PEKING September 16, 1958

29

R E V I EW

A

U.S. Invaders, Get Out of the Taiwan Straits Area!

1 -U.S. Must Halt Immedia te ly cp. 3).

2 650 Mill ion Ready to Smash U.S. Aggression ¢p. 6).

3 - - T h e World Supports China cp. 1~.

4 -China's Territorial Sea cp. 11).

The U.S. Aggressors Have Put Nooses Round Their Own Necks Editorial from the current issue of Hongqi (Red Flag) (p. 9).

DOCUMENT: RESOLUTION ON PEOPLE' S COMMUNES

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E OF C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

JusE Off ~he Press

ON THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL SITUATION

C o n t a i n i n g the ful l t ex t of the c o m m u n i q u e on the mee t ing be tween Mao T s e - t u n g and

N.S. Khrushchov as wel l as severa l R e n m i n R i b a o and H o n g q i art icles on the p resen t wor ld

s i tuat ion, which develop the w e l l - k n o w n s t a t emen t s of Mao T s e - t u n g - - " T h e East w i n d pre-

vails over the West w i n d " ; "The U.S. r eac t iona ry cIique is a pape r t iger" ; "A single spark can

s tar t a pra i r ie fire"; etc. 74 pp.

IMPORTANT

DOCUMENTS

CONCERNING

THE QUESTION

OF TAIWAN

Arranged chronologically from De-

cember 1943 to July 1955, these

documents give the true picture of

the Taiwan issue, its historical back-

ground and international significance.

The just stand of the Chinese Gov-

ernment and people with regard to

Taiwan and their resolute determina-

tion to liberate this integral part of

China's territory are clearly ex-

plained. 184 pp.

China Supports the Arab People's Struggle for National

Independence

A collection of important Chinese documents concerning the national

independence movement of the Arab people. Arranged in four

groups, these documents, both official and non-official, illustrate the

firm stand of the Chinese Government and people in their consistent

support of the Arab people's struggle against colonialism and for

national independence . 242 pp.

WE ARE W I T H YOU,

A R A B BROTHERS

A selection of articles, poems and cartoons published by the Chi-

nese writers and artists during the for~ight immediately following

the recent Iraqi people's revolution. Filled with indignation and

righteous anger, these works give expression to the 600 million Chi-

nese people's resolute opposition to the U.S.-British aggressors, and

show their unqualified support to the Arab people in their anti-

imperialist struggle. 98 pp.

Published by Distributed by

FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS GUOZI SHUDIAN Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (.37), China 38 Suchou I-lutung, Peking, China

~ ' ~ ` t : - - ~ Z $ : ~ : - : z ~ : : ~ 2 Z Z : z : ~ : : 2 - - : : : - ~ : : : : ~ : : ~ ` t - - ~ - - z : : ~ : : : : : : : ~ : z : : : s : : ~ 2 2 : : : : z : : : : z : 2 : 2 Z : 2 : : :

PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

September 16, 1958 Vo]. I No. 29

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D THE WEEK

C h a i r m a n Mao Speaks on Cur ren t Situation; F u r t h e r P rogress in Agricul- ture; People ' s C o m m u n e Movemen t Rolls On

ARTICLES

Indus t r ia l Outpu t Soars 5

650 Million Ready to Smash U.S. Ag- gress ion 6

The U.S. Aggressors Have Put Nooses Round Thei r O w n Necks 9

A Major Step to Protect China 's Sovereign Rights - - L i u Tse -yung 11

A Bird 's Eye View of Indus t r i a l A c h i e v e m e n t - - Our Cor respondent 14

16

18

BOOKS, MUSIC, CINEMA

C H I N A A N D THE W O R L D

World Suppor t s China ' s Stand on Tai- wan Strai ts

CHINESE P R E S S O P I N I O N

Ta iwan and the Coastal I s lands Will Be Liberated

DOCUMENT

Resolution on the Es tab l i shmen t of People 's C o m m u n e s in the Rura l Areas

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G

19

21

23

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registration No. 2-521

Printed In the People's Republic of China

U.S. Must Halt Immediately F LAGRANT U.S. mili tary provocations in the Taiwan Straits

area against the Chinese people have aroused world-wide concern and condemnation. Once again, the United States stands fully exposed before the world as an out-and-out im- perialis~ meddling in the internal affairs of other nations and violating their territorial sovereignty.

Both Mr. Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles have tried time and again to defend U.S. aggression in the Taiwan Straits area on the pretext that China wants to "use armed force to seize new terr i tory" and that China is engaged in "mili tary aggression," thus "threatening the vital interests of the United States."

We ask: Whose terr i tory are Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and the offshore islands of Quemoy and Matsu? Are they U.S. terr i tory? Decidedly not. Do they belong to any state other than China? The answer is a flat "No!" As eve rybody knows, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands have long been Chinese t e r - ritory, while Quemoy and Matsu are located within China's internal waters. It is really peculiar Washington logic to allege that the Chinese people want to "seize" their own territory, thereby "endangering" vital U.S. interests.

Since the founding of the Chinese People's Republic under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people have assumed sovereignty over the whole of China. The only reason why China has not yet exercised its sovereignty over Taiwan, Penghu and other offshore islands is because the United States occupied Taiwan by armed force. The U.S. challenge to China's sovereignty over these islands is tantamount to a robber questioning the legitimate claim of the rightful owner t o p r o p e r t y the robber has forcibly seized.

The Chinese people have long stood for peaceful co-existence among nations and for the set t lement of international disputes by peaceful means. But they w~ll under no circumstances give up their inalienable right to defend their territorial integrity and sovereignty. On this basic question there can be no bargaining or compromise.

Mr. Eisenhower, in his television talk on September 11, had much to say about the desirabili ty of peaceful talks, but he insisted on U.S. occupation of China's terri tory. And the Pentagon keeps massing heavy forces in the Taiwan Straits.

The U.S.-fostered Chiang Kai-shek clique on Quemoy has shelled peaceful residents and caused casualties in the coastal villages and towns adjacent to Amoy. Despite grave warnings from our Ministry of Foreign Affairs, U.S. warships and military planes have repeatedly intruded into China's territorial waters and air space.

The U.S. Government is engaged in its most dangerous mili- 'tary adventure since the end of World War II. The responsibility rests squarely with the U.S.A. Washington must immediately halt its provocations in the Taiwan Straits area against China or face the consequences of its deliberate steps to kindle the flames of war.

The Chinese people, fearless and determined to defend their territory, declare: U.S, invaders, get out of the Taiwan Straits area !

Round the Week

Chairman Mao Soeaks on Current Situation

At the c los ing sess ion of the S u p r e m e S t a t e Conference , w h i c h convened in P e k i n g f r o m S e p t e m b e r 5 to S e p t e m b e r 8 C h a i r m a n Mao T s e - t u n g spoke on t he p r e sen t s i tua t ion . He po in ted ou t t h a t the p r e sen t s i t ua t ion is f a v o u r a b l e for the people the wor ld over who a r e f ight - ing for peace a n d t h a t the gene ra l t r e n d is t h a t the Eas t w ind p reva i l s ove r the Wes t wind.

In d iscuss ing the i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i t ua - t ion, C h a i r m a n Mao sa id t h a t U.S. impe - r i a l i sm h a d i n v a d e d C h i n a ' s t e r r i t o r y of T a i w a n a n d occupied it for the pa s t n i n e years . A sho r t wh i l e ago it s en t i ts a r m e d forces to i n v a d e and occupy Lebanon . The U n i t e d S ta t e s ha s se t up h u n d r e d s of m i l i t a r y bases in m a n y coun- t r ies a r o u n d t he wor ld . The Ch inese t e r r i t o r y T a i w a n , Lebanon , a n d all U.S. m i l i t a ry bases on fore ign t e r r i t o r i e s a re l ike nooses t ied r o u n d the necks of t he U.S. imper ia l i s t s . T h e A m e r i c a n s t h e m - selves, a n d nobody else, m a d e the se n o o s e s , a n d they t h e m s e l v e s p u t t h e m round t h e i r o w n necks and h a n d e d t h e e n d s of the ropes to the C h i n e s e people, the peoples of the A r a b coun t r i e s a n d al l peoples who love peace and oppose aggression. The longer the U.S. aggres - sors r e m a i n in these places, t he t i g h t e r the nooses r o u n d t h e i r necks wil l become.

T he U.S. impe r i a l i s t s h a v e b e e n c r ea t i ng t ens ion in a l l pa r t s of t he wor ld in a t t e m p t s to a ch i eve t h e i r agg res s ive ePds and to en s l ave t he peoples of va r ious countr ies . The U.S. impe r i a l i s t s cal- cu la te t h a t they wil l a l w a y s benef i t f r o m tense s i tua t ions , bu t t he f ac t is t h a t t he t ense s i t ua t ions c r ea t ed by the U n i t e d S ta tes h a v e led to t he oppos i te of w h a t the A m e r i c a n s wished . They served , in effect, to mobi l i ze the people of t h e w o r l d to oppose the U.S. aggressors . C h a i r m a n M a o said t h a t if t he U.S. m o n o p o l y cap i t a l i s t g roup is b e n t on c a r r y i n g ou t i ts policy of aggress ion and war , t he day wil l c e r t a in ly come w h e n h u m a n i t y wi l l h a n g i t by the neck. A s i m i l a r f a t e a w a i t s the accompl ices of the U n i t e d Sta tes .

Discuss ing the domes t i c s i tua t ion , C h a i r m a n Mao po in ted out t h a t v igour and ~lan are e v i d e n t e v e r y w h e r e in t he c o u n t r y fo l lowing t he g rea t n a t i o n - w i d e rec t i f ica t ion campa ign . W h e t h e r i t is in the field of ag r i cu l tu re , or i ndus t ry , educa t ion a n d cu l tu re , or in a n y o t h e r

field of cons t ruc t ion , t he big leap for- w a r d is t he o r d e r of t he day. Soc ia l i s t c o n s t r u c t i o n has p re s sed a h e a d at a n i m m e a s u r a b l y q u i c k e r tempo, t h a n k s to the c o m m o n effor ts of the people of t he who le c o u n t r y u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p of t he C o m m u n i s t Pa r ty . He said t h a t in v i ew of the eve r g r owing p r e s s u r e pu t on i n d u s t r y by the swi f t e x p a n s i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n a nd also in v i ew of the fac t t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n a n d r u r a l w o r k n o w r e s t on a m o r e solid f o u n d a t i o n a n d benef i t f r o m more m a t u r e exper ience , i t was n e c e s s a r y to sh i f t in t i m e t he e m p h a s i s of l e a d e r s h i p f r o m a g r i c u l t u r e a nd r u r a l w o r k to i n d u s t r i a l cons t ruc t ion . Al l l e ad ing o rgans at t he n a t i o n a l a nd p rov inc i a l levels shou ld get a f i rm gr ip on i n d u s t r y w i t h one h a n d a nd a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h t he o ther . F r o m n o w on, C h a i r m a n Mao said, t h e e m p h a s i s shou ld be pu t on in- dus t ry . In th is field, p r io r i ty m u s t be g iven to t he i ron a n d s tee l i n d u s t r y a n d t he m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g indus t r i e s , be c a use t h e y w e r e t h e bas is for r ea l i z ing indus - t r i a l i za t ion , m e c h a n i z a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e in C h i n a a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t he n a t i o n a l defences . Neve r the l e s s , C h a i r m a n Mao con t inued , o u r w o r k in a g r i c u l t u r e a n d in the r u r a l a r ea s m u s t not be r e l axed ,

A nd he did it all by h imsel f ! By Ylng Tao

for a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n wil l con t inue to t a k e g i an t s t r ides f o r w a r d nex t year.

Wi th r e g a r d to t h e m o v e m e n t for set- t ing up people ' s c o m m u n e s t h a t is sweep- ing the l e n g t h a n d b r e a d t h of China , C h a i r m a n Mao sa id t h a t the m o v e m e n t shou ld be h e a r t i l y we lcomed and g iven m o r e ac t ive a n d v igorous leadersh ip .

C h a i r m a n Mao wa s hope fu l a b o u t the a m b a s s a d o r i a l t a lks b e t w e e n C h i n a and t he U n i t e d S ta t e s t h a t a r e expec ted to be he ld in W a r s a w soon. He said t h a t t he t a lk s m i g h t l ead to some resu l t s p r o v i d e d bo th s ides h a d t he s incere des i re to se t t le t he ques t i ons a t issue. At pres- e n t the a t t e n t i o n of t he people of the who le wor ld is focussed on the ta lks t h a t a re going to be he ld b e t w e e n the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the two countr ies .

Further Progress in Agrioullurs F o u r d i r ec t ives and one decision

adop ted a t t he en l a rged session of the Pol i t i ca l B u r e a u of the Ch inese Com- m u n i s t P a r t y ' s C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e on A u g u s t 29 w e r e p u b l i s h e d las t week. The d i r ec t ives a re (1) on the l a u n c h i n g of a socia l is t a nd c o m m u n i s t educa t iona l m o v e m e n t t h r o u g h o u t China!s coun t ry - s ide d u r i n g t h e coming w i n t e r and spr ing; (2) on t he bu i ld ing of w a t e r conse rvancy p ro j ec t s d u r i n g t he s ame per iod; (3) on deep p l o u g h i n g a nd soil i m p r o v e m e n t ; (4} on the f e r t i l i ze r ques t ion. T h e decis ion is on t he c o n t i n u a t i o n of the c a m p a i g n to wipe out the four pes ts (rats, flies, mosqu i toes a n d g r a i n - e a t i n g sparrows}. T h e four d i r ec t ives r e p r e s e n t a s u m m i n g up of t he big leap f o r w a r d in ag r i cu l t u r e in 1958 a nd c h a r t the road a h e a d to sti l l r i c h e r h a r v e s t s in the coming year.

