Final Exam Review Sheet – U.S. History A Unit 1: Continuity vs. Change 1. 13th Amendment Abolished slavery in all of the United States 2. 14th Amendment Guarantees the rights of citizens. Due Process Clause 3. 15th Amendment Allows freedom of vote regardless of race, color, etc...NOT GENDER 4. Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case in which racial segregation in public schools was outlawed Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 5. Reconstruction Act of 1867 South under military rule new elections and new constitutions required states to allow all qualified male voters to vote in elections Barred Confederate supporters from voting States required guarantee equal rights to all citizens States had to pass the 14th Amendment 6. Radical Republicans Actions Southern society should be totally restructured to guarantee blacks true equality 7. Radical Republicans beliefs Believed that the Civil War had been fought over the moral issue of slavery 8. Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction 10% Plan Offered pardons (forgiveness) to any Confederate who took the oath of allegiance Denied pardons to all Confederate military and government officials Each state could hold a convention to create a new state constitution after 10% of the voters had sworn allegiance Each state could hold elections and resume full participation in the Union 9. Southern State Legislature actions Black Codes- laws that restricted freedmen's rights- slavery 10. Freedmen's Bureau Congress created this in order to help Southern blacks to adjust to freedom (March 1865) Gave clothing, medical supplies, and millions of meals to both black and white war refugees 250,000 African American students received education in bureau schools 10. Ku Klux Klan

Purpose was to defend social and political superiority of whites, used violence against African Americans Established in 1866- Tennessee Pretended to be ghosts of Confederate dead returning for revenge Membership included ex-Confederates and plantation owners. 11. Presidential Election of 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat Samuel Tilden (Southern support) Special Commission set up by Congress to settle disputed election Hayes lost popular vote while the electoral college was disputed Florida, Louisiana, South Caroline, and Oregon sent two sets of tallies. Compromise of 1877 Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory Hayes agreed to remove remaining troops from the South Compromise marked the end to Reconstruction. 12. W.E.B. DuBois - Beliefs Grew up in the North and earned a Ph.D. (Harvard- 1st) Argued that the brightest African Americans has to step forward to lead their people to political and social equality Argued for advanced liberal arts education (college education) Take pride in both African and American heritages. Booker T. Washington - Beleifs A former slave in the South and had no formal education Dedicated life to a school for African Americans, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama in 1881 Told students to put aside desire for political equality for now Focus on gaining skills (vocational) that would win white acceptance 13. Limitation of Rights Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case A decision that stated that segregated was legal as long as the separate facilities provided for blacks were equal to those provided for whites "separate-but-equal" doctrine African-America Homer Plessy argued his rights were violated with separate seating on public railroads Overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Jim Crow Laws Laws in Southern states that required segregation of public services by race (started 1890s) Voting Reconstruction Poll Tax- some Southern states required a fee ($) to vote Literacy Tests- some Southern states required a knowledge test to vote Grandfather Clause- could only vote if your grandfather voted All created restrictions for blacks because most were poor, uneducated, and their grandfather was possibly a slave Questions for Discussion & Review 1. What efforts were made to increase rights for African Americans after the Civil War?

Expansion of rights through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, Brown v. Board of Education Freedmen's Bureau W.E.B. DuBois (College educations) Booker T. Washington (Vocational kills) 2. What efforts were made to deny rights to African Americans after the Civil War? Southern state legislature actions (Black Codes) KKK Limitation of Rights through Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow Laws Voting Restrictions Sharecropping 3. Overall, did African Americans experience change or continuity in rights after the Civil War? Change 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, Brown v. Board of Education Freedmen's Bureau Continuity Southern state legislature actions (Black Codes) KKK Limitation of Rights through Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow Laws Voting Restrictions Sharecropping

