US History – Unit #5

Post-War United States

1945-1970s

Key Learning

• Students will use competing historical accounts to trace the development of postwar conformity and change in the United States

Unit Essential Question

• How are contemporary issues of conformity and change problems for postwar America?

• Does this indicate a patter of continuity or change?

• Why have historians come to conflicting conclusions regarding postwar American values?

Unit Concepts

1. 1950s America2. Beginning of Cold War

a. Korean War3. Communism at Home & Space Race4. Kennedy and Johnson Years 1960-685. Vietnam War & Counter Culture6. Civil Rights Movement7. Nixon, Ford & Carter Years 1968-1980

Unit #5 Concept 1, 2 & 3 Test Retake

Work IndependentlyWork Quietly

May redo short response and extended response only

4th Marking Period

• MEDIA PROJECT– Select group members (no more than 3 in a

group)– Select date in future – 10, 20 or 30 years

• ONLY SELECT ONE DATE

– Select media type – newspaper, magazine, TV, or radio

• DUE

Homework #7

• Sign Test

• Read – John F Kennedy

Exit Ticket

• Looking back at the events of the 1950s, what do you predict will occur in the America during the 1960s? Throughout the world?

Unit #5 – John F Kennedy

• LEQ – How was John F Kennedy able to impact American society during his short time as President?

• Vocabulary

Mandate

New Frontier

Political Campaign

• Imagine a political campaign for President waged without television appearances, interviews or campaign commercials. How would voters learn about the candidates? What do voters learn about candidates from television? How valuable is this information?

• Be prepared to share with class

Quiz1. How old was JFK when he became

President?

2. What name did he give to his new program?

3. What equal rights movement was going on in America when JFK was elected?

4. What invasion of Cuba occurred under JFK?

5. What crisis almost brought the US and USSR to war?

Quiz6. What war in Asia did JFK get the US

involved in? 7. Where did JFK pledge to be the first to

land a person? 8. Who was the first US astronaut to orbit

the Earth? 9. Who was the first person to land on the

moon? 10. What happened to JFK on November

22, 1963 while in Dallas, TX?

Class work

• JFK – VIDEO– Answer questions– NO TALKING

JFK’s New Political View

• Liberal Consensus – – Capitalism = best economy– US threatened by communism abroad– Not threatened by domestic problems

Election of 1960

• JFK – Massachusetts Dem (House & Senate)– 43 years old during campaign

• Did he have enough experience?

– Roman Catholic• Why would his religion be a problem?

Election of 1960• John F Kennedy vs. Richard Nixon

• TV – key role in election– First debate– Result – JFK won

• Controversy– Chicago & Texas

• Did not have mandate from people

The Promise of Camelot• JFK Inaugural address

– “the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans”

– “ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”

– Pledged – US defend interests of western democracies

•New Administration

•Jacqueline Kennedy – 1st Lady

•Nickname – “Camelot” (Broadway Musical)

Economic Program• New Frontier –

– Economy, aid to poor and space program

• Business– Fought with executives (US Steel); stock market

fell steepest since 1929

• Taxes– 1963 - $13.5 billion cut in taxes over 3 years– Wanted money in hands of citizens– Never passed

Economic Program

• Poverty – – 1st 2 years – help by stimulating economy

• Problem – grew up rich

– 1962 – Michael Harrington wrote The Other America

• Middle-class prosperous in 1950s• 1/5 of nation below poverty line

– JFK read book – changed policy

Space Race• JFK – committed US to land man on moon before end of 60s• “We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon

in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.”

• Congress increased spending for NASA

Looking back on Camelot

• Energized nation with call to action

• Legislation record mixed

• Too concerned with foreign policy

• Domestic issues lacked focus

• Lacked political experience– Congress (democrats) had own agenda

Class work

Homework #8

• Read Peace Corp; Berlin Wall

CFU

• JFK remarked that in the 1960 election, “it was TV more than anything else that turned the tide.” Do you think that television ay have given Kennedy an unfair advantage over Nixon, or did it provide voters with information they needed to make an intelligent decision?

Unit #5 - Foreign Policy in the 1960s

• LEQ – How did American foreign policy change during the 1960s?

• Vocabulary

Foreign Policy

Berlin Wall

Opener

• What is foreign policy?

• Create a list of 5 foreign policy goals for the United States

• Work with a partner

• Be prepared to share with class

Opener

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Quiz1. How many Americans have served in the

Peace Corps since 1961?

2. How many nations have the Peace Corps volunteers worked in?

3. Why did JFK create the Peace Corps?

4. What country was divided into four zones following WWII?

5. Why were living conditions in West and East Germany becoming different?

Quiz6. How many people did East Germany lose

to West Germany by 1961?