People's Commune Movement Rolls On

In r u r a l C h i n a today the t a lk a m o n g t h e p e a s a n t s is .not so m u c h t he r ecord h a r v e s t s they r e a p e d th i s s u m m e r as the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of peopIe 's c o m m u n e s , the m e r g i n g a nd t r a n s f o r m i n g of ex is t ing f a r m co-ops fo r a m o r e a d v a n c e d fo rm of col lec t ive life. W h e r e people 's com- m u n e s h a v e come in to b e i n g t he fes t ive b e a t i n g of d r u m s a n d gongs has re- sounde d t h r o u g h t he vi l lages and town- ships. W h e r e t hey a r e ye t to be e s t a b l i s h e d t he local c o u n t y C o m m u n i s t

P a r t y commi t t ee s h a v e been f looded w i t h appl ica t ions . The e n t h u s i a s m to go a h e a d in co l lec t iv iza t ion is u n p a r a l l e l e d in Ch inese his tory. (See Reso lu t ion of t he C en t r a l C o m m i t t e e of t he Ch ine se Com- m u n i s t P a r t y on the E s t a b l i s h m e n t of People ' s C o m m u n e s in t h e R u r a l A r e a s on page 21.)

Honan, the l ead ing w h e a t - p r o d u c i n g p rov ince in n o r t h C h i n a and the f o u r t h p rov ince to r eg i s t e r a n a v e r a g e ea r ly r ice yield of 1,000 j i n pe r m u ; Liaon ing , t he mos t i ndus t r i a l i zed of Ch ina ' s p r o v i n c e s in the n o r t h e a s t ; and Hopei in n o r t h C h i n a a re the f i rs t t h r e e p r o v i n c e s of the c o u n t r y in w h i c h the f a r m co-ops h a v e swi tched ove r en t i r e ly to peop le ' s communes . He i lungk iang , A n h w e i and S h e n s i a re fo l lowing close on t h e i r heels . O t h e r p rov inces in n o r t h w e s t C h i n a a n d a long the Yangthe va l ley and va r i ous p rov inces sou th of the r i ve r al l expec t a h igh t ide of the m o v e m e n t fo l lowing t he a u t u m n ha rves t . As s h o w n in the p ioneer ing provinces , once t he idea gr ipped the peasan t s , and t he a d v a n t a g e s of t he people ' s c o m m u n e s we re c lear , t he his tor ic c h a n g e c a m e quickly.

T a k e Honan , for example . The m o v e - m e n t in H o n a n b e g a n in J u l y a f t e r t he w h e a t ha rves t , in the f o r m of a n a m a l g a m a t i o n of the sma l l e r f a r m co-

ops. The S p u t n i k C o m m u n e in Sui - p ing County , one of the first, was e s t ab l i shed as ea r ly as Apr i l . In p r ac t i - cal ly no t ime t he m o v e m e n t g a t h e r e d m o m e n t u m as o t h e r pa r t s of t he p rov - ince began to e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t he n e w idea, especia l ly a f t e r t he v is i t of C h a i r - m a n Mao Tse - tung to H o n a n w h e r e h e ind ica ted t h a t the o r g a n i z a t i o n of peo- pie 's c o m m u n e s was the co r rec t way forward . By t he end of A u g u s t 1,378 people 's commu,nes h a d b e e n f o r m e d ou t of 38,473 f a r m co-ops, c o n s t i t u t i n g 99.98 pe r cen t of al l t h e p e a s a n t h o u s e h o l d s of the province . Each c o m m u n e ha s 7,200 households on a n average , w h e r e a s t h e old f a r m co-ops a v e r a g e d 260 house - holds.

T he c h a n g e in the H o n a n r u r a l a r e a s was an i n e v i t a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e social is t r evo lu t ion a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d of t he "b ig leap f o r w a r d " in i n d u s t r y a n d ag r i cu l tu r e in t he p rov ince , notes R e n -

m i n R~bao in a d i spa t ch f rom its cor- r e s p o n d e n t in Chengchow, cap i t a l c i ty of Honan. I t was also the a n s w e r to t h e d e m a n d of the p e a s a n t s for a g r e a t e r pool ing of m a n p o w e r and resources . I t was c lea r to t h e m t h a t t he p r o d u c t i o n r e l a t ions roo ted in the ex i s t ing f a r m co- ops could no longer keep pace w i t h t he r a p i d g r o w t h of indus t ry , ag r icu l tu re , cons t ruc t i on w o r k and the press ing a n d g row i ng 'needs of over -aU deve lopmen t .

Industrial Output Soars China ' s b o o m i n g i n d u s t r y con t inues to r ecord m o n t h by m o n t h advances .

Acco rd ing to the A u g u s t r e p o r t of the S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau , the to ta l v a l u e of i ndus t r i a l o u t p u t in A u g u s t was 14 pe r cen t h i g h e r t h a n in J u l y and twice as h i g h as in A u g u s t las t year. This is t he b igges t m o n t h l y inc rease r eg i s t e red th i s year .

T h e aggrega te va lue of i n d u s t r i a l o u t p u t f r o m J a n u a r y to A u g u s t th is yea r was 47 pe r cen t h i g h e r t h a n in the f i rs t e igh t m o n t h s of l a s t year .

T h e iron and steel industry r e g i s t e r e d a 15 pe r cen t i n c r e a s e in t he o u t p u t of s tee l in A u g u s t as c o m p a r e d w i t h J u l y ; ro l led s tee l scored a 4.2 p e r cen t a d v a n c e ; a nd pig i ron recorded a 10 p e r cen t jump. C h i n a ' s s t e e l - m a k i n g

capac i ty was inc reased by 2.14 mi l l ion tons in t he s ingle m o n t h of A u g u s t - - 6 0 p e r cen t m o r e t h a n the a g g r e g a t e to ta l added d u r i n g the s even p reced ing months .

A to ta l of 974 s t e e l - m a k i n g c o n v e r t e r s w e r e comple t ed in t h e pe r iod f r o m J a n u a r y to Augus t . 240,000 i r o n - s m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s w e r e comple t ed in th is per iod, m o r e t h a n 190,000 of w h i c h w e r e b u i l t in Augus t , a v e r a g i n g 6,000 n e w f u r n a c e s a day. N i n e t y - e i g h t pe r cen t of these f u r n a c e s w e r e bu i l t by " n a t i v e " o r local ly i n v e n t e d methods . More t h a n 60,000 i r o n - s m e l t i n g fu rnaces h a v e a l r e a d y gone into product ion .

The machine-building industry acce le ra fed t he m a n u f a c t u r e of m e t a l - l u r g i c a l e q u i p m e n t , a nd a l a rge q u a n t i t y of b l a s t fu rnaces , s t e e l - m a k i n g con- v e r t e r s and s tee l - ro l l ing m a c h i n e r y ro l led off t he p r o d u c t i o n l ines in August . 4,400 b lowers we re t u r n e d out in A u g u s t - - m o r e t h a n the to ta l p roduced d u r i n g t he f i rs t s e v e n m o n t h s of this year. 10,000 m a c h i n e - t o o l s of va r i ous types w e r e t u r n e d out in A u g u s t - - a n inc rease of m o r e t h a n 70 p e r c en t as c o m p a r e d w i t h Ju ly .

T h e coun t ry ' s o u t p u t of e lec t r i c i ty in A u g u s t was 100 mi l l ion kwh, m o r e t h a n in July. Elect r ic g e n e r a t o r s w i t h a to t a l c a p a c i t y of 86,000 k i lowa t t s w e r e p roduced in August . Of th is total , w a t e r a n d s t e a m t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s a ccoun ted for a capac i ty of 58,500 k i lowat t s . The a g g r e g a t e t o t a l of e lectr ic p o w e r g e n e r a t i n g capac i ty added f r o m J a n u a r y to A u g u s t was 878,000 k i lowat t s .

O t h e r inc reases in i n d u s t r i a l o u t p u t in Augus t , as c o m p a r e d w i t h Ju ly , we re : 13.3 p e r cen t in coal ; 14.1 pe r cen t in c r u d e oil ; a nd 5.3 p e r cen t in copper .

In capital construction, A u g u s t w i t n e s s e d m a n y n e w records in t he speed of bui ld ing . P e k i n g comple t ed a b r i ck a nd t i m b e r bu i l d ing for a seamless s t e e l - t u b i n g w o r k s h o p w i t h a floor space of 1,464 sq. m e t r e s in 18 hours . In S h a n g h a i , a f o u n d r y w o r k s h o p w i t h a f loor space of 680 sq. m e t r e s was bu i l t in f ive a n d a ha l f hours .

T h e r e p o r t of the S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l B u r e a u for t he m o n t h of A u g u s t records t he fo l lowing m a j o r f igures fo r ag r i cu l tu r e , t r a n s p o r t a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s and c o m m e r c e :

1. Production of food crops. T h e to t a l n a t i o n a l o u t p u t of si,ngle-crop (semi-late) r ice n o w be ing h a r v e s t e d in various places is e s t i m a t e d at more t h a n 56.5 mi l l ion t o n s - - a n i nc r ea se of o v e r 15 mi l l i on tons , or some 40 pe r cent, c o m p a r e d w i t h las t year . T h e a v e r a g e p e r m u yie ld is e s t i m a t e d a t a b o u t 730 j i n , a n inc rease of a b o u t 75 p e r c en t o v e r las t year .

T h e t r a n s p l a n t i n g of la te r ice in the d o u b l e - c r o p a r e a s was comple ted . T he a r ea s o w n to la te r ice a m o u n t e d to 162.5 mi l l i on m u , accord ing to s ta t i s t ics f rom 12 l a t e - r i ce g r owing a r ea s in t he south. Th i s is a n inc rease of m o r e t h a n 21 mi l l ion m u ove r 1957.

2. Transport and communications. R a i lw ay f r e i g h t a g e in A u g u s t was 40.3 pe r cen t h i g h e r t h a n in the s a m e m o n t h l a s t year. The v o l u m e of f r e i g h t h a n - d led by i n l a n d a n d sea -go ing sh ips d i r ec t ly u n d e r t he M i n i s t r y of C o m m u n i c a - t ions i~ A u g u s t i nc reased b y 16.2 p e r c en t c o m p a r e d w i t h A u g u s t l a s t year .

3. Commerce . T h e v o l u m e of r e t a i l sa les in A u g u s t was 14 pe r cen t h i g h e r t h a n in t he s a m e m o n t h l a s t y e a r a n d 7.5 p e r c en t h i g h e r t h a n in Ju ly of th i s year . C o m m o d i t y pr ices r e m a i n e d s t ab l e in Augus t .

Nation-wide Demonstration

650 Million Ready to Smash U.S. Aggression

T HE whole of China is aroused. The worker at the bench, the peasant in the field, the student in the

classroom, the shop assistant behind the counter, men and officers of the People's Liberation Army all demand that the aggressor from across the Pacific be given the shattering answer he deserves.

The U.S. imperialists who seized the Chinese islands of Taiwan and Penghu nine years ago are now extending their aggression to China's offshore islands of Quemoy and Matsu. The Chinese people have made it clear: aggression will not be tolerated.

On Saturday night, September 6, Chinese radio sta- tions interrupted their programmes to broadcast the state- ment by Premier Chou En-lai. He warned the United States about its aggression in Taiwan and its extension to the coastal islands of China. The Chinese people have every right to ]iberate their own terr i tory in a manner and at a time of their own choosing, Premier Chou de- clared. Should the U.S. Government brazenly disregard the repeated warnings of the Chinese people and the desire of the peoples of the world for peace and persist in their aggression and intervention against China and impose war on the Chinese people, it must bear the responsibility for all the serious consequences.

Spontaneous demonstrations of support immediately started in China's major cities. In Peking tens of thou- sands of people came on to the streets in groups and organized columns. The statement, repeated over the

radio many times, was eagerly passed on. By 8:30 that evening, columns of workers, members of the peo- ple's communes on the city outskirts, shop assistants, students, government cadres, housewives and school chil- dren thronged the capital's thoroughfares, and especially Tien An Men Square and its neighbourhood. Impromptu meetings were held at street corners to denounce the aggressor. The crowds shouted the slogans: "Liberate Quemoy and Matsu! . . . . Liberate Taiwan] . . . . U.S. imperial- ism, get out of Taiwan]"

There was an air of excitement, but also of calm de- termination. The nation was prepared for any action called for. Rain came, but nobody heeded. Similar scenes were witnessed in Tientsin, Shanghai and other cities, in fact, wherever the radio brought the news. The week-end was turned into a mass demonstration against the U.S. aggressor.

The following days witnessed still greater demonstra- tions of the resolve and unity of the people. The Supreme State Conference, then in session, had called on the entire nation to mobilize and deal with the U.S. imperialist provocations. The people responded to the call like one man. Mammoth rallies and demonstrations took place on Sunday.

Peking was early astir. Publicity workers took to the streets. On walls, shop windows, telegraph poles, buses and lorries, wherever there was room left between the earlier slogans and posters denouncing U.S. and Brit-

T h e m a s s ra l ly at T ien .An M e n S q u a r e on S e p t e m b e r 7

ish aggression in the Middle East, new slogans, posters and cartoons appeared in support of Premier Chou En-lai 's s ta tement and denouncing U.S. interference in China's internal affairs.

Before the mass ral ly in Tien An Men Square, protest meetings were held in offices and factories, in lanes and parks. By noon the streets leading f rom the suburbs wer~ j ammed with demonst ra tors s treaming into the city f rom all directions. Arms glittered in the sunshine. They were carried by contingents of infantry, tankmen, naval officers and ratings, pilots and para t roopers coming to rep- resent the people's a rmed forces at the capital 's mass rally. Among the marchers were units of the new people's militias just formed at universities, schools and factories. This day three million people demonstrated, many at a large number of rallies in other parts of Peking. Tien An Men Square alone gathered over a million. The demonst ra tors so packed the square that they overflowed it for 3,000 metres along the wide thoroughfare flanking it east and west. The armed workers of Tientsin

Peking ' s Greates t D e m o n s t r a t i o n

Peking has seen m a n y a great mass rally. The latest was the m a m m o t h demonstra t ion held in Ju ly to show China's solidarity with her Arab brothers, .and protest against U.S. aggression in Lebanon and the landing of British troops in Jordan. But Sunday ' s great assemblage outstr ipped them all in mood and magnitude. I t was the biggest and most mil i tant in the history of the city. U.S. imperialism, with its war clamour and provocations just off China's coast, had galvanized a nation into action.