Unit 2: Technology Change Transforms American Society 1. Impact of Railroads FASTER, CHEAPER SHIPPING- for raw materials that were needed and for finished products. Ex. Ranching, Farming, mining, manufacturing, etc IMMIGRANTS COME - brought by construction. BIG BUSINESS MODEL & SPURS OTHER INDUSTRIES SETTLED WEST - travel cheap; rail towns form. Opened NEW MARKETS People began to buy and sell goods 3000 miles away! No more dependence on living near water. 2. Impact on Native Americans & Western expansion...........impacts Unstoppable waves of settlers led to loss of lands, culture and lifestyle. Violent battles and skirmishes Broken promises by U.S. government led to bitter feelings and life on reservations. Destruction of the buffalo populations with western settlement took away their main source of food, clothes, shelter Dawes Act Divide reservations into individual plots of land. Be Farmers! Own land! Didn't work as Native Americans are not farmers. Sold land to white man or walked away. 3. Chinese Exclusion Act The act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country. QUOTAS *It did not prevent entry by those who had previously established residence in the United States, though they suffered discrimination. 4. Rise of Big Businesses The Railroad was first big example of Big Business............it led to GROWTH OF BUSINESSES like. Tools needed for the construction of railroads (shovels, axes, crowbars) Materials for construction (coal, steel). Support businesses for workers/travelers (hotels, restaurants, shops and banks) Rise of New Businesses Why? New Technology and Inventions & Natural Resources & Risk taking business leaders & Labor Ex.Steel : led by new Bessemer Process, availability of coal and iron ore and Andrew Carnegie Ex. Oil: led by discovery of oil, oil drilling technology and Rockefeller's Standard Oil Laissez-faire "hands off" policy by the government The economy took off, the US became a powerhouse!! But the laborer didn't enjoy the fruits of this great economy. Monopoly Eliminate competition

5. Industrialization Industrialization Reasons Available resources New inventions Risk taking businessmen Available labor (immigrants) Industrialization Characteristics URBAN living (Changed cities, expanded cities.) Fueled immigration. Led to move away from farms to cities. Industrialization Impact Less time with family, child labor, women in workforce, overproduction, millionaires! U.S. now ready to enter world trade 6. Progressives Support and protect the "little guy." REFORM! Get government involved Regulate big business and make laws. FIX social conditions with LAWS! 7. Government Reform Pure Food and Drug Act Passed to try to curb horrible conditions in food processing plants, and impure medicines available. Teddy Roosevelt Changed the role of government. Less "laissez-faire." Passed laws such as the Meat Inspection Act so that meat was safer, and was known as a "trust-buster" for breaking up monopolies - enforces the SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT Secret Ballot Ensured that voters could vote in private Recall Gave voters power to vote out corrupt politicians LaFollette LaFollette was a Progressive state governor Started the trend in eliminating corruption through things such as the "recall" the "secret ballot" and "direct primaries." Conservation Government began to set aside federal lands as national parks Rebate kickback or discount 8. Working Conditions

Dangerous (Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire) Long hours and little pay. No benefits. Crowded, uncomfortable. Child labor frequent and even children had dangerous work conditions. Women and children paid less than men. Owners not sharing profit fairly. 9. Rise of Labor Unions Methods used/Disputes labor unions STRIKES + COLLECTIVE BARGAINING... and sometimes even riots resulted! Labor vs. Management EX Homestead Strike Beliefs and main issues Labor unions Organize the workers to get HIGHER WAGES + SHORTER HOURS + BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS Samuel Gompers/AFL Samuel Gompers ran the labor union for skilled workers. He emphasized that only organized union strikes, not riots, as the way to bargain against employers. 10. Populists Followers of the "People's Party" formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms For the Farmers

Goals of Populism 1. Increased money supply (Why? helps pay debts) 2. Unlimited minting of silver 3. Progressive Income Tax 4. Government ownership of communication and transportation.

11. Political Machine! Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power. Usually headed by a single powerful "boss"...... The politics of the city Bosses wanted your VOTE FOR FAVORS (ex. Vote for me and I will give you a job) How were political machines corrupt? "bought' votes! Would often to anything to maintain power over city tax money and jobs. 12. Growth of City Cities grew in shape- out Technological developments made streetcars and railroads possible so cities expand and suburbs born Cities grew in shape- up Steel developments led to skyscrapers, bridges, tunnels.