7 & 8. On what two days did East German soldiers begin to build the wall?

9. How many years did the wall separate West Berlin from Eastern Germany?

10. How many different versions of the wall were built?

Germany

• How was Germany already a source of tension between the US and the Soviet Union?

Cold War in Europe• Since 1949 – 3 million

unhappy East Germans fled to Western Berlin

• August 1961 – tanks and trucks E. Berlin– Barbed wire, fence posts,

concrete blocks

• BERLIN WALL = symbol of Cold War– Multiple changes/generations

over the years

Class work

• Berlin Wall DVD

• NO TALKING

• ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

• WAIT UNTIL END TO ANSWER FINAL QUESTIONS

Homework #9

• Read Cuba and Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis

C4U

• Why will the Berlin Wall become a symbol for the Cold War?

Unit #5 - Foreign Policy in the 1960s

• LEQ – How did American foreign policy change during the 1960s?

• Vocabulary

Bay of Pigs

Exiles

Opener

• Given all the events that occurred during the 1950s, should America be more concerned with Communism spreading throughout Asia or closer to home?

• Be prepared to share with class.

Quiz1. When did Castro take over in Cuba?

2. What did Eisenhower and the US impose on Cuba after he took over?

3. Who trained the invasion force that attacked Cuba?

4. What did the US trade for the captured invaders and their relatives?

5. What provided surveillance photographs of Cuba to the US government?

Quiz6. What did the pictures show was on

Cuba?

7. How long would it take for a missile to reach the US from Cuba?

8. What did JFK decide to do to stop the USSR from putting missiles in Cuba?

9. What was the USSR reaction?

10.Who blinked first?

Conflicts in Cuba

• 1959 – Fidel Castro led revolution– Took over American-owned businesses– Established Socialist state

• USSR – supplied Cuba with aid

• Opposition to Castro fled to US (exiles)

• US Scared – 90 miles from US– Encouraged revolutions in other countries

WHY?

Badly planned invasion in Cuba

• 1961 – JFK took office– Approved plan for CIA to overthrow Castro

• CIA trained group of Cuban exiles as invasion force• Other failed attempts

Badly planned invasion in Cuba• April 17, 1961 – 1,200 exiles landed at

Bay of Pigs (southern coast)

Class work

• Fidel Castro Biography

• Answer all questions

• NO TALKING

The Missiles of October

• USSR – gave weapons to Cuba

• Oct 1962 – JFK learned Soviets building missile bases on island– Bombs reach US in

minutes

The Missiles of October• JFK – US Navy would begin “strict quarantine”

– Turn back any USSR ship with missiles

Tension Builds• Would USSR turn back?

• Would event lead to nuclear war?

Crisis Over

• Soviet Union turned back at last minute

• Secretary of State Dean Rusk: “We’re eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked.”

• Compromise– USSR – take missiles out of Cuba– US – will not invade Cuba

Class work

• Cuban Missile Crisis Video

• Cuban Missile Crisis Worksheets

Homework #10

• Read - JFK Assassination

C4U

• Did the America government react correctly during the Cuban Missile Crisis? How do you think the citizens of America reacted when the tension between the US and the Soviet Union began to grow?

Unit #5 – JFK Assassination

• LEQ – How will the death of a President change America? Will a conspiracy cause the citizens to lose trust in the government?

Vocabulary

Lee Harvey Oswald Grassy Knoll

Dealey Plaza Zapruder Film

Magic Bullet Theory

Opener

• Tragedy in life can cause you to remember the greatest of details from the day the tragedy occurred.

• Think of a day in which you suffered or heard of a tragedy. What do you remember from that day?

• Be prepared to share with class

Quiz1. When was JFK killed?

2. Why was JFK in Dallas, TX?

3. Where in Dallas was JFK killed?

4. What building did Oswald “shoot” JFK?

5. Who became President after JFK died?

6. What happened to Oswald on Nov 24?

7. Whose funeral was JFK’s modeled around?

8. What is on top of JFK’s grave?

JFK Assassination

November 22, 1963

Dealey Plaza

Dallas, Texas

1964 Campaign

• Nov 1963 – JFK looking to gain support during visit to Texas

JFK Parade Route

Zapruder Film

• Video

Lee Harvey Oswald

Texas School Book Depository

Investigation

• Warren Commission – headed up investigation

• Oswald – prime suspect– Killed 2 days after JFK by Jack Ruby

• Findings – – Oswald worked alone– 3 shots fired

Magic Bullet Theory

Grassy Knoll

JFK Autopsy

JFK Funeral

JFK Jr. places a PT-109 pin on his father’s grave

JFK with John Jr.