Mayor Peng Chen presided. P remie r Chou En-lai, together with m a n y other leaders of the Chinese Com- munist Par ty and the government , other political part ies and people's organizations, h igh-ranking officers of the People's Liberation Army, took their s tand on the tr ibune above the Tien An Men Gate. Members of the diplomatic corps were also present. The square before them was a sea of demonstrators seething with irrepressible anger and waving multi-coloured banners and placards splashed with bold characters: Liberate Quemoy and Matsu! U.S. imperialism, get out of Taiwan!

In a speech punctuated by tumul tuous applause and responded to by ful l- throated shouting of slogans, Peking's mayor declared: "The determinat ion of the Chinese peo- ple to liberate their ter r i tory and complete the unification of their mother land is unshakable. We will not tolerate the enemy holding bases on Quemoy and Matsu in our territorial waters and using them to launch at tacks against us. We are determined to put a stop to these frenzied criminal acts of U.S. imperial ism which is hostile to the Chinese people, seeks to extend its aggression and jeopard- izes peace in Asia and the rest of the world."

Li Chi-shen, Chai rman of the Revolut ionary Commit - tee of the Kuomintang, Shen Chun-ju, Chai rman of the China Democratic League, Huang Yen-pei, Chai rman of the China Democratic National Construction Association, Liu Ning-yi, President of the All-China Federat ion of Trade Unions, Hu Yao-pang, First Secretary of the Central Commit tee of the Young Communis t League, Tsai Chang, President of the National Women's Federation, and others

also addressed the meet ing on behalf of their respective organizations. They pledged full support for the govern- ment ' s s ta tement and unrelenting opposition to U.S. aggression. Hu Yao-pang who spoke for China's young men and women declared that 120 million youth are ready to go through thick and thin at the call of the country. Liu Ning-yi, represent ing the country 's organized work- ers, declared that the " t rade unions will provide men if the country wants more men, and steel if the country wants more steel." Each party, each group, each mass organization pledged its readiness to do its share and give of its best to the common cause to safeguard China's security and the general interests of peace in Asia and throughout the world.

At the conclusion of the rally the million demon- strators flowed out through the main streets of Peking to resounding marches played by their bands and drums. Many foreign students f rom all par ts of the world, a t tend- ing the Internat ional Union of Students Congress in Pe- king, showed that they too were t rue representat ives of their people back home. To the Chinese shouts of "We must l iberate Taiwan!" they roared back, in m a n y dif- ferent languages, "We support you! . . . . We are with you!" "Long live peace and fr iendship!" As a column of dem- onstrators marched past the Brit ish charge d'affaires ' office, Arab students, who were in the f ront ranks, led in shouting the slogans: "U.S. imperialism, get out of Taiwan! . . . . U.S. and British imperialism, get out of the Middle East!"

All China R e s p o n d s

In Shanghai, China's largest city, two and a half million people turned out the same day to demonstra te against the U.S. aggressor. Foreign Minister Chen Yi, who is also Mayor of Shanghai, addressed a vast rally. The Chinese have a lways been a peace-loving people, he declared, but they have always been able to crush foreign aggressors. He said the tens of millions of people who were demonstra t ing in all par ts of the country that day showed the s trength of over 600 million people. Such might will certainly smash U.S. imperial is t aggression.

In Tientsin, 1.5 million people representing more than half the population of this north China port took part in the greatest demonstration it has known. At the mass rally, Lin Tieh, the First Secretary of the Hopei Provincial Communist Par ty Committee, said that the 45 million people of the province stand firm behind the government; they would speed up "the movement for citizen soldiers."

In the southern metropolis of Canton, despite a heavy downpour of rain, a quarter of a million people took to the streets in an angry demonstration against the violators of China's sovereignty.

Another quarter of a million people came out in demonstrations in Foochow to oppose the armed prov- ocations of the United States. Seamen in this city on the east coast confronting the U.S. invaders pledged their readiness to go to any place they are needed. Workers in shops and commercial organizations under- took to do all they could for the front. In Wuhan 800,000 demonstrated. Small towns and villages voiced their denunciation of the aggressor in no less certain terms. In many places the people held a second rally and a third. In Canton, for example, a million people dem- onstrated again on September 9.

In the five days since September 7 more than 210 million people, representing a third of the most populous country in the world, Hans and the national minorities alike, had taken part in mass rallies and demonstrations, the like of which had never been seen in China before. And this was only one indication of the nation-wide outburst against U.S. aggression.

To give substance to their pledge, workers and peas- ants are redoubling their efforts on the production fronts. Many factories and farms are turning out more than their usual quotas and planning to increase production still more in the coming months. This is one of the first results of the call for a concerted, national effort.

The People in Arms

There is a quickened tempo in the formation of peo- ple's militias throughout the country, too. These units are being organized in people's communes, factories, univer- sities, schools, government offices and business establish- ments. They are raised by voluntary enlistment and run on strict military lines; members undergo military train- ing, mostly after working hours, and bear arms.

The coastal provinces which stand in the forefront of the struggle against U.S. imperialism were among the first to start this citizen-soldier movement. In Fukien, the militia is several million strong. Foochow, the capital city, alone has a hundred regiments. The heroic city of Amoy has the watchword: "Training for all[ Everybody a soldier[" Amoy University, wantonly shelled by the traitor Chiang Kai-shek's artillery, has organized a militia division. The new university motto is "students when you've your textbook in hand, fighters when you've your rifle in hand." In Kwangtung, workers, pe_asants, students and able-bodied women are volunteering in their hundreds of thousands for service in the militias. Over a hundred militia units have been set up in Canton; every people's

M i l i t i a m e n l ' r om p e o p l e ' s e o m n l u n e s on lhe o u t - s k i r t s of P e k i n g d e n o u n c e t h e U.S. a g g r e s s o r s

commune on its outskirts has a militia regiment. In Pe- king, more than 50 militia divisions have been formed. All university and college students have enrolled. In a matter of a ~ew days, the movement for arming the whole nation has swept China from end to end. Such is the response of the people to the country's call to be in readiness to repulse the aggressor.

The People's Liberation Army too has said its word. There was no mistaking the reaction of the P.L.A. to the first move the United States made to extend its aggres- sion in the area of the Taiwan Straits. In all parts of the country the people's armed forces have made known their firm resolve to defend ,and safeguard the country against foreign encroachment. The U.S. aggressors are no strangers to the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The P.L.A. is today set to smash any attacks launched by them and their hireling Chiang Kai-shek.

The Chinese People's Volunteers who are beginning the withdrawal of the third batch of volunteers from Korea, are watching the situation in the Taiwan Straits closely. They have declared they are ready to go any- where to fight the U.S. aggressors. In the Korean war they took their measure and gave them a thorough trouncing and they swear they will do it again should occasion demand.

In a speech at the banquet given by the Korean ambassador to China on September 9 Premier Chou En- lai took the opportunity to reiterate China's position and warn the United States Government again: "The Chi- nese people have every right to liberate their own ter- r i tory in a manner and at a time of their own choosing. They will not tolerate any foreign interference. This is the steadfast stand of the Chinese people which no amount of provocation and threat can shake." On the same day, Vice-Premier Chen Yun, who spoke at a reception given by the Bulgarian ambassador to celebrate Bulgaria's National Day, stated a cold fact when he said if the U.S. imperialists continue their crass interference in China's internal affairs "there can be no other result for them but utter and ignominious defeat."

HONGQI

THE U.S. AGGRESSORS HAVE PUT NOOSES ROUND THEIR OWN NECKS

Following is a translation oi the full" text of the editorial that appears today in "Hongqi" (Red Flag), No. 8, September 16, theoretical journal published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. m Ed.

C OMRADE Mao Tse-tung pointed out at the session of the Supreme State Conference on September 8, 1958:

"The Chinese territory Taiwan, Lebanon, and all U .S . military bases on foreign territories are like nooses tied round the necks of the U. S imperialists. The Americans themselves , and nobody else, made these nooses, and they themselves put them round their o w n necks and handed the ends of the ropes to the Chinese people, the peoples of the Arab countries and all peoples w h o love peace and oppose aggression. The longer the U. S. aggressors remain in these places, the tighter the nooses round their necks will become." These words vividly describe the U.S. policy of aggression all over the world and the fate that awaits it.

The U.S. aggressors are extending their aggression everywhere, antagonizing the Chinese people, the peoples of the Arab countries and all the peoples of the world. This inevitably stirs up indignation and opposition among the Chinese people, the peoples of the Arab countries and all the peoples of the world. The U.S. aggressors poke their snake heads all over the world. This, of course, is a bad thing. But, the consequence of this will be the extension and sharpening of the contradictions between the U.S. aggressors and the peoples of the world, helping the latter to recognize the true face of American imperialism, and hastening the growth of their revolutionary consciousness. In other words, the U.S. aggressors become "teachers by negative example" to the people everywhere, and will eventually be encircled by the people everywhere, sink deeper and deeper in this encirclement, unable to extricate themselves. Thus, a bad thing is turned to good account. Every act of aggression will take the aggressors a step nearer their own graves. This is the dialectics of historical development.

Inadequate strength has long been the fatal weakness of the United States. By committing aggression every- where, every place becomes a U.S. front; every place be- comes far removed from its rear; every place exposes it to attacks front and rear; and everywhere it is out on a limb to be trounced and beaten. U.S. military bases throughout the world are increasing at an unprecedented rate, but at the same time the United States has never been so isolated in the world as it is today. Doesn't this add up to a picture of the U.S. aggressors putting nooses round their own necks? The recklessness of the U.S. aggressors will only result in their doom. As Comrade Mao Tse-tung put it: "If the U. S. monopoly capitalist group is bent on carrying

out its policy of aggression and war, the day will certainly come w h e n humani ty will hang it by the neck."

The new war provocations of U.S. imperialism against the 650 million people of China have not only aroused the deepest wrath among all the Chinese people, but have also encountered sharp condemnation from all the peace-loving countries and peoples the world over. All the countries of the socialist carny headed by the great Soviet Union have expressed their determination to fight shoulder to shoulder with the Chinese people against the common enemy. Many Asian, African and Latin American countries and all peace-loving countries and peoples of the world support our righteous struggle. The U.S. aggressors, how- ever, stand even more isolated than when they carried out armed aggression in the Middle East. Only Chiang Kai- shek and Syngman Rhee, the scum of reaction, are with them. Many allies of the United States are also saying that the aggressive acts by the United States cannot be justified in any way, and few are willing to be its accom- plices. Public opinion in the United States, including statements by some representatives of the ruling circles, among them, for example, Acheson and Hurley, who pur- sued a policy of hostility to the Chinese people when they held official positions, also criticize the "brink of war" policy of the U.S. Government as "dazed," "madness" and "suicide." It is worth noting that this situation has been created by none other than the Americans themselves. The Chinese people never sent out any invitations to the Americans; this situation is entirely the result of their crossing of the ocean, dispatching troops and extending their provocations. All this shows that the nooses were made by the Americans themselves, and none other than the Americans themselves have put them round their own necks.

E VERY time a tense situation is created by the U.S. aggressors, who have made the nooses and put them

round their own necks, the result is that the awareness and enthusiasm of the people of the world is mobilized ever more intensely and this makes the people of various coun- tries who are holding the ends of the nooses tighten the ropes day by day. In the midst of the tension being con- stantly created by the U.S. aggressors, the people of the whole world, including those who formerly did not have a clear understanding of the situation, will come to see clearly that U.S. imperialism is the most vicious enemy of world peace. Everyone will make his stand increasingly clear on the question of peace or war. In this way, the forces in defence of peace are bound to expand throughout the world and all peace-loving people will become en- lightened and united in waging a resolute struggle against

the U.S. imperialists, so as to eliminate international ten- sion. As Comrade Mao Tse-tung said: "The U.S. im- perialists calculate that they will always benefit from tense situations, but the fact is that the tense situations created by the United States have led to the opposite of what the Americans wished. They served, in effect, to mobilize the people of the world to oppose the U.S . aggressors."

Dulles, the architect of U.S. "brinkmanship," can rightly be called a classic representative of the ideology of U.S. monopoly capital, which is rotten to the core. The characteristics of his class have endowed him with a simple mind. Apart from knowing how to brandish a big stick, he only knows how to jabber but not how to open his eyes to see the facts. He is blind to the most obvious changes that have taken place in the world. He has made the noose but cannot see it. He has got his neck into a noose but is unaware of it and keeps shaking a big stick and jabbering away as is his wont. Dulles can truly be called the best "teacher by negative example" to the Chinese people and the people of the world. The policy of hostility to the Chinese people and the people of the world which he has insisted on has constantly aroused in them a swelling tide of anger against the United States and an ever greater will to rise energetically and become strong themselves. On this count alone, it can be said that Dulles has done something useful indirectly for the Chinese revolution and the revolution of other countries of tile world. He ought to be given a medal.

S OME bourgeois American political commentators have described the policies adopted by Dulles and the U.S.

Government of non-recognition of China, of unlawfully de- priving China of its rightful place in the United Nations and of blockade and embargo against China as three bankrupt policies and three dirty rags patched together to make up a flag. The American aggressors thought that these policies could strangle newly-born People's China. But the course of history has proved just the opposite. The U.S. policy of hostility towards the Chinese people has failed to prevent the gigantic advances of New China. On the contrary, it has proved advantageous to China's economic construc- tion which is based on its own resources. Since the Chi- nese people became the masters of their nation's destiny, they have been capable of mastering nature and wresting everything from it. China's gross yield of wheat this year, for example, surpasses that of the United States and takes second place in the world. At the same time, the U.S. blockade and embargo have strengthened the close economic co-operation between China and the socialist countries headed by the Soviet Union, bringing about a common economic upsurge in all the socialist countries. As for rec- ognition, it is common knowledge that the new revolution- ary forces of the Chinese people have never been recognized by the enemy, that they have always been deprived of their rightful place and have always grown and won their victo- ries in the teeth of enemy oppressior?, sieges and blockades. Our cause is enjoying, and will continue to enjoy, ever increasing prosperity. No force on earth can halt the rapid advance of New China. Mighty, socialist New China stands firmly on the face of the globe and is creat- ing incredible wonders every day, every hour. Its pres- tige will not be damaged in the least by non-recognition on the part of any country or any person. On the con-

trary, those who do not recognize New China and fail to see its great stature are merely pitiful creatures to be cast aside soon into the garbage heap of history.