Ethnic neighborhood Where immigrants lived with other immigrants of similar cultures Living conditions of the city HORRIBLE! Tenement Houses Crowded, dirty, cramped, no light! No ventilation! Very cheap to live there. Fires! Disease Dumbbell tenement Questions for Discussion & Review How did technological change impact the U.S.? Causes of Industrial Growth? Industrial nation vs. agricultural Electricity improves lifestyles and standard of living but lengthens work day Communication improves- ex. Phone Travel improves- Suburbs grow, WEST settled Manifest Destiny continues....... Bridges and Skyscrapers expand Cities Causes - Technology (Bessemer Process), availability of natural resources, availability of Labor, business leaders, little government interference (laissez faire) Reaction to change/expansion Embraced it! Rose to the challenges (American spirit) Sought bigger and more (land, share, etc) Workers often suffered abuses in effort to get ahead so reforms were needed Economic growth was on shoulders of worker Immigrants and Americans see opportunities for new industries and lives Factors that pulled immigrants ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY here! Jobs (manufacturing and railroad) Freedom here! Free Land! Homestead Act By 1900, New York City is 80% immigrant! Factors that pushed immigrants Political Oppression Economic Crisis Ex. Famine Religious persecution Immigrants 1. For Work 2. Dreams/ Myths 3. Money 4. Land out West No matter how tough it was – better opportunity than homeland Miners becomes more "company" mining as individual miners cannot afford industrial equipment Railway Act of 1862 This gave land grants to large rail companies so they could complete the trans-continental railroad. With free land to build on, building was easy! Plus they could sell the EXCESS land to settlers to pay for the building of the railroad. 1. Arguments

Unit 3: Foreign Policy and a World Identity 1. Against U.S. Imperialism: Imperialism is racist The U.S. should civilize itself before claiming to "civilize" others Imperialism does not allow other people the same democratic freedoms as American citizens have. Imperialism brings too many different races and ethnic groups under U.S. control. It costs too much to maintain control over another country, especially if a military presence is needed 2. Foreign Policy Objectives: Economic - To gain natural resources, products, or markets National Security - To protect the nation from either a real or perceived threat Ideological - To gain support for a way of thinking, or to prevent the spread of an opposing viewpoint Humanitarian - To help or assist other people who may be victims of oppression, poverty, or natural Ethnocentric - To act on the belief that the ways of one nation or ethnic group are superior to those of another. 3. Spanish American War When the U.S. ship, the USS Maine unexpectedly blew up and sank in a Cuba Harbor, Americans blamed the Spanish. Congress authorized war in Cuba and began a two-front war in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Spanish surrendered after three months. Cubans were offered their freedom, but Spain gave the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S. Yellow Journalism Semi-true newspaper accounts made the American public sympathetic to the Cuban cause The Annexation of the Philippines (The adding to the US) Filipinos did not want to belong to the U.S. after fighting for their freedom from Spain. The Philippines rebelled against American occupation off and on until 1946. 4. 15. Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine/1904: The U.S. should be the special "protector" of Latin America, policing who can and can't interfere with South American countries (Monroe Doctrine 1823 Europe should stay out of Latin America) 5. Big Stick Diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt Using the threat of military strength to influence the policies of another country

6 Dollar Diplomacy William Taft Using economic pressure to influence another country's policies 7. Moral Diplomacy Diplomacy Policy put in place during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. The president hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, only supporting Latin American governments that were democratic or otherwise supported United States interests. By refusing to support non-democratic countries, he hoped to hurt them economically and thus force them into submission. Commenting on this foreign policy, President Wilson stated that "the force of America is the force of moral principle." 8. Neutrality When a country/state stays neutral with regards to a foreign policy, like Switzerland. 9. REASONS FOR U.S. ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I

• Inability to remain neutral in face of increasing threats to U.S. national interests The United States had close economic and political ties to Great Britain. These ties compelled U.S. support for Great Britain.