Class work

• Lincoln & Kennedy

• JFK Assassination Video– NO TALKING – ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

Homework #11

• Read – Lyndon B Johnson

C4U

• Did the controversy surrounding the death of JFK add to or take away from his legacy/legend?

Let’s take another look at JFK

• John F Kennedy – A New Look DVD– NO TALKING– ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

Unit #5 – Lyndon B Johnson

• LEQ – Why was LBJ able to move programs through Congress? What were the success/failures of the Great Society?

• Vocabulary– Vista– Medicare– Immigration Act of 1965

Opener

• What do you think is great about American society today?

• Be prepared to share with class

Quiz1. What did LBJ want to do as President?

2. What were LBJ’s immediate priorities as President?

3. What is a major piece of legislation that LBJ was able to pass?

4. What program did LBJ start?

5. What domestic war was LBJ fighting?

CW - LBJ

• Video– NO Talking – Answer questions

LBJ - Path to White House• Senator –

– “not a very likeable man”– Concerned with accomplishments– 1960 – lost nomination to JFK

• Following assassination– Thanksgiving Address

• “All I have, I would have given gladly not to be standing here today.”

• Carry-on where JFK left off; “Let us continue”• Used JFK legacy to advantage

The Great Society• LBJ’s Goals (1964)

• Laws – civil rights, tax-cuts, aid public education, medical care elderly, poverty

• 1964 Election– LBJ defeated Barry Goldwater

• Tax Cut (used JFK’s ideas)– Cut spending = bill passed– GNP rose, deficit shrank, unemployment fell

The Great Society

• War on Poverty – Declared during inaugural address– 1964 – Volunteers in Service to America

(VISTA)• Volunteers sent to help poor communities

• Medicare– Couldn’t pass bill– Tied to social security

Great Society

• Aid to Education – – Aid to states based on number of children

from low-income homes – Money to public and private schools

• Other Measures– Dept of Housing and Urban Development

• Passed to give rent supplements to poor

– Immigration Act of 1965

Class work

• President Johnson’s Thanksgiving Address

• The Invisible Poor

• The Job Corps

• The People of Vista

Homework #12

• Read The Vietnam War; The Meaning of the Vietnam War; Ho Chi Minh; Before the American War; Into the Quagmire; John Kennedy and Vietnam; LBJ;

C4U

• Would LBJ have been able to accomplish all he did during his time as President without the death of John F Kennedy? Why or why not?

Homework #13

• Read - Why Vietnam?; The Tet Offensive; Nixon and Vietnam; The War at Home; The Final Collapse

Unit #5 - Vietnam

• Lesson Essential Question – Why will America become involved in Vietnam? How will it change the future of the country?

• Vocabulary – GuerillasVietcongDomino TheoryGulf of Tonkin Resolution

Opener

• Create a list of words and/or images that come to mind when you hear the word Vietnam

• Be prepared to share with class

2 Vietnams• What European country ruled Vietnam?

– France

• End WWII – Ho Chi Minh led war for independence– 1954 – divided into 2 nations

• North led by Ho Chi Minh (Soviet Union)• South led by Ngo Dinh Diem (US)

• 1961 – JFK President– Diem favored rich, ignored peasants

• Peasants joined Vietcong

US Involvement

• What theory will cause US to become involved in Vietnam? – Domino Theory

• JFK believed in Domino Theory– 1961 - Sent military advisors to help Diem– What did the American Ambassador to S

Vietnam order to happen? – LBJ increased US involvement

Sending Troops

• August 1964 – N Vietnam torpedo boats attacked US ship in Gulf of Tonkin– N Vietnam claimed US spying

• LBJ – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution– Allows President “to take all necessary

measures to repel any armed attack or to prevent further aggression”

Used resolution to order bombing of N. Vietnam and targets in S. Vietnam

Sending Troops

• 1968 – LBJ sent more than 500,000 to fight in Vietnam

• Draft used to fill military– Unequal – middle and upper class avoided

service– What world champion boxer refused to be

drafted into the US military? • Mohammad Ali

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Tet Offensive

• Jan 1968 – N Vietnam launched major offensive during Tet (Vietnamese new year)– Strikes on district capitals and towns in S

Vietnam– Saigon (S Vietnam capital) – attacked US

embassy, Tan Son Nhut air base and presidential palace

Peace Without Victory

• 1968 – Richard Nixon elected– Promised to withdraw troops (5 years)

• Jan 1974 – Henry Kissinger (National Security Advisor) reached cease-fire agreement– US sent billions to help S. Vietnam