But let us have a look at the countries which have been recognized and aided by the United States, which have thrown themselves into the embrace of the United States and live on U.S. dollars. How are they getting along? Can any one of them compare with China in progress?

F ROM the experience gained in protracted, sanguinary struggles, the Chinese people have long completely

seen through the aggressive designs of the American imperialist wolves. The history of modern Sino-American relations is a record of American imperialist dreaming to dominate China. The recent attempts of U.S. imperialism to extend its aggression to islands in China's inland waters such as Quemoy and Matsu are but a continuation and development of its stubborn hostility to the Chinese peo- ple. By carrying out aggression, the American imperial- ists owe the Chinese people a huge debt which as yet re- mains unpaid; and now a new entry has to be added to the account. It is certainly clear to the American capital- ists that debts have to be paid or else the interest mounts, the longer the debt, the greater the interest. The Chinese people love peace ardently; but they have absolutely no fear of war if the American aggressors are bent on imposing a war on them. If the American aggressors are determined to start a world war, then, as we have reiterated for many years, the result of the war will undoubtedly and inevi- tably be the doom of the entire imperialist system. It will inevitably result in great victory for the cause of lasting world peace and the proSress of mankind.

Comrade Mao Tse-tung said at the Supreme State Conference that the present situation is favourable for the people the world over who are fighting for peace and that the general trend is that the East wind prevails over the West wind. On our side is the unequalled, great and mighty socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, the anti-imperialist forces of the national independence move- ments and all the peace-loving countries and peoples of the world; on the side of the aggressors, there is nothing bu t a handful of warmongers who are as alone as the last man on earth. Ours is a just cause which has the sympathy and support of the people throughout the world; but theirs is a cause without honour which cannot gain any popular support. We are solidly united; but they are falling apart. U.S. imperialism is a paper tiger in the full sense of the term. The new war provocations of the American aggressors against our country are no indica- tion of strength, but merely a manifestation of the extreme weakness of the imperialist world. But up to now there are still some people who have failed to understand this really. They often overestimate the strength of the enemy and underestimate that of the people. They often see only the seeming strength of the imperialist reactionaries and their partial, temporary, mad suppression of the forces of the people, but fail to see the weakness that is inherent in the imperialist reactionaries, the awakening and grow- ing unity of the oppressed people and the historical in- evitability that these people will ultimately overthrow all the oppressors and win final victory. They often only see the fact that some ice-bound rivers are not yet thawing as a whole, but fail to see the torrential streams under-

10

neath which will soon break up the ice completely and rise in mighty waves. They often see only the fact that the revolutionary movements in some places are advancing for the time being at a relatively slow pace and is tem- porarily in a stage when, as Marx said, twenty years are no more than a day in a period of gigantic historical de- velopments; but fail to see the fact that the new-born revolutionary forces will eventually defeat the decrepit reactionary forces and that the great historical period will eventually come when twenty years are concentrated in a day. In fact, if one views modern history as a whole, it is not difficult to see that the recent decades, particularly the recent dozen years, are a period full of revolutionary events and revolutionary victories. Vast tracts of land which the imperialists thought were their firm founda-

tions have suddenly given way. The continuation of this process cannot be obstructed by anyone, least of all by the imperialists, because objectively their policy is con- stantly accelerating this process. History assigns a tragic role to all the imperialist reactionaries: they are destined to work hard to create their own grave-diggers. The more ferocious they are, the stronger will be the determina- tion of the people to carry on revolutions. The more extensive their aggression is, the more nooses they will draw round their necks. The more frenzied their pro- vocations are, the tighter will become the loops which are in the hands of the people. If the U.S . aggressors persist in their policy of making nooses for their own necks, the day will be hastened when the people through- out the world will sentence them to the gallows!

The Declaration on China's Territorial Sea:

A MAJOR STEP TO SOVEREIGN

PROTECT CHINA'S RIGHTS

by LIU TSE-YUNG

T HE Declaration on Territorial Sea* issued by the Gov- ernment of the People's Republic of China on Septem-

ber 4 is a very important and timely measure to protect the sovereign rights of this country.

Territorial sea is that part of the sea which is under state sovereignty. The sovereignty of a coastal state ex- tends over its territorial sea, the air space above the ter- ritorial sea, as well as the bed of the sea and the subsoil m t h i s is a generally accepted principle of international law which even the imperialist countries dare not deny. They have stubbornly objected, however, to the legitimate claims of many countries on the question of the breadth of the territorial sea. Such imperialist powers as Britain and the U.S.A., the so-called "sea powers," have always insisted on the so-called "traditional" and "only legal" rule of three-mile limit, trying their utmost to limit the range of the territorial sea of other states. Their real purpose is to provide themselves with the freedom of con- ducting economic aggression (fisheries, etc.) and even military activities near the coasts of other countries.

The so-called "traditional" three-mile limit was originally stipulated in the municipal law of the United States in 1793 and later many countries adhered to it. ("Mile" means the nautical mile, equivalent to 1.852 kilo- metres or 3.704 li.) It was originally based on the range of the guns at that time as an indication that the tract of the sea within effective range of the shore batteries of a state is its territorial sea. The constant progress of gunnery technique has increased the range of projectiles far beyond three nautical miles, and such a limitation is no longer justifiable. Many countries, to protect their

* Full text in Peking Review, No. 28, September 9, 1958, page 21. B Ed.

rights and interests in national defence and economic mat- ters, have found it necessary to extend the range of their territorial sea. Some countries long ago claimed a breadth of more than three miles but Britain, the United States and several other countries have strongly opposed and refused to recognize such claims.

Different Breadths of Territorial Sea

Since the end of the 19th century, the proposal has been put forward to have the nations re-examine this question with a view to adopting a unified breadth of territorial sea for all countries. This question was dis- cussed at the First (Hague) Conference for the Codifica- tion of International Law in 1930. Owing to the insistence of Britain and the United States on the three-mile limit, the Conference failed to reach agreement. To this day there is still no universal settlement of this question al- though in international practice different breadths of territorial sea are in existence.

According to data gathered by the Secretariat of the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea convoked by the United Nations in the spring of this year, 66 coun- tries turned in reports on the present breadth of their territorial sea.

Twenty-one countries adhere to a breadth of three nautical miles (Britain and several British Commonwealth countries, United States, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Japan and others); three have four nautical miles (Sweden, Norway and Finland); one has five nautical miles (Cam- bodia); 12 have six nautical miles (Italy, Spain, Portugal, India, Iran, Greece, Yugoslavia, Thailand and others); one has nine nautical miles (Mexico); one has ten nautical miles (Albania); 12 have twelve nautical miles (Soviet Union,

I1

Bulgaria, Rumania, United Arab Republic, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Venezuela, Libya; Iceland has recently claimed a 12-mile limit); one has fifty kilometres (Chile); one has 200 nautical miles (El Salvador). The report indicates that the breadth of the territorial sea of five other countries (Iraq, Eire, West Ger- many, Costa Rica and Monaco) "was provided in accor- dance with international law." Eight countries (Lebanon, Morocco, Yemen, Philippines, Turkey, Panama, Peru and Nicaragua) have so far not announced the breadth of their territorial sea. (Turkey which has proclaimed a six-mile limit is preparing to revise its law on territorial sea and the three American states apparently tend to extend their sovereignty to the entire continental shelf.)

These data show that among the 60-odd countries, only 21 (including Britain and several Commonwealth countries) adhere to a breadth of three nautical miles and the rest all claim a breadth of more than one marine league.

Of late the question of the breadth of the territorial sea has given rise to fierce disputes between nations. The International Law Commission of the United Nations dis- cussed this question many times but was unable to agree on the breadth of the territorial sea owing to the insistence of Britain and the United States on their own opinions. The eighth session of the Commission (1956) declared in "The Articles Concerning the Law of the Sea" it adopted that "the Commission recognizes that the international practice is not uniform as regards the delimitation of the territorial sea" and "considers that international law does not permit an extension of the territorial sea beyond twelve miles." In other words, the Commission is of the

NORMAL BASELINE METHOD

" -d - °~ '~ . . ' " o~.,L,.,,o~ H I G H S E A S

STRAIGHT BASELINES METHOD

~ Oul'er Limit o[ ~ / / / ~ / / , ~ A ~ the ]'ertitori., Se. H | G H S E A S

• C B,.dth a t h e \ / ~ - r?3

z

MAINLAND

0 tslands A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H Base-points

AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH Straight baseline1 AN reprelent~ the entire length of the basel;Me oF the Lerritorial sea

opinion that a breadth of territorial sea not exceeding 12 nautical miles is legitimate. These "articles" were sub- mitted by the U.N. General Assembly to the Geneva Con- ference on the Law of the Sea held in the spring of this year for discussion. At the conference (which China, Korea, Viet-nam, Mongolia and the German Democratic Republic were not invited to attend), there were heated debates on this question. At first, the United States and Britain still insisted on a three-mile limit; later when they realized that many countries would not accept it they had to make "compromises" and put forward a proposal along the following lines: The breadth of the territorial sea must not exceed six nautical miles. A state has the right to fix a fisheries area not exceeding twelve nautical miles measured from the baseline of the territorial sea; coun- tries originally engaged in fisheries in that area, however, still have the right to continue to catch fish within a certain range of this fisheries area. The Conference how- ever failed to adopt even this proposal.

Another proposal was submitted by the Soviet Union. It provides that every state has the right to determine its own breadth of the territorial sea by taking into account the related historical and geographical conditions, economic interests, the interests of security and international naviga- tion; according to existing usage, in principle it should be within the range of three to twelve nautical miles. Many countries gave their support to the Soviet proposal.

There was also a joint proposal made by the United Arab Republic, Burma, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Morocco, Colombia and Venezuela which provides: Every state has the right to determine its own breadth of the territorial sea within the range of 12 nautical miles; those whose breadth of the territorial sea is less than 12 nautical miles are entitled to extend its exclusive fisheries area to the limit of 12 nautical miles. This proposal won the biggest number of votes (39) but was also not adopted since it failed to obtain a two-thirds majori ty as required for adoption by the Conference.

Since none of the proposals was adopted, the Con- ference was again unable to work out a resolution on the breadth of the territorial sea, and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone it adopted com- pletely omits the question of the breadth of the territorial sea. The Conference resolution says that the General Assembly is to be asked to decide whether another con- ference on the law of the sea should be convened to settle the questions not solved at the present conference. Owing to the obstructions put up by the imperialist countries, no concrete international agreement on the question of the breadth of the territorial sea has been reached up to this day.

A 12-Mile Breadth Is Legitimate

But this does not mean that there is any ground for the absurd viewpoints of the imperialist countries who insi~,t that the three-mile limit is "traditional," the "only legitimate" breadth of territorial sea which "no country is in a position to extend unilaterally." On the contrary, such absurd utterances have already been rejected by many countries and were vehemently attacked at the Con- ference on the Law of the Sea. The opinion of the 39 countries itself is a repudiation of such ideas and even the United States proposed a breadth of six nautical miles to which Britain agreed.

12

The opinions of the International Law Commission already referred to, as well as both the international practice and the proceedings of the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea, bring to light the following points:

1) Fixing the breadth of the territorial sea is within the sovereign rights of a state;

2) A breadth of territorial sea of 12 nautical miles is entirely legitimate.

Accordingly, China's decision to determine the breadth of its territorial sea at 12 nautical miles, in the light of actual needs in national defence and economic matters, is entirely lawful and no country has the right to object.

Since the territorial sea must have a definite breadth, the question of the line from which it is measured must also be settled. Since the territorial sea is a belt of sea, it is necessary to draw a line from which the breadth of the territorial sea is to be measured seaward, and the part of the sea within that breadth is regarded as the territorial sea. This line is called the baseline of the ter- ritorial sea. In international practice the usual way of measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is to take the low-water line along the coast as the baseline, which is called the low-water baseline, or the normal baseline.

The Straight Baselines Method

It is not easy, however, to find the low-water line on extremely winding coasts which form many indenta- tions and along which many islands exist. Because of this another method of fixing the baseline of the territorial sea may be adopted. According to this method, a number of points on the mainland and the coastal islands are selected as the base-points which are joined by a number of straight lines drawn from point to point, thus forming a broken line. This is called the straight baselines method because it is composed of a number of straight lines.

The straight baselines method adopted by China to fix the baseline of her territorial sea is suited to the geo- graphical conditions of her coast in many places, and is entirely lawful. Among the other countries which have adopted the straight baselines method to fix the baseline of territorial sea, Norway and Iceland are the most notable examples. Recently Indonesia also announced her inten- tion to adopt this method. Britain had set itself in opposi- tion to the adoption of this method by Norway. But the International Court of Justice in dealing with the fishery disputes between Britain an,d Norway pointed out in its decision on this case in 1951 that the straight base- lines method was not in conflict with international law. The U.N. International Law Commission, in the above- mentioned "Articles Concerning the Law of the Sea," and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone adopted by the recent Conference on the Law of the Sea also recognized this method.

The Declaration on China's Territorial Sea points out that the water area extending outward from the baseline is China's territorial sea, that the water areas inside the baseline are China's internal waters and that the islands inside the baseline are islands of the internal waters. This is quite natural. (The Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone also regards the water areas inside the baseline as internal waters.) As the water areas inside the baseline are internal waters, all China's bays

and straits inside the baseline including Pohai Bay and the Chiungchow Straits are naturally China's internal waters.

The legal status of internal waters is exactly the same as that of land territory. The most marked difference between internal waters and the territorial sea is that in internal waters the right of innocent passage of foreign vessels does not exist.

As the sovereignty of a state extends to the territorial sea and the air space above the territorial sea, the coastal state, in order to protect its safety, has the right to require that foreign vessels for military use and all foreign air- craft must obtain the permission of the government of the coastal state before they enter its territorial sea. This is a matter of course. But the British, U.S. and other imperialists, in order to preserve for themselves freedom of action on the waters of other countries, hold that war- ships, like other kinds of vessels, may pass through the territorial seas of other countries by virtue of the right of innocent passage. This viewpoint has been opposed not only by the socialist countries but also by many of the capitalist countries. The "Articles Concerning the Law of the Sea" adopted by the U.N. International Law Com- mission recognizes that "the coastal state may make the passage of warships through the territorial sea subject to previous authorization or notification."