• German unrestricted submarine warfare. Germans used this strategy to prevent supplies

from reaching Britain. May, 1915: Lusitania left New York City for England. Once the ship was close to Britain, a German U-boat launched a torpedo attack, sinking the Lusitania.

• Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram Jan. 1917: German foreign secretary, Arthur

Zimmerman, sent a telegram to Mexico asking Mexico to become an ally of Germany. In return, Germany would help Mexico win back lands lost to the United States during the Mexican War.

10. U.S. Home Front Schneck v United States - Concluded that the espionage act did not violate freedom of speech while the country was at war Sedition Act - It forbade disloyal language towards America during the time. Treaty of Versailles Was made to plan an end to the war and would bring peace. It stated Germany would have to take blame for starting WW1 and Germany would have to pay billions of dollars in reparations to England and France for damages and deaths. A league of nations would be organized to keep peace.

Questions for Discussion & Review Reasons for Imperialism Social: White Man's Burden- U.S. has a responsibility to "educate" the "uncivilized" people around the world. Economic: U.S. needed new sources of raw materials and new markets for American products Military: U.S. needed a strong navy to protect itself and later its empire

Unit 4: Culture in Prosperity and Adversity 1. Economic Prosperity, including mass production "Second Industrial Revolution." As electricity became widespread and industrial production became more efficient, a range of mass produced consumer goods became available to the public at attainable prices.

These factors created a self-perpetuating cycle:

• standardized mass production led to • better machinery in factories, which led to • higher production and higher wages, which led to • more demand for consumer goods

which led back to more standardized mass production.

This upward spiral continued until 1929. There were five main sources of the 1920s economic boom:

1. Effect of WWI on technology. 2. Scientific management: "Taylorism" 3. Rapid increase in worker productivity 4. Psychology of consumption 5. Relations between the federal government and big business

2. Economic Problems of Farmers in 1920s Increases in the American farmers' productivity created surpluses that drove prices down and lowered their income. While prices remained low, costs for land, machinery, equipment, labor, transportation, and taxes were rising, creating greater disparity between a farmer's costs and income. 3. Impact of Automobile Henry Ford's innovative production techniques made cars affordable for average Americans and set new standards for industry.

• Economic Effects of the Automobile:

Promoted growth of other industries. Especially petroleum, rubber, and steel.

Helped fuel the creation of a national system of highways. Automobiles required better roads. After WWI, federal funds became available for building highways and a major industry was born.

Created new service facilities. Filling stations, garages, and roadside restaurants sprang up across the nation. Motels (the word itself is a blend of 'motor' and 'hotel') catering to the needs of motorists began to replace hotels.

• Social Effects of the Automobile:

Created a more mobile society. Cars broke down the distinctions between urban and rural America. With the automobile came the new tradition of the "Sunday drive," and many city folks got their first chance to tour the rural countryside. Rural Americans, on the other hand, drove into cities to shop and to be entertained. Broke down the stability of family life. Now it was far easier for individual family members to go their own way. Broke down traditional morality. Children could escape parental supervision as cars became a sort of "bedroom on wheels."

4. Culture clashes, including Palmer Raids, Red Scare, prohibition, Scopes Trial, flappers, nativism, immigration limitations

• "Red Scare" refers to the fear of communism in the USA during the 1920’s

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was a target of a bombing. Beginning in the fall of 1919, Palmer organized a new group of crime fighters, whose job it was to arrest and deport potential radicals. Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hoover--the future director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)--head of the General Intelligence Division. Palmer made use of the wartime Sedition Act (1918) to arrest and prosecute so-called "radicals."

• The 18th Amendment to the Constitution--passed by Congress in 1917, and ratified by 3/4 of states by 1919--prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages within the boundaries of the United States.

• In 1925, John Thomas Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, was arrested for violating an act of the state legislature which prohibited the teaching of evolution in schools. Also known as the Monkey Trial.

• A Flapper was a new breed of young women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. Many flappers danced in a new and upbeat way that others did not approve of.

• After the Great War in Europe ended in 1918 millions of devastated Europeans were seeking refuge in other parts of the world. Many of them tried to come to the United States. As with all other major waves of new immigrants came the resurgence of nativism. Americans were disillusioned by the war and had returned back to a doctrine of isolationism.

