened fire on the crowd.

• Haymarket affair

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144144

• a nationwide railway strike that spread throughout the rail industry in 1894

• Pullman Strike

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145145

• a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

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146146

• growth of cities resulting from industrialization

• Urbanization

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147147

• was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House Movement (ex. Hull House) and a Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. She fought for improvements in people’s living conditions in urban areas

• Jane Addams

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148148

• the first stop in the United States for most immigrants coming from Europe

• Ellis Island

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149149

• the process of blending into society

• Assimilation

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150150

• laws meant to enforce separation of white and black people in public places in the South

• Jim Crow

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151151

• an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal

• Plessy v. Ferguson

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152152

• founder of the NAACP, he encouraged blacks to reject segregation and believed that equality would be won through political means not economical means.

• W.E.B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)

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153153

• an African American rights leader he believed that African Americans would win rights through economical means, and could be segregated from whites. He believed in a vocational and practical education benefited blacks more than a liberal arts education.

• Booker T. Washington

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154154

• an early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

• Progressivism

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155155

• when a proposed law is submitted to a vote of the people

• Referendum

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156156

• 26th President of the U.S., he is the youngest serving president. A former Spanish-American War hero, he proposed many progressive reforms such as his Square Deal. He later ran for president under the Bull Moose Party. He is also well known for his wildlife conservation efforts

• Theodore Roosevelt

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157157

• a progressive President, the 27th of the U.S., he won passage of the 16th and 17th amendments. He was the only former President to have served on the Supreme Court, he was appointed Chief Justice in 1921, it was his lifelong dream.

• William Howard Taft

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158158

• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, that gave Congress the power to create income taxes

• Sixteenth Amendment

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159159

• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, that provided for the direct election of U.S. senators

• Seventeenth Amendment

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160160

• women’s rights supporter, she pushed for women’s suffrage and was President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

• Susan B. Anthony

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161161

• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1920, which gave women full voting rights

• Nineteenth Amendment

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162162

• the policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations or territories

• Imperialism

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163163

• a war in 1898 that began when the United States demanded Cuba’s independence from Spain.

• Spanish-American War

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164164

• in 1899, the United States asked nations involved in Asia to follow a policy in which no one country controlled trade with China

• Open Door Policy

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165165

• a 1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowing the United States to be the “policeman” in Latin America.

• Roosevelt Corollary

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166166

• the belief that a nation needs a large military force

• Militarism

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167167

• an alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries during World War I.

• Allies

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168168

• a kind of warfare during World War I in which troops huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other.

• Trench warfare

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169169

• a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I.

• Zimmermann telegram n.

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170170

• the American Expeditionary Force, U.S. forces during World War I.

• AEF

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171171

• an opinion expressed for the purpose of influencing the actions of others

• Propaganda

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• the 1919 treaty that ended World War I.

• Treaty of Versailles

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173173

• in 1919–1920, a wave of panic from fear of a Communist revolution

• Red Scare

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174174

• a person who believed that the United States should stay out of other nations’ affairs except in self-defense.

• Isolationist

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175175

• in 1928, this pact was signed by many nations who pledged not to make war against each other except in self-defense.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

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176176

• formed in 1909 under the leadership of W.E.B. DuBois, it is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights groups in the U.S. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination".

• NAACP

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177177

• a person who believes in a literal, or word-for-word, interpretation of the bible.

• Fundamentalist

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178178

• 31st President of the U.S., he was president during the beginning of the Great Depression, his lack of government intervention and later rise in taxes and cuts in spending prolonged the economic depression.

• Herbert HooverHome

179179

• the plunge in stock market prices beginning the Great Depression.

• Crash of 1929

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180180

• a period, lasting from 1929 to 1941, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed.

• Great Depression

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181181

• 32nd President of the U.S., he is credited with helping the U.S. win WW II, end the Great Depression, and is the only person to be elected to 4 consecutive terms as President

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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182182

• President Franklin Roosevelt’s programs to fight the Great Depression

• New Deal

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183183

• to use borrowed money to fund government programs.

• Deficit spending

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184184

• the area of dust-damaged farms across a 150,000-square-mile region during the early 1930s

• Dust bowl

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185185

• a person who favors government action to bring about social and economic reform.

• Liberal

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186186

• a person who favors fewer government controls and more individual freedom in economic matters

• Conservative

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187187

• Leader of Nazi Germany during WW II, he gained power by promoting German nationalism and racial superiority

• Adolf Hitler

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188188

• a naval base in Hawaii that was hit in a surprise attack by Japan on December 7, 1941

• Pearl Harbor

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189189

• General of Allied forces in Europe, architect of the D-Day invasion and WW II hero, he became the 34th President of the U.S., one of his major initiatives as President was the Highway Act of 1956

• Dwight D. Eisenhower

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190190

• June 6, 1944, the day the Allies invaded France during World War II.