At the Conference on the Law of the Sea held this year, this article was deleted. Nevertheless, all vessels of foreign states, including men-of-war, in passing the territorial sea, must observe the relevant laws and reg- ulations of the coastal state; this is a principle generally accepted by all nations and it is also stipulated in the convention adopted by the Conference on the Law of the Sea. Therefore, if the coastal state provides that the passage of foreign military vessels through its territorial sea must have its approval beforehand, they must not enter its territorial sea before they are permitted; they must in any event observe the relevant laws and regula- tions of the coastal state while passing its territorial sea even if such passage is granted. The provisions on this question embodied in the recent declaration of the Chi- nese Government are most necessary and in full conformity with the law.

China's Sovereign Rights The foregoing shows fully that the Declaration on

Territorial Sea by the Government of the People's Re- pub!it of China conforms with the interests and aspira- tions of the Chinese people. It is an exercise by the Chinese Government of its sovereign rights. It is also in complete accord with international law and practice and has been given support by many countries and public opinion. All principles embodied in the declaration apply to all territories of the People's Republic of China, which, naturally, include the coastal islands, as well as Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and all other islands belonging to China which are separated from the mainland by the high seas. This shows the unshakable determination of the Chinese people to defend their sovereignty over the ter- ritorial sea and their interests relating to it. The 650 million Chinese people will fight resolutely against U.S. imperialist aggression and war provocations to defend the territorial integrity and sacred sovereign rights of their motherland.

I3

National Exhibition

A Bird's Eye View of Achievement

Industrial

by OUR CORRESPONDENT

T HE National Exhibition of Industry and Communica- tions, the biggest of its kind ever held in New China,

has opened in Peking and is drawing large crowds.

Represented at the exhibition are 15 industrial and communications branches of the national economy.* The exhibition is so extensive that it has to be housed in two separate exhibition c e n t r e s - - the Peking Exhibition Centre and the Building Construction Exhibition Centre, both in the western suburbs of the capital.

The 50,000 exhibits graphically por t ray the economic upsurge of 1958 on the foundation of China's achievements during the previous eight years since liberation. They also provide a glimpse of what the future will look like. The exhibition halls are a cross section of the efforts and creativeness of 600 million people building s o c i a l i s m - a panorama of industrial China.

High Speed

The products and charts on display give the visitor a mental picture of the path of China's industrial develop- ment. If we trace this path by a curve, we find that the stagnation and deterioration of industry and communica- tions in old China were abruptly ended by liberation which paved the way for rehabilitation and rapid advance. Then we find a sharp upward jump of the curve between 1957 and 1958 as all branches of the national economy began to shoot up at astounding speed this year. This is the now famous "big leap" which marks the beginning of a new era of China's industrial advance.

This is illustrated by such important branches of the economy as the steel and electric power industries. Charts at the exhibition show that China produced a total of 19,510,000 tons of steel during the eight years of libera- tion, more than 2.5 times the figure of 7,600,000 tons accumulated in old China over 49 years. Steel output increased at an average annual rate of 31.7 per cent during the First Five-Year Plan, from 1,349,000 tons in 1952 to 5,350,000 tons in 1957. This was already the highest rate of growth in world history. But in this year of the big leap, steel output is expected to soar to 10,700,000 t o n s - - double the 1957 figure. Not only is the rate of increase

*Metallurgy; machine-building; geology; coal; petroleum; electric power; chemical industry; atomic energy; lumber; light industry; textiles; building construction; railways; high- ways, civil aviation and water transport; post and telecom- mu,nications.

unheard of, but the absolute increase of more than 5 mil- lion tons of steel in a single year is also unknown in capitalist countries during normal years of peace.

In the case of electric power, generating equipment with a total capacity of only 1,850,000 kilowatts had been installed in the course of 68 years in old China from the establishment of the first power plant in Shanghai in 1882. In New China in the first eight years of develop- ment, the increase in capacity was 2,790,000 kilowatts. In 1958 alone, it is estimated that new generating equipment totalling more than 2 million kilowatts will be installed.

Developments in other branches of industry and com- munications follow much the same pattern.

T e c h n i c a l R e v o l u t i o n

Two features of the "big leap" stand out in bold relief at the exhibition: the high technical level already attained in many branches of industry and communica- tions and the massive scale of the industrial upsurge in which virtually the entire population is taking part as industrialization proceeds everywhere on the basis of the "mass line." Actually these two features are closely related and is referred to in China as "elevation on the basis of popularization."

In the wake of the technical revolution that is now gathering momentum, more and more new products are being successfully manufactured. Incomplete figures for 13 provinces and municipalities show that 50,000 new prod- ucts were turned out in the first seven months of this year. Many of these are on display, including the electro-slag welding machine, glass fibre reinforced plastics, semi- conductor transistors, all of which match or surpass international standards.

In the Hall of the Machine-Building Industry, the largest in the entire exhibition, heavy, precision and au- tomatic machine-tools are on display. The great majority of these are products of the big leap. They include:

*a big vertical lathe which can process jobs up to 2.3 metres in diameter;

*a gear grinding machine and an induction position- ing jig boring machine that surpass in precision some of the best foreign models;

* an electronic copy milling machine which processes complex jobs automatically by an electronic device;

14

* a 4-spindle automatic lathe and an automatic internal centreless grinding machine with a maximum speed of 12,000 revolutions per minute.

Because of their bulk, a 700 mm. blooming mill, a model of a 2,500-ton hydraulic press, a 1,200-metre drill, a 3-cubic-metre electric shovel, high efficiency steam loco- motives and an 80-ton electric locomotive, lorries, sedans and tractors are displayed outdoors on the plaza flanking the central hall.

Of special interest are two high pressure vessels for syn thes i s - - key equipment for the rapidly growing

chemical industry. They were test-bursted at 1,530 and 900 atmospheric pressure respectively with the welded seams intact. This not only shows China's capacity to build heavy equipment but also testifies to the high level of welding technique.

A large variety of high grade alloy steel products, cutting tools and measuring instruments on disDlay ~ive an idea of the technical level of the engineering industry.

The technical revolution is resulting in better and more varieties of consumer goods also. Visitors show great interest in the high quality fabrics in brilliant colours dyed with procion (dyestuffs with an active radical re- cently developed in China that have reached the highest technical level in the world), perfumed cotton prints, wrist watches, cameras, plastic products, radios and television sets. Several different types of television receiving sets have been successfully trial produced.

These are only the first fruits of the creative energy of the people set free by the socialist revolution, particu- larly the recent rectification campaign, and guided by the general line for socialist construction formally adopted by the Chinese Communist Par ty earlier this year. The creative power of the people has aptly been likened to nuclear fission.

Talking of nuclear fission, exhibits in the Hall of Atomic Energy show that China has entered the atomic age. Earlier this year, China's first atomic reactor with thermo power ranging from 7,500 to 10,000 kilowatts built with Soviet help was commissioned. And so were a cyclotron which can accelerate alpha particles whose energy can reach 25 million electron-volts and a pressurized electrostatic accelerator built by Chinese scientists. Models of all these and pictures showing the peaceful application of atomic energy in various fields are on display. A slogan declares that radioactive isotopes will be introduced in all parts of the country in five years.

To illustrate the vision of the Chinese people one may also mention the model of the giant Sanhsia (the Three Gorges) hydro-electric power station on the Yangtse River on display in the Hall of Electric Power. This station with a total capacity of 22 million kilowatts will be far greater than the biggest power station in the world, more than ten times as big as the Grand Coulee, the largest in the U.S.A.

T h e M a s s L i n e

Alongside the modern equipment and products ola display are those built or produced by native methods the

significance of which is brought out clearly in each of the 15 halls. The fact that in the first six months of this year more than 90,000 mineral deposits were discovered by the people, which is three times the total number discovered in the entire First Five-Year Plan period, shows that once the initiative of the people is brought into full play, there is nothing that cannot be ac- complished.

A considerable portion of the increase in iron and steel output expected this year will be accounted for by the numerous small blast furnaces and steel converters built mostly by handicraft or farm co-ops (some of which have recently become people's communes) by native methods. These furnaces are not necessarily technically backward. In fact, some of the native furnaces have made unique contributions to modern technology. One instance is the native iron smelting furnace designed and built by Shansi co-op handicraftsmen on display in the Hall of the Metallurgical Industry. It smelts grey pig iron with anthracite coal and a simple blower and dispenses with coke and the hot blast stove altogether (iron smelting with anthracite coal has so far been adopted only by a few workshops in Western Germany and Japan). Another "dwarf" iron smelting furnace built in Hunan uses low grade coal and powder iron ores without sintering.

Also worthy of mention is a model of a prototype plant that employs the method of dry distillation of oil shale in piles on display in the Hall of Petroleum. It is a simple method and can be adopted by any township where oil shale or lignite is available. The significance of this method lies in the fact that small dry distillation plants are being built almost everywhere in the country to boost oil output greatly.

As production leaps forward, increasing pressure is being placed on transport. In the over-all modernization of transport which is now going on, workers have made innumerable innovations. In a few months, railway work- ers have built nearly 100 hump shunting yards by native methods at practically no cost to the state treasury. These native hump shunting yards are from 20 to 60 per cent more efficient than ordinary shunting yards. A simplified automatic blocking system invented by a railway worker reduces investment per kilometre by three-quarters. Models of the above are on display in the Railway Hall.

All these show that more, faster, better and more economical results are being obtained by combining modern and native methods and building large, medium and small enterprises simultaneously. This is the mass line in economic construction, i.e. relying on the masses of the people for rapid economic development.

Seeing the entire exhibition a visitor is convinced that China will catch up with and surpass Britain in the pro- duction of major industrial products in fifteen years or less as the banner slogan in the Hall of Machine-Building Industry proclaims. In fact, one can put the stress on the words "or less." China, as the exhibition shows, will catch up with and surpass Britain in the production of such important products as coal, cement and possibly other products not in fifteen years, but next year.

I5

BOOKS

N i n e g e e n P o e m s B y Mao T s e - t u n g Foreign Languages Press. 60 pp.

The Eng l i sh t r a n s l a t i o n of n i n e t e e n poems by Mao T s e - t u n g wil l be a v a i l a b l e in a s e p a r a t e v o l u m e by the end of th i s month . Few of t he se poems w e r e pub l i shed before 1957, t h o u g h some h a d for yea r s been wide ly known.

Mao T s e - t u n g as a g r e a t r e v o l u t i o n a r y l eade r is k n o w n today t h r o u g h o u t t he wor ld , bu t no t m a n y a b r o a d h a v e k n o w n t h a t he is a d m i r e d in C h i n a also as a g rea t poet. His poems h a v e w o n a j u s t r e n o w n a m o n g t he people. T h e y ep i to - mize a who le e r a of r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t rug- gle; t h e i r b u o y a n t o p t i m i s m po in t s t he w ay to a r e s p l e n d e n t f u t u r e ; t hey a r e w r i t t e n in a v iv id s ty le a n d r e v e a l a n i m m e n s e i n t e l l ec tua l r a n g e and m a s t e r y of l anguage . These poems, such as M o u n t L iupan, i n sp i r e to act ion. In S e p t e m b e r 1935, t o w a r d s the end of t h e Long March , the Red A r m y h a d to cross the e n e m y ' s l ine on M o u n t L i u p a n in s o u t h e r n K a n s u to r e a c h i ts d e s t i n a t i o n in n o r t h Shensi . The road up t he m o u n - ta in was diff icult , and c l imbe r s had to circle it s ix t imes to r e a c h t he top. T h e a r m y had a l r e a d y t r a v e r s e d 20,000 li on its Long M a r c h ; i ts l eade r u r g e d t h e m on in words t h a t s t i l l sound today l ike a bug le call :

The s k y is high, the c louds are pale, W e w a t c h the w i l d geese f ly ing sou th

till t h e y van ish; W e coun t the m y r i a d leagues w e

have come already; I] w e reach not the Grea t Wal l , w e

are no t rue m e n !

T he lof ty t h o u g h t and fee l ing e x p r e s s e d in these poems a r e the f ru i t of long yea r s of e x p e r i e n c e in l ead ing the Ch inese revolu t ion . W h a t e v e r the t heme , be i t t h e Long March , socia l is t c o n s t r u c t i o n or a b o u t some c o m r a d e s w h o h a v e d ied fo r the revo lu t ion , t he poems show a fe r t i l e i m a g i n a t i o n and b o u n d l e s s s incer i ty . T h e i r image ry l inks C h i n e s e m y t h o l o g y wi th p r e s e n t - d a y rea l i t i es in such a way t ha t they give, in the words of Kuo Mo- jo, t he poe t a n d h i s to r i an , " t h e f ines t e x a m p l e s of a syn thes i s of r e v o l u t i o n a r y rea l i sm a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o m a n t i c i s m . "

Mao Tse - tung ' s e m i n e n t l i t e r a r y a t - t a i n m e n t s a re ful ly r evea l ed in h i s poems. We l l -ve r s ed in Ch inese c lass ica l l i t e ra tu re , he does not, howeve r , a l l ow h imse l f to be r e s t r i c t ed by t r a d i t i o n a l forms. In h is hands , t he r ig id t r a d i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s h a v e b e c o m e f lex ib le a n d f a sh ioned in to a su i t ab l e m e d i u m for a new content .

T he t r a n s l a t i o n of p o e t r y is a c k n o w l - edgedly a n e x t r e m e l y diff icul t task. In

t he case of Ch inese p o e t r y in t he c lass ical style, in pa r t i cu l a r , w i t h i ts s t r i c t r h y m i n g schemes , i ts m a n y c lass ica l a l lus ions , i ts p a t t e r n of long a n d s h o r t tones, w h i c h c a n n o t be r ep roduced or even ap- p r o x i m a t e d in a n y l anguage , i t is wel l - n igh imposs ib l e to r e t a i n the f lavour , m e a n i n g a n d mus ic of the or iginal . In sp i te of al l this , t h e t r a n s l a t i o n s in the ve r s ion p u b l i s h e d by t he Fo re ign L a n - guages Press of P e k i n g is a n o t e w o r t h y a t t emp t . The v o l u m e also inc ludes a l e t t e r on the w r i t i n g of poe t ry s en t by Mao T s e - t u n g to t he ed i to rs of S h i h K a n {Poetry), t he m o n t h l y w h i c h first p u b l i s h e d th i s g roup of poems. T h e r e is also an a p p r e c i a t i o n of the poems w r i t t e n by the poe t T s a n g Keb-ch i a , and, to he lp fo re ign r e a de r s b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t he b a c k g r o u n d of the t imes a n d the c lass ica l a l lus ions used in t he poems, a p p e n d e d notes.