• April 1975 – N Vietnam captured Saigon– Renamed Ho Chi Minh City

Civil War in Cambodia• N. Vietnam used Cambodia as place to

escape and bring supplies into S. Vietnam– 1969 – Nixon secretly ordered bombing of

Communist bases in Cambodia– 1970 – US and S. Vietnam made ground

attacks

• Civil War emerges as Cambodians choose sides– 1975 – won by Khmer Rouge

• Led by Pol Pot – Killing Fields

Vietnam War Ends

• Vietnam – bloody war

• 1961-1973 – 58,000 US soldiers lost– Vietnam – 1million soldiers, ½ million civilians

• US – painful period– Gov’t spent large amounts of money

• By 1967 - $24 billion a year

Class Work

• Vietnam War: A Soldier’s Story DVD– Answer Questions– NO TALKING

• Vietnam War Map

Homework #14

• Read - The Vietnam War and American Culture; The Wars's Costs; The Wars Consequences; Chronology; The Youth Revolt;

C4U

Did the US make the correct decision in going into Vietnam?

Why did we lose this war?

What other US conflict can we relate the Vietnam War to? Why?

Class Work

• Vietnam War: A Soldier’s Story DVD– Answer Questions– NO TALKING

• Vietnam War Map

• Vietnam War Worksheets

Unit #5 – Student Protest & Counter Culture

• Lesson Essential Question – How did America begin to react as more and more of our young men were coming home in body bags from the Vietnam War?

• Vocabulary – Protest HippieNew Left WoodstockTeach-in Psychedelic DrugConscientious objector Kent State

Opener

• Think about the decade you are currently living in. Does it have a particular theme or identity? What is it?

• Suggest adjectives that might describe the tone and spirit of this decade.

• What was the tone/spirit of the 60s/70s?

Student Protest• June 1971 – NY Times published series of

articles based on classified gov’t study of Vietnam War– Known as Pentagon Papers– Revealed the gov’t officials (including LBJ) lied to

Congress and American people about war– Many shocked– Most suspected ugly truth behind optimistic

statements made by gov’t

• Students at forefront of anti-war movement• Movement caused huge divide in country

– Anti-war and pro-war

Student Activism• Began in early 1960s – baby boom generation

going to college• Rock-and-roll and rebellious youths on movie

screen– 1963 – Bob Dylan – “The Times They are A-Changin’

• Movements– New Left – – Free Speech Movement– Teach-in Movement

Resistance to War• 1951 – selective service act – men 18-26

– draft increases – Americans question morality and fairness of draft

• College students received deferments • Some left country

• Others claimed conscientious objectors

• Campaign against Draft– Students for Democratic Society

“Hey, hey LBJ. How many kids did you kill today” Racial War

1968 – 200 protests in first 6 months Columbia University

Weathermen - VIOLENT

Class Work

• Counter Culture Worksheets

• Hippies & Cults - DVD

• Hippies - DVD

Homework #15

• Read - The Making and Unmaking of a Counterculture; The New Left;

C4U

• Why did American students head up the protest of the Vietnam War?

• Why did the not only begin to hate the war but also the warrior who fought it?

Opener

• What does the word counterculture mean?

• How far were the values, attitudes and activities of young people in the 1960s “counter” to the traditional American culture?

• What about today?

• Be prepared to share with class

Counter Culture

• Rejected conventional customs

• Experiment w/ new forms of dress

• Different attitudes towards sex

• Used drugs

Counter Culture• Hippies –

– Women – freer fashions = miniskirts and loose fitting dresses

– Men –grew hair long and wore beards

Counter Culture

• Sexual Revolution• Drug Scene

– Psychedelic Drugs• Altered perception of reality

– Timothy Leary• Invented LSD

– Vietnam War Veterans– Other side – Death

• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison

Woodstock• August 1969 – Woodstock Music and Art

Fair (NY)– 300,000 people – Bethel, NY

Kent State

• 1970 – Nixon invades Cambodia – renewed anti-war movement

• Kent State University (Ohio) – students rioted• Gov of Ohio – ordered National Guard to Kent

State– Students threw rocks and empty tear gas canisters at

them– Soldiers loaded guns and put on gas masks

o 13 seconds of firing: 4 students dead, 9 wounded

Class Work

• Counter Culture Worksheets

• Hippies & Cults - DVD

• Hippies - DVD

Homework #16

• Study for Unit 5 Concepts 4 & 5 Test

C4U

• How did the counterculture in America change the Vietnam War?

• Did this new group impact America positively or negatively? Why?

Unit #5 TestConcepts 4 & 5

No Talking

Work Individually