• In 1921, under the administration of Warren Harding, the United States Congress passed an immigration measure intended to help slow the flow of immigrants into the United States. Also known as the Emergency Immigration Act, this law placed quotas on the

amount of immigrants from each country allowed to enter the United States annually. In 1924, Congress amended the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to further limit immigration. Also called the Johnson-Reed Act, this law lowered the quota of immigrants from each nation to 2 percent of the total number of people of that national origin residing in the United States. Known in its final form as the National Origins Act of 1924. In 1927, Congress replaced the blanket 2 percent quota with quotas determined by the national origins by birth of people in the United States as reported by the 1920 census.

5. Women and voting "All feminists are suffragists, but not all suffragists are feminists" in 1919, the Senate passed the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Early reformers had argued that women, as human-beings, had a natural right to vote. 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920. However, African American women in the South did not all receive this right. They were prevented from voting by other legal measures, just like African American men. 6.Popular culture and mass media 7.Harlem Renaissance, Great Migration

• The Great Migration: 2 million blacks moved from the Southern United States to Midwest, Northeast, and West from 1910 to 1930. This is called the Great Migration They left the South to escape racism and to find jobs in industrial cities.

• Harlem Renaissance: The African-American culture revolution centered in Harlem,

New York City. It began after World War I and climaxed in the mid to late 1920s. The movement involved literacy, art, music, dance, and theater.

• Jazz/Cotton Club a blend of ragtime and blues. It uses dynamic rhythms and

improvisation. Jazz became popular in the 1920s. African American musicians included King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington. Jazz was not only part of the African American. Many whites were very fond of jazz. The jazz age was another step in making the United States equal in the fight for civil rights.

8. Weaknesses in U.S. economy

Weaknesses of the United States Economy in the 1920's 1. Low prices for agricultural products 2. Unemployment 3. European nations defaulted on debts and withdrew investments in the U.S. 4. Unregulated stock speculation 5. Bank failures 6. Low spending

9. Causes, characteristics, and impact of the Great Depression Causes of the Great Depression

• Bank failures • Stock market crash 1929

o Many stocks purchased o Stock prices fell o Huge sums of money lost

• Low spending • American Economic policy with Europe • Drought conditions • Unequal distribution of wealth

o No middle class o Supply not equal to demand o Credit cards created false demand

Impact • Unemployment • Suicides • Loss of homes • “Hoovervilles” • Dustbowl • Depression

Characteristics

• High Unemployment • Stock market crash • Poverty

10. Impact of drought on farmers Because of the drought, there was a fall in crop production, due to inadequate and poorly distributed rainfall. Farmers are faced with harvests that are too small to both feed their families and fulfill their other commitments. 11. Hoover’s beliefs about government, response to Depression & public reaction Hoover, called this latest downturn a "Depression" rather than a "Panic," and the name stuck. President Hoover asked businesses to voluntarily hold down production and increase employment, but businesses couldn't keep up high employment for long when they weren't selling goods. There was a widespread belief that if the federal budget were balanced, the economy would bounce back. But Hoover lowered taxes. 12. F.D. Roosevelt’s response to Depression Relief programs, measures to increase employment and to aid industrial and agricultural recovery called the New Deal 13. New Deal reforms

• The First New Deal (1933-1935) was characterized by relief of the immediate problems of unemployment.

• The Second New Deal (1935-1937) was characterized by reform. Increasingly, members of Congress and others called for fundamental reform of society, not just relief of the symptoms of social and economic problems.

14.Criticisms of New Deal Many felt that it did not go far enough to reform the U.S. (Socialists, Communists), and others felt that it was too socialistic (Republicans). Also, the national debt increased too much, from $19 billion to $43 billion between 1932 and 1940. Unemployment remained high until 1940 so the New Deal didn’t end the Depression, World War II did. 15. Long term impact of New Deal on government

• Government would get involved in the economy. • Government would provide a safety net. • Government had responsibility for stimulating economy.