- -C . Y.

MUSIC

S o e i a l i s ~ S i n g i n g

A n u n u s u a l conce r t was g iven las t J u l y a t t he S u n Y a t - s e n M e m o r i a l Hal l in Can ton . All the p e r f o r m e r s w e r e a m a t e u r s f r o m K w a n g t u n g f a r m a nd f i sh ing co-ops a n d factor ies . The songs t h e y s ang w e r e n e w l y composed by the p e r f o r m e r s t h e m s e l v e s a n d they s a n g e loquen t ly of the e n o r m o u s c h a n g e s t h a t h a v e t a k e n p lace in c i ty a nd coun t rys ide , in t he m o u n t a i n regions

A t the C a n t o n concer t , we h e a r d songs of t h e Li, Yao a nd Z h u a n g peoples and Hart folk songs f rom va r ious pa r t s of the province . T h e s o n g s - - s o l o s , duets , or c h o r u s e s - - r e f l e c t a t r e m e n d o u s con- f idence in the fu tu re . In the pas t the p e a s a n t s of the m o u n t a i n regions were expec t ed to e n v y t he good luck of the i n h a b i t a n t s of K w a n g t u n g ' s lush p la ins w h e r e a good f a r m e r crops severa l h a r v e s t s a year . Now they s ing:

Socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion has brought w o n d e r f u l results .

Give m e th i s li]e in the moun ta ins ]or ever!

E v e r y t h i n g here is as good as on the plains;

Roads and t e l ephones have brought the v i l lages together .

P e a s a n t s w h o s e m a i n w o r r y in pre - l i b e r a t i o n t imes wa s w h e r e t h e i r n e x t m e a l wa s c o m i n g f r o m are see ing the b o u n t e o u s r e su l t s of p r e s e n t - d a y work a n d look ing a h e a d conf iden t ly to a n even b e t t e r fu tu re . A n o t h e r song r u n s :

We' l l w o r k three years w i t h m i g h t and m a i n

To br ing e terna l joy to one and all. A sea ol gold spreads to the Jar

horizon. Our co-op reaps ano ther b u m p e r crop

th is year.

One of the pe r f o r m e r s , 66-year-old Chou S h i h - t s a i w h o ha i l s f rom Fang- c h e n g County , has composed more t h a n four t h o u s a n d songs. On his way to C a n t o n fo r t he conce r t he composed an- o t h e r :

The s u m m e r s k y is crys ta l clear, The sun sh ines on a sea of gold.

a n d f i sh ing vi l lages. In al l these ways i t wa s unique , c e r t a i n l y the f i rs t of i ts k i n d in C a n t o n a nd p r o b - ab ly w i t h o u t p r e c e d e n t in m u s i c a l h is tory . B u t i t did no t long r e m a i n unique . I t h a s been qu ick ly fo l lowed by s i m i l a r conce r t s in o t h e r ci t ies a n d vi l lages . Th i s is a m i l e s tone ira t he socia l is t s i ng ing m o v e m e n t t h a t has s w e p t t he c o u n t r y s ince ea r ly th i s year .

The songs of t oday a re a gauge of the feel ings of the C h i n e s e people as they m a k e u n p a r a l l e l e d a d v a n c e s in t he economic , poli t i - cal a n d social fields. F r o m end to end of the count ry , in ci t ies a n d r e m o t e vi l - lages, n e w folk songs tel l of a h a p p y n e w life, a t r e - m e n d o u s zest in w o r k a nd r e v o l u t i o n a r y f e r v o u r in bu i l d ing social ism.

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I

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! By Chao Me|-sheng

16

The peasants ' hear ts are f i l led w i t h joy

A s they ready the ir barns 1or the harvest .

Hard w o r k n o w has i ts amp le reward ,

The hands of old and y o u n g wi l l soon be busy.

once a m o n t h , a n d these a re o f ten qu i te a n even t . Dres sed in t h e i r best , pa r t i c - i pan t s s ing t h e i r own bes t songs of ten in p ra i se of t h e o u t s t a n d i n g deeds of mode l p e a s a n t s of t h e i r f a r m s or t eams .

The T a i h a n g m o u n t a i n v i l l age of A n y a n g k o u in Hs iya ng County , S h a n s i P rov ince , is a typ ica l e x a m p l e of the so-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . c ia l i s t Great are the benef i ts of co l lec t iv i za-

tion, Our l i fe gets be t ter w i t h each pass-

ing day. The more w e work , the more w e

reap, Our worr ies have ended, So w h y should w e not be happy?

In S h a n g h a i in the old days the sor t of s ing ing a v i s i to r was mos t l ike ly to h e a r would be the afei (yellow) " b l u e s " of the i n n u m e r a b l e cabare t s . T o d a y s ing ing in S h a n g h a i has gone socialist . S h a n g h a i has also r ecen t ly held a c i ty -wide s ing ing contest . I t l a s ted a fo r tn igh t . P r e - l i m i n a r y con tes t s we re he ld f i rs t in the var ious m u n i c i p a l dis t r ic ts , bo th in t he city and in i ts r u r a l ou tsk i r t s . T h i r t y t h o u s a n d people took p a r t in t he se a n d they had composed ha l f of the 3,400 songs they sang. These we re the f ru i t of t he social is t s ing ing m o v e m e n t t h a t took shape t h e r e las t spr ing. Now o v e r t h r e e mi l l ion of S h a n g h a i ' s s e v e n mi l l ion in- h a b i t a n t s a re in va r ious cho ra l groups.

Like folk songs e v e r y w h e r e , these n e w songs of the people of S h a n g h a i a r e m a i n l y a b o u t the t h ings t hey a re deep ly f a m i l i a r wi th . In the factor ies , t he t ech- nical revo lu t ion , i n n o v a t i o n s a n d i n v e n - t ions, n e w p r o d u c t i o n records a r e r e c u r r e n t themes . One runs th is way :

Every fac tory has i ts innovat ions . The songs w e m a k e and s ing buck u p

our mates . There are so m a n y th ings for us to

sing about , Our songs can l i nk the heavens w i t h

the earth.

H u n d r e d s of S h a n g h a i s t r e e t c o m m i t - tees h a v e t h e i r cho ra l groups . Some consis t exc lus ive ly of m o t h e r s a n d g r a n - nies, o the r s of g r a n d f a t h e r s ; and t h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s of ch i ld r en ' s c h o r u s e s - - t h a t in T a n s h u i Road ha s two s ix -yea r -o lds a m o n g its fo r ty m e m b e r s .

S h e n y a n g in n o r t h e a s t C h i n a is an - o the r city of song, the s ing ing m o v e m e n t sp read ing a m o n g w o r k e r s , s tuden t s , g o v e r n m e n t employees . Even the old age pens ioners h a v e jo ined in. S ing ing con- tests a re a p o p u l a r e n t e r t a i n m e n t , and it is no u n u s u a l s igh t to see t h r ee g e n e r a - t ions s inging t oge the r on one stage.

T h e r e a r e f ew f a r m co-ops in t he coun t ry t oday w i t h o u t a w e l l - t r a i n e d chorus . In H o n a n Prov ince , t h e r e a r e a b o u t 30,000 v i l lage chora l groups . T h e s e usua l ly give a concer t a week to e n t e r - t a i n co-op m e m b e r s . T h e y c o m b i n e to g ive gala concer ts for a who le t o w n s h i p

s ing ing m o v e m e n t a m o n g the peasan t s . E v e r y p roduc t ion b r igade of each co-op h e r e ha s i ts chorus . Old a nd n e w w o r k songs echo o v e r i ts fields a nd m a n y a conce r t is he ld in the v i l lage c lub of a n even ing . T h e o lder m e n h a v e long been a c c u s t o m e d to s ing a t work or in- f o r m a l l y at v i l lage ga the r ings , b u t they w e r e a b i t shy a t f irst to s ing f r o m a stage. W h e n the t o w n s h i p head set an e x a m p l e by going up to the s tage h i m - self to sing, the idea qu ick ly c a u g h t on. A t the nex t concer t , a gr izzled f a r m e r who h a d in the m e a n t i m e t a k e n up the q u e s t i o n w i t h his wife, took the s tage to s ing songs of the days w h e n they f o u g h t the J a p a n e s e invaders . Soon a n o t h e r f a r m e r a sked h is son to t each h i m some songs and, be fo re long, the whole f a m i l y of s ix ha d fo rmed a c h o r u s t h a t is now wel l k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t the a r e a a n d in m u c h d e m a n d for concer ts .

W h e n t he people a re happy , work goes w i t h a will. S ing ing no t on ly expres ses t h e joy in t he people ' s h e a r t s bu t gives a boos t to work . As one p roduc t ion b r i g a d e l e a d e r pu ts it: " W h e n I h e a r t he chee r fu l songs of t he co-op m e m b e r s as I m a k e the rounds to see h o w th ings a r e going, I k n o w a t once t h a t al l is wel l a n d w e ' v e a n e w h a r v e s t i n g record in

s igh t . " - - C H A N G SEN

CINEMA

K o r e a n F i l m I V e e k

A K o r e a n film week, in h o n o u r of the t e n t h a n n i v e r s a r y of the f o u n d i n g of t he Democra t i c People ' s Repub l i c of Korea , ended y e s t e r d a y in Pek ing , S h a n g h a i , C a n t o n a n d seven o t h e r m a j o r ci t ies in China .

Two fi lms w e r e s h o w n : Orangchon, a s to ry of the w a y t he K o r e a n peop le r epu l sed the U.S. o n s l a u g h t in the Win te r of 1950, a n d For the Mother land! , a b o u t a K o r e a n gue r r i l l a un i t in n o r t h e a s t C h i n a d u r i n g t he J a p a n e s e occupat ion . B o t h i l l u s t r a t e t he t r u t h t h a t today n o t h i n g can de fea t a people d e t e r m i n e d to d e f e n d t h e i r c o u n t r y a nd t h e i r f ree - dom.

The K o r e a n s a r e we l l en t i t l ed to t each t h a t lesson. T h e c i n e m a f i rs t c a m e to K o r e a in 1897, b u t it was m a n y yea r s b e f o r e t h e K o r e a n people succeeded in e s t a b l i s h i n g a f i lm i n d u s t r y of t h e i r own. I t was on ly a f t e r t he J a p a n e s e w e r e

forced by the f a m o u s M a y 1 U p r i s i n g in 1919 to m a k e some concess ions t h a t K o r e a n s were able to s t a r t m a k i n g the i r o w n films. I t was not un t i l a f t e r V- J Day in 1945 t h a t the K o r e a n f i lm i n d u s t r y got a n e w lease of life.

T h e K o r e a n s tud ios used t h e i r f i lms w i t h te l l ing effect to h i t back a t the A m e r i c a n aggressors w h e n they a t t acked K o r e a in 1950. T h e i r films, Y o u n g Guer- ril las a n d R e t u r n i n g to the Front, won acc l a im a n d pr izes a t the Ka r lovy Vary i n t e r n a t i o n a l f es t iva l s in 1951 and 1952 respec t ive ly . T h e i r documen ta r i e s , such as A p p e a l to the W o r l d a nd U.S. Bacterio- logical War lare , p layed a big p a r t in ex- pos ing t he a t roc i t ies c o m m i t t e d by the U.S. t roops in K o r e a w i th t h e i r ind is - c r i m i n a t e bombing , t he i r n a p a l m ra ids a n d g e r m war fa re .

T h e long f ight for f r eedom is n a t u r a l l y a r e c u r r e n t t h e m e in K o r e a n c i n e m a ar t . T h e two films s h o w n dea l w i t h two d i f fe ren t periods, b u t bo th ref lect th i s he ro ic s t rugg le and the u n b e n d i n g sp i r i t t h a t h a v e s u s t a i n e d K o r e a a n d m a d e h e r free.

Orangchon is a d a p t e d f r o m the p lay of the s a m e n a m e by H a n Sung. I t is se t in the w i n t e r of 1950 w h e n the K o r e a n Peo- ple ' s A r m y was m a k i n g its s t ra teg ic w i t h d r a w a l before the heav i l y a r m e d U.S. i n v a s i o n force. A sma l l K o r e a n d e t a c h m e n t o p e r a t i n g on t he sou th b a n k of t he O r a n g c h o n R i v e r is de l ay ing the e n e m y a d v a n c e to g ive the m a i n forces n o r t h of the r i v e r t i m e to regroup. P a k Su,n Bong, a w o m a n doctor , is w i th the d e t a c h m e n t . On the n o r t h b a n k the local peop le h a v e o rgan i zed t h e m s e l v e s to he lp t h e i r a rmy . W h i l e b r i n g i n g up suppl ies they re scue a n o t h e r doc tor f rom the r iver . He p roves to be P a k S u n Bong ' s fiancd, bu t he ha s t u r n e d t r a i t o r and is collect- ing i n f o r m a t i o n for the enemy. W h e n they m e e t he t r ies to p e r s u a d e h e r to l e a v e h e r un i t a nd go home. He meets the fa te of all t r a i t o r s to t h e people.

For the Mother land , a d a p t e d f rom Han S u l Ya ' s nove l History , is se t in the yea r s of t he J a p a n e s e occupa t ion of n o r t h e a s t China .

M a n y K o r e a n fami l i e s m a d e t h e i r h o m e s h e r e a f t e r f leeing f rom J a p a n e s e t y r a n n y in Korea . Choi Dong Hwan , a K o r e a n p e a s a n t , w i t h his wife and son, is one of them. B u t t h e r e is no peace e v e n here , for the J a p a n e s e h a v e invaded t he n o r t h e a s t e r n p r o v i n c e s of China . Choi jo ins t he K o r e a n gue r r i l l a s t h e r e u n d e r K i m I1 Sung. He. is kil led, b u t h is wife ca r r i e s on u n d a u n t e d . W h e n she too is w a y l a i d a nd k i l led by a n e n e m y agent , t he son l e a r n s t h a t f r e e d o m is not some- t h i n g t h a t c a n be got f rom the im- pe r ia l i s t s for the asking. He too jo ins the gue r r i l l a s and real izes t h a t he has a g r e a t e r cause to f ight for t h a n per- sona l vengeance .

m L I U CHUNG-YU

I7

China and the World

WORLD SUPPORTS CHINA'S STAND ON TAIWAN STRAITS

p EACE-LOVING people the world over have demonstrated their sympathy and support for the Chinese people in

their just determination to defend their national sovereignty and territory in the face of U.S. aggression.