• D-Day

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• the systematic killing by Germany during World War II of about six million Jews as well as millions from other ethnic groups

• Holocaust

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• a victory for the United States over the Japanese in a 1942 naval battle that was a turning point of World War II, after this battle the Japanese were on the defensive and the Allies on the offensive

• Battle of Midway

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• the first city in Japan that was hit by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945 killing nearly 150,000 people

• Hiroshima

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• 33rd President of the U.S., he gave the order to use Atomic Weapons against Japan, he also proposed the Fair Deal, to create housing, jobs, and end racial discrimination

• Harry S. Truman

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• approved in 1948, the United States gave more than $13 billion to help the nations of Europe after World War II.

• Marshall Plan

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• passed in 1944, this bill provided educational and economic help to veterans

• G.I. Bill of Rights

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• the court proceedings held after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and their involvement in the Holocaust.

• Nuremberg Trials

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• the state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.

• Cold War

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• a policy that promised aid to people struggling to resist threats to democratic freedom.

• Truman Doctrine

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• a military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada

• NATO or North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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• a conflict between North Korea and South Korea, lasting from 1950 to 1953; the United States, along with other UN countries, fought on the side of the South Koreans, and China fought on the side of the North Koreans

• Korean War Home

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• a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional.

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas n.

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• in 1955, African Americans boycotted the public buses in Montgomery, Alabama, in response to the arrest of Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her seat to a white person

• Montgomery bus boycott

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• Civil Rights activist who came to prominence during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, he also was a leader during the Birmingham Protests, Speaker at the March on Washington, and was assassinated in Memphis, TN

• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Home

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• a huge civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., in 1963.

• March on Washington n.

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• this act banned segregation in public places and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

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• this law banned literacy tests and other laws that kept African Americans from registering to vote.

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

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• a program started by President Lyndon Johnson that provided help to the poor, the elderly, and women, and also promoted education and outlawed discrimination.

• Great Society

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• A revolutionary leader who united Communist factions in Vietnam during WW II, he would later be the Communist Vietnamese leader fighting against France and the United States.

• Ho Chi Minh

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• a theory stating that if a country fell to communism, nearby countries would also fall to communism

• Domino theory

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211211

• a Vietnamese Communist • Viet Cong

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212212

• in 1968, a surprise attack by the Viet Cong on U.S. military bases and more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam during Tet, the Vietnamese celebration of the lunar New Year

• Tet Offensive

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• 35th President of the U.S., he is the only Catholic President, and the youngest elected President. His term as President is well known for the beginning of the space race, Civil Rights movement (including the March on Washington) and the Vietnam War. He was assassinated in Dallas, TX on Nov. 22, 1963.

• John F. KennedyHome

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• 36th President of the U.S., during his tenure in office the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed, the Vietnam War was escalated, and his federal program called the Great Society was passed to help the disenfranchised, elderly, poor, and women.

• Lyndon B. Johnson

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• an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1971 and lowering the voting age from 21 to 18

• Twenty-sixth Amendment

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• 37th President of the U.S., during his tenure in office the Vietnam War was coming to a close, we landed on the Moon, he is best known for the Watergate Scandal and being the only President to have resigned from office

• Richard M. NixonHome

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• a scandal resulting from the Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up its involvement in the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C

• Watergate scandal Home

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• in 1979, under these agreements, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty that ended 30 years of conflict

• Camp David Accords

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• in 1986, the U.S. government sold weapons to Iran for help in freeing American hostages in the Middle East, and the money from the sale went to the Contra rebels in El Salvador

• Iran-Contra affair

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• 40th President of the U.S. and oldest to have served. He ended the high inflation of the 1970’s and 80’s with an economic policy called supply-side economics. He took a tough anti-communist stand which may have contributed to the end of the Cold War. Often a hands off President, the Iran-Contra Affair took place under his watch

• Ronald Reagan

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• the idea that lowering taxes will lead to increases in jobs, savings, investments, and so lead to an increase in government revenue

• Supply-side economics

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• on November 4, 1979, a group of Iranians overran the American embassy in Iran’s capital of Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

• Iran hostage crisis

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• 41st President of the U.S., Communism fell in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union collapsed during his presidency. During his term in office the U.S. fought the Persian Gulf War with a coalition of forces

• George H.W. BushHome

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• in 1990–1991, the United States and the UN drove Iraq out of Kuwait, a country the Iraqis had invaded in 1990

• Persian Gulf War

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• 42nd President of the U.S., he is well known for passing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which lifted tariffs creating a global economy, fighting a war in Kosovo, and for a scandal which led to his impeachment, only the second in U.S. history.

• Bill Clinton

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