Dulles' "brink of war" tactics in the Taiwan Straits, fol- lowing on the heels of the U.S. invasion of Lebanon, have left the U.S. warmongers isolated and exposed before the world.

Washington has miscalculated once again. Far from being worried by the "big stick" of the U.S. Seventh Fleet, the Chi- nese people are determined to liberate Taiwan and the offshore islands which are indisputable and inseparable parts of China. Should Washington persist in its war moves it will seal its own doom.

While the provocative steps of the United States aroused world-wide condemnation, the peoples of the world have rallied to support China's just stand. The socialist camp, united closely in mutual support, stands as the solid bulwark of peace and the strongest deterrent to the aggressive ambitions of the impe- rialists. The socialist countries, headed by the Soviet Union, have demonstrated their unshakable solidarity with the Chinese people.

U.S.S.R. Warns the U.S. Aggressor

N. S. Khrushchov, Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, in his message to U.S. President Eisenhower on September 9 served the warning: "An attack on the People's l~epublic of C h i n a . . . is tantamount to an attack on the Soviet Union. Loyal to its duty, the Soviet Union will do its utmost to uphold, jointly with People's China, the security of the two states, the interests of peace in the Far East and throughout the world."

Holding the United States responsible for the mounting tension in the Taiwan Straits, Khrushchov pointed out that the main reason for the extremely dangerous situation in the area lies in the fact that the U'nited States, by armed force, has seized the ancient Chinese terri tory of Taiwan and the Penghu Islands.

There can be no stable peace in the Far East, Khrushchov emphasized, until U.S. naval forces are withdrawn from the Taiwan Straits, until U.S. armed forces are recalled from Taiwan.

As to the presence of the Seventh Fleet in the Taiwan Straits, Khrushchov noted: The era in which naval surface fleets held sway has ended and gone for ever. In the century of nuclear and rocket weapons, these naval vessels that were once so menacing are in fact suitable only for paying polite visits and firing off salutes; they can also perhaps serve as targets for suitable types of rockets.

The Governments of Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Korean Democratic People's Republic and the Viet-nam Democratic Republic issued statements fully back- ing up China's stand. Chairman Anton Yugov of Bul- garia; Chairman Chivu Stoica of Rumania; Walter Ulbricht, First Deputy Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic; Wladyslaw Gomulka, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party; Chairman .~Iahmet Shehu of Albania; and Minister of State Marosan of Hungary have sternly warned the United States not to inter-

fere in China's internal affairs and affirmed the unity and solidarity of their countries with the Chinese people's struggle against aggression.

A J u s t Cause Has Ready S u p p o r t e r s

The Arab countries which have suffered so bitterly from imperialist aggression and exploitation understand well the justice of the Chinese people's determined stand against the gunboat policy of the U.S.A. Common interests in the struggle against imperialism and colonialism make strong bonds.

President Nasser of the United Arab Republic condemned the U.S. occupation of Taiwan as direct aggression against China and real intervention threatening world peace.

Muhammad Hadid, Chairman of the Iraqi Committee for Afro-Asian Solidarity and Iraqi Minister of Finance, declared in an interview with the Bagdad correspondent of Hsinhua News Agency, that the People's Republic of China has every right to liberate Taiwan and other Chinese islands because they are Chinese territory. The Iraqi people, he said, will try to do everything possible to express their support for the Chinese People's Republic. There was a link between the aggression in the Middle East and in the Far East, he con- tinued. The main cause of tension in the Far East, he stressed, was the imperialist policy of keeping strategic positions in Taiwan.

The Voice of Free L e b a n o n radio expressed the indigna- tion of the Lebanese people still under U.S. occupation: "Every honest Lebanese and every Arab wishes that he could fly to China to join the Chinese people's struggle against U.S. imperialism."

The Damascus paper A l R a y a l - A a m pointed out that the anti-imperialist struggle has led the Arab people to the same road of struggle pursued by the Chinese people. Participation in that struggle is the duty of everyone who wants to be freed frown imperialism and its influence, because the struggle for freedom throughout the world is an i,ndivisible, unified action.

These are no empty words. A group of 30 university students in Damascus, representing different organizations, visited the Chinese consulate-general there to express their readiness to support the cause of the liberation of Taiwan.

The African League representing the people of the African continent voiced its support for the Chinese people's struggle to liberate the occupied territories of China in a cable to the Chinese ambassador in Cairo.

Many of southeast Asia's leadi.ng statesmen have expressed their support of China's rights because they consider Taiwan and the coastal islands as Chinese territory beyond any ques- tion. Pr ime Minister Nehru of India declared that Taiwan and the offshore islands are part of China and that the Peo- ple's Republic of China is the only China. Cambodia's Prime Minister, Prince Sihanouk, stated that it is "reasonable and beneficial to peace" to restore the offshore islands to China. The Foreign .Minister of Nepal, Bikram Shah, pointed out that "Quemoy, Matsu and other offshore islands have belonged to China since ancient times." Subandrio, the Foreign Minis- ter of Indonesia, said that China's declaration of a territorial sea of twelve nautical miles was "in keeping with the needs

18

of t he p r e sen t t ime . " I n d o n e s i a n M.P. S i las P a p r e f rom West I r i a n dec la red t h a t C h i n a ha s t he a b s o l u t e r i g h t to recover Ta iwan , jus t as i t is I n d o n e s i a ' s r i g h t to r ecove r Wes t I r ian .

T h r o u g h o u t As ia and Af r i ca pub l ic op in ion voiced s i m i l a r sen t imen t s .

U.S. S tands A l o n e

In s h a r p c o n t r a s t to the w i d e s p r e a d s u p p o r t a n d s y m p a t h y for C h i n a ' s jus t cause, the U.S. impe r i a l i s t s find t h e m s e l v e s out on a l imb in t h e i r d a n g e r o u s p r o v o c a t i o n s a g a i n s t the Ch inese people. Even Dul les a d m i t t e d on S e p t e m b e r 9 t h a t the U n i t e d S ta t e s could not o b t a i n a n y a s s u r a n c e s of s u p p o r t f r om i ts al l ies fo r its T a i w a n v e n t u r e s . A m o n g the S E A T O count r ies , wh ich W a s h i n g t o n ha s been press ing , s u p p o r t has been s l ipp ing away. D u r i n g t he pa s t few days, T h a i l a n d ' s P r e m i e r Nai T h a n o n K i t t i k a c h o n , P h i l i p p i n e P r e s i d e n t G a r c i a and A u s t r a l i a n P r i m e M i n i s t e r Menz ies h a v e al l m a d e c l ea r t h a t they do no t w i sh to get i nvo lved in a n y m i l i t a r y confl ict in the T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea .

A l t h o u g h t h e J a p a n e s e G o v e r n m e n t ha s b e e n si lent , J a p a n e s e pub l ic op in ion h a s le f t no d o u b t a b o u t its s t r o n g opposi t ion to t he use of U.S. bases in J a p a n a g a i n s t C h i n a and U.S. w a r m o v e s in t he T a i w a n S t ra i t s .

C a n a d a ' s Fo re ign M i n i s t e r S y d n e y S m i t h has s t a t ed pub - licly t h a t his c o u n t r y wi l l no t get i n v o l v e d in "diff icul t ies t ha t m i g h t a r i se a r o u n d the T a i w a n a rea . "

In its Midd le Eas t a d v e n t u r e , W a s h i n g t o n ha s h a d t he Br i t - ish G o v e r n m e n t on i ts side. Now this p a r t n e r is h a n g i n g back. As t he L o n d o n News Chronicle r e m a r k e d : Mos t peop le in Br i t a in wi]! no t fol low the P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s l ead i f M a c m i l l a n

tries to support Dulles' brinkmanship in the Taiwan Straits. Public opinion in Britain has made it clear that in the event of war breaking out in the Taiwan Straits, the United States

will have to go it alone.

In the United States, Washington's brink of war policy is coming in for more and more criticism. The press has b e e n flooded w i t h le t te rs . A r e a d e r of the New York Post asked : " H o w m a n y A m e r i c a n l ives a re we p r e p a r e d to sacr i - fice to s u p p o r t a t r a i t o r o u s r e g i m e chased out of t he Ch inese m a i n l a n d ? " The De t ro i t Free Press wro t e ed i to r ia l ly : " W e d o u b t w h e t h e r t h e r e is one ou t of a mi l l ion A m e r i c a n s who is wi l l ing to f ight fo r T a i w a n . "

The u p r o a r o v e r W a s h i n g t o n ' s b r i n k of w a r policy in t he T a i w a n S t r a i t s is s p r e a d i n g e v e n a m o n g t he r a n k s of Con- g re s smen . In th i s r e spec t it is w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g t h a t some who were once a m o n g the m o s t ac t ive suppor t e r s of C h i a n g K a i - s h e k in his c iv i l w a r a g a i n s t t he Ch inese people, h a v e l e a r n t a lesson f r o m b i t t e r defea t , a nd h a v e come ou t aga in s t E i s e n h o w e r ' s m i l i t a r y a d v e n t u r e s in the T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea . P a t r i c k Hur ley , U.S. a m b a s s a d o r to t he K u o m i n t a n g r eg ime in 1946, said t h a t the use of t roops a g a i n s t the 600 mi l l ion C h ine se people c o n t e m p l a t e d by E i s e n h o w e r wou ld m e a n sui- cide. Dean Acheson , f o r m e r U.S. S e c r e t a r y of S ta te , also cr i t ic ized Dul les ' b r i n k of w a r policy, s ay ing t h a t the Un i t ed S ta t e s h a d lost con t ro l o v e r the s i t ua t ion a n d would be a t w a r w i t h o u t f r i ends or all ies.

D e v e l o p m e n t s in t h e p a s t f e w days h a v e b o r n e ou t the truth of the analysis by Chairman Mao Tse-tung, in his speech at the recent session of the Supreme State Conference, that the

tension created by the U.S. has led to the opposite of what the Americans hoped for. It has aroused the peoples of the whole world to oppose the U.S. aggressors.

Chinese Press Opinion

TAIWAN AND THE COASTAL ISLANDS WILL BE LIBERATED

C H I N E S E publ ic op in ion as e x p r e s s e d in the p ress s t ands f o u r s q u a r e in suppo r t of P r e m i e r C h o u En- la i ' s s t a t e m e n t

on the s i tua t ion in the T a i w a n S t r a i t s area . Edi tor ia l c o m m e n t s , s t a t e m e n t s a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m

var ious publ ic f igures, g roups a n d o rgan i za t i ons d e n o u n c e the openly p rovoca t ive ac ts of the U.S. a r m e d forces and e xp r e s s the u n a n i m o u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n to l i be r a t e T a i w a n a,nd t he coastal i s lands.

Every day t h o u s a n d s of l e t t e r s f r o m ind iv idua l s a n d col- lec t ives a re pour ing in to t h e ed i to r i a l offices e x p r e s s i n g a n g e r at U.S. aggress ion a n d r ead ines s to a n s w e r t he cal l of the m o t h e r l a n d a t a m o m e n t ' s notice.

Renmin Ribao, in a n ed i to r ia l on S e p t e m b e r 7, cal ls on China ' s 650 mi l l ion people to mob i l i ze t h e m s e l v e s to s h a t t e r the U.S. m i l i t a r y th rea t . I t dec l a re s : " W e Ch inese people h a v e long been s tee led in p r o t r a c t e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t ruggles . We are not to be b r o w b e a t e n or b l a c k m a i l e d . W e h a v e e v e r y r igh t to l i be r a t e ou r own t e r r i t o r y b y al l s u i t a b l e m e a n s a t a,ny su i t ab le t ime ; w e wil l t o l e ra t e no fo r e ign i n t e r f e r e n c e in this."

Zhongguo Oingnian Bao's l e a d e r s p e a k s not on ly for t h e y o u t h bu t for al l w h e n it s t a tes : " T h e C h i n e s e people wi l l no t cease the s t rugg le a g a i n s t U.S. impe r i a l i s t agg re s s ion so long as A m e r i c a n t roops r e m a i n in t he T a i w a n area . W e a r e conf ident t h a t f inal v ic to ry in th i s s t rugg le wi l l be ours. This is so not on ly because we h a v e suf f ic ien t s t r e n g t h a t

ou r c o m m a n d to h i t b a c k a t p r ovoc a t i ons by the U n i t e d S ta t e s imper ia l i s t s a nd l i b e r a t e ou r Ta iwan , bu t a lso because jus t ice a nd t he peoples of t he w o r l d a re on ou r side."

" I t is t he s ac red d u t y of our you th to l i be r a t e T a i w a n and all t he coas ta l i s lands. I t wi l l be a d i sgrace to ou r you th as long as an inch of o u r mother la ,nd ' s t e r r i t o r y r e m a i n s u n d e r impe r i a l i s t occupa t ion . "

Gongren Ribao (Dai ly W o r k e r ) says : T h e Ch inese work - ing class a long w i t h t h e e n t i r e n a t i o n re so lu te ly suppor t s Pre- m i e r Chou En- la i ' s s t a t e m e n t w h i c h reflects the wil l of our 650 mi l l ion people. U n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t he Ch inese Com- m~clist P a r t y a n d C h a i r m a n Mao Tse - tung , they wil l wage a d e t e r m i n e d s t rugg le a g a i n s t U.S. im pe r i a l i s t aggress ion and to l i be r a t e our t e r r i to ry . By selfless a n d c r ea t i ve labour , let us pu t e v e r y ounce of ef for t we h a v e in to s t r e n g t h e n i n g our economy a nd n a t i o n a l defence!

Jiefangjun Bao (L ibe ra t i on A r m y Daily) dec la res : "Like the r e s t of the C h i n e s e people, w e m e m b e r s of the Chinese People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y a r e s ee th ing w i th wra th . We a re d e t e r m i n e d to f ight to t he end to s a f e g u a r d a nd l i be ra t e eve ry las t inch of ou r t e r r i to ry . W e sha l l f r ee Quemoy and Mat su ; we sha l l f r ee Ta iwa n . O u r r e so lve is u n s h a k a b l e . We will not s top s h o r t of the comple t e a t t a i n m e n t of our goal."

C h i n a wil l no t seek peace a t t he e xpe nse of na t i ona l sovere ign ty . Th i s po in t ha s been s t ressed r epea t ed ly in the ed i to r ia l c o m m e n t s of a l l l ead ing papers . " T h e U.S. aggressors

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Not for the rocket age By Jack Chert

wil l c o m m i t a s e r i o u s b l u n d e r if t hey h a v e a n y i l lus ions on th i s score ," says R e n m i n R ibao .

Da G o n g B a o d e m a n d s t h a t t he U n i t e d S ta t e s i m m e d i a t e l y s top its m i l i t a r y p rovoca t ions . C h i n a is a big count ry , a c o u n t r y t h a t h a s s tood up, i t wa rns . I t is d a n g e r o u s to t r y t he pa t i ence of such a c o u n t r y too far . C h i n a is not a f r a id of m i l i t a r y t h r e a t s ; she has had m a n y e n c o u n t e r s w i t h t he U n i t e d S ta te s an d k n o w s t h a t U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m is a p a p e r t iger.

M a d a m e Soong Ch ing L ing ' s a r t i c le in R e n m i n R i b a o is typ ica l of t he s t a t e m e n t s t h a t h a v e ap- p e a r e d in the papers . " W e wil l not be cowed by w a r p rovoca- t eu r s , " she says. "We need a nd love peace , bu t we wil l no t beg for it. If, in the past , we could d r ive out the f u l l y - a r m e d im- pe r ia l i s t s and r eac t i ona r i e s f r o m the m a i n l a n d , t h e n today, n ine years a f t e r the f o u n d i n g of the Ch inese People ' s Republ ic , w h e n u,nder the l e a d e r s h i p of the Chi - nese C o m m u n i s t P a r t y the whole

c o u n t r y is u n p r e c e d e n t e d l y un i t ed and ,nat ional cons t ruc t i on is going a h e a d at full speed, we a re even m o r e conf iden t t ha t we can l i be ra t e all ou r t e r r i t o r y and f r u s t r a t e impe r i a l i s t aggress ion."

W a r n i n g s to t h e U . S .

Despi te r epea ted w a r n i n g s f r o m the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t , U.S. pla,nes and n a v a l vessel~ h a v e c o n t i n u e d to v io la t e C h ina ' s m a i n l a n d a i r a n d t e r r i t o r i a l s e a s . U.S. p l anes f lew reconclais- sance miss ions ove r m a i n l a n d C h i n a on S e p t e m b e r 10. On th ree o c c a s i o n s - - S e p t e m b e r 7, 8, l l - - U . S , vessels cove red a t t e m p t s of K u o m i n t a n g ships to b r i n g r e i n f o r c e m e n t s to Quemoy. On S e p t e m b e r 12, d r a w i n g a t t e n t i o n to these l a t e s t facts, R e n m i n R i b a o m a d e the b l u n t ed i to r i a l s t a t e m e n t : " C h i n a will no t to le ra te these acts of the U.S. aggressors . "

R e n m i n R i b a o w a r n s t h a t the d a n g e r o u s s i t ua t i on in the T a i w a n S t r a i t s a r ea is b e i n g da i ly a g g r a v a t e d as a r e su l t of U.S. pe r s i s t ence in its c r imes . I t r e m i n d s t he U.S. aggressors t h a t the Ch inese forces wil l t ake al l n e c e s s a r y m i l i t a r y ac t ion aga ins t the C h i a n g t roops e n t r e n c h e d in Q u e m o y w h i c h la te ly b o m b a r d e d A m o y U n i v e r s i t y and o t h e r p a r t s of Amoy. "A bu r s t i ng she l l is no t d i s c r im ina t i ng , " i t adds.

R e n m i n R i b a o poin ts ou t t h a t P r e m i e r Chou En- la i ' s s t a t e - m e n t of S e p t e m b e r 6 exp re s s ing C h i n a ' s r ead iness to r e s u m e a m b a s s a d o r i a l t a lks b e t w e e n t he two coun t r i e s is a n o t h e r effort to p r e s e r v e peace. This shou ld not be m i s i n t e r p r e t e d by Wash ing ton . The C h i n e s e people a re r e a d y to s m a s h any aggressor . I f desp i te Ch ina ' s r epea t ed w a r n i n g s , the U.S. aggressors con t inue t h e i r p rovoca t ions , t h e n t hey m u s t not b l a m e Ch ina for not h a v i n g w a r n e d t h e m b e f o r e h a n d abou t the ser ious consequences . I f W a s h i n g t o n is r ea l ly r e a d y to re lax t ens ion t h r o u g h t h e S i n o - A m e r i c a n ta lks , t h e n it m u s t s e e to i t t h a t i ts words t a l ly w i t h i ts deeds. All m i l i t a r y p rovoca t ions m u s t cease immedia te ly .

T he Ch inese press exposes the d i rec t r e spons ib i l i t y of the. U.S. imper ia l i s t s for p r e s e n t t ens ion in the T a i w a n St ra i t s .

T he C h i a n g K a i - s h e k t r a i t o r group, succoured , suppor t ed and ins t iga ted by t h e i r U.S. mas t e r s , h a v e n e v e r ceased the i r

h a r a s s i n g ac t iv i t ies aga ins t the m a i n l a n d s ince t hey fled w i t h U.S. a s s i s t ance to Ta iwa n .

E n t r e n c h e d a t U.S. p r o m p t i n g on t he coas ta l i s lands of Q u e m o y and M a t s u a m o n g o thers , t he C h i a n g K a i - s h e k gang d i rec t ly t h r e a t e n t h e s ecu r i t y of A m o y a nd Foochow. Sh ipp ing e n t e r i n g and l e a v ing these two por t s ha s b e e n c o n s t a n t l y u n d e r a t tack . Meanwhi l e , p u r s u i n g i ts i m p e r i a l i s t a ims in the Pacific, t he U n i t e d S ta te s ha s m a i n t a i n e d a huge fleet in the T a i w a n a r e a a nd t u r n e d T a i w a n in to i ts m i l i t a r y base. For a coun t ry l ike Ne w C h i n a e a g e r to c o n c e n t r a t e all i ts effor ts on peaceful cons t ruc t ion , this is c lea r ly a n i n t o l e r a b l e s i tua t ion .

S ince the U n i t e d S ta t e s l a u n c h e d its w a r of aggress ion in t he Midd le East , t h e C h i a n g K a i - s h e k clique, w i th the suppor t of t he U n i t e d Sta tes , ha s in tens i f ied its d i s r u p t i v e act iv i t ies f r o m Quemoy, M a t s u a nd o t h e r coas ta l i s lands and its c l amour a b o u t " speed ing up p r e p a r a t i o n s to l a u n c h a c o u n t e r - a t t a c k a ga in s t the m a i n l a n d . " More t h a n a m o n t h before the Chi- nese People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y took p u n i t i v e ac t ion aga ins t t he C h i a n g b a n d i t t roops on t he Q u e m o y Is lands , t he Ch iang K a i - s h e k c l ique of t r a i t o r s cance l led all l eave for t h e i r officers a nd m e n a nd ac t ive ly p r e p a r e d for war . T h e i r a i r c r a f t in- tensi f ied ac t iv i t i es ove r the m a i n l a n d a nd t h e i r w a r s h i p s inc reased o p e r a t i o n s a ga in s t the coas ta l areas .

I t was p rec i se ly for th is r ea son t h a t the Ch inese People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y h a s dea l t h e a v y b lows aga ins t the Ch iang K a i - s h e k t roops e n t r e n c h e d on the coas ta l is lands.

Dea l ing w i t h t he C h i a n g c l ique and l i b e r a t i n g the coasta l i s lands, P e n g h u a nd Taiwa.n is en t i r e ly a n i n t e rna l Ch inese af- fair . The U.S. imper ia l i s t s , howeve r , r e fuse to give up t he i r agg res s ive schemes. A f t e r be ing c o n d e m n e d by the whole world fo r t h e i r aggress ion in t he Midd le East , to d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n and de lay the w i t h d r a w a l of t h e i r t roops f rom Lebanon , they h a v e a s s e m b l e d s t i l l l a r g e r a r m e d forces in the T a i w a n St ra i t s a rea , o rgan ized b l a t a n t m i l i t a r y p r ovoc a t i ons a n d t h r e a t s of w a r a ga in s t the Ch inese people and a t t e m p t e d to e x t e n d the i r d i rec t aggress ion in the T a i w a n a r ea to the Quemoy, Matsu a n d o t h e r coas ta l i s l ands . U.S. aggres s ion is the root cause of p r e s e n t t ens ion in t he T a i w a n S t ra i t s .

"Mister Du l l e s ! Ch ina says its terri torial w a t e r s e x t e nd 12 mi l e s out to sea."

"That's grabbing! Ours is m u c h l e s s - - j u s t 3 mi l e s !"

By Wang Hung

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D o c u m e n t

RESOLUTION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PEOPLE'S COMMUNES IN THE RURAL AREAS

Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party August 29, 1958

1. The people's communes are the logical result of the march of events. Large, comprehensive people's com- munes have made their appearance, and in several places they are already widespread. They have developed very rapidly in some areas. It is highly probable that there will soon be an upsurge in setting up people's communes throughout the country and the development is irresistible. The basis for the development of the people's communes is mainly the all-round, continuous leap forward in China's agricultural production and the ever-rising political con- sciousness of the 500 million peasants. An unprecedented advance has been made in agricultural capital construc- tion since the advocates of the capitalist road were funda- mentally defeated economically, politically and ideologic- ally. This has created a new basis for practically eliminat- ing flood and drought, and for ensuring the comparatively stable advance of agricultural production. Agriculture has leaped forward since right conservatism has been overcome and the old technical norms in agriculture have been broken down. The output of agricultural products has doubled or increased several-fold, in some cases more than ten times or scores of times. This has further stimu- lated emancipation of thought among the people. Large- scale agricultural capital construction and the application of more advanced agricultural technique are making their demands on labour power. The growth of rural industry also demands the transfer of some manpower from agri- culture. The demand for mechanization and electrifica- tion has become increasingly urgent in China's rural areas. Capital construction in agriculture and the struggle for bumper harvests involve large-scale co-operation which cuts across the boundaries between co-operatives, town- ships and counties. The people have taken to organizing themselves along military lines, to work with militancy, and to lead a collective life, and this has raised the polit- ical consciousness of the 500 million peasants still further. Community dining rooms, kindergartens, nurseries, tailor- ing groups, barber shops, public baths, "happy homes" for the aged, agricultural middle schools, "red and expert" schools, are leading the peasants towards a happier col- lective life and further fostering ideas of collectivism among the peasant masses. What all these things illustrate is that the agricultural co-operative with scores of families or several hundred families can no longer meet the needs of the changing situation. In the present circumstances, the establishment of people's communes with all-round management of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery, where industry (the worker), agriculture (the peasant), exchange (the trader), culture and education (the student) and military affairs (the militia-

men) merge into one, is the fundamental policy to guide the peasants to accelerate socialist construction, complete the building of socialism ahead of time and carry out the gradual transition to communism.

2. Concerning the organization and size of the com- munes, generally speaking, it is at present better to establish one commune to a township with the commune comprising about two thousand peasant households. Where a township embraces a vast area and is sparsely populated, more than one commune may be established, each with less than two thousand households. In some places, several townships may merge and form a single commune comprising about six or seven thousand households, accord- ing to topographical conditions and the needs for the development of production. As to the establishment of communes of more than 10,000 or even more than 20,000 households, we need not oppose them, but for the present we should not take the initiative to encourage them.

As the people's communes grow there may be a tend- ency to form federations with the county as a unit. Plans should be drawn up right now on a county basis to ensure the rational distribution of people's communes.

The size of the communes and the all-round develop- ment of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, subsidiary production and fishery as well as of industry (the worker), agriculture (the peasant), exchange (the trader), culture and education (the student) and military affairs (the militia), demand an appropriate division of labour within the administrative organs of the communes; a number of departments, each responsible for a particular kind of work, should be set up, following the principle of com- pactness and efficiency in organization and of cadres taking direct part in production. The township governments and the communes should become one, with the township com- mittee of the Par ty becoming the Par ty committee of the commune and the township People's Council becoming the administrative committee of the commune.

3. Concerning the methods and steps to be adopted to merge small co-operatives into bigger ones and transform them into people's communes. The merger of small co- operatives into bigger ones and their transformation into people's communes is now a common mass demand. The poor and the lower-middle peasants firmly support it; most upper-middle peasants also favour it. We must rely on the poor and the lower-middle peasants and fully encourage the masses to air their views and argue it out, unite the majority of the upper-middle peasants who favour

21

it, overcome vacillation among the remainder, and expose and foil rumour-mongering and sabotage by landlord and rich peasant elements, so that the masses of the peasants merge the smaller co-operatives into bigger ones and transform them into communes through ideological emancipation and on a voluntary basis, without any com- pulsion. As to the steps to be taken, it is of course better to complete the merger into bigger co-operatives and transformation into communes at once; but where this is not feasible, it can be done in two stages, with no com- pulsory or rash steps. In all counties, experiments should first be made in some selected areas and the experience gained should then be popularized gradually.

The merger of smaller co-operatives into bigger ones and their transformation into communes must be carried out in close co-ordination with current production to ensure not only that it has no adverse effect on current production, but becomes a tremendous force stimulating an even greater leap forward in production. Therefore, in the early period of the merger, the method of "changing the upper structure while keeping the lower structure unchanged" may be adopted. The original, smaller co- operatives may at first jointly elect an administrative committee for the merged co-op to unify planning and the arrangement of work; and transform them- selves into farming zones or production brigades. The original organization of production and system of administration may, for the time being, remain unchanged and continue as before; and then later, step by step, merge, readjust and settle whatever needs merging or readjusting and whatever specific questions demand solution during the merger, so as to make sure there is no adverse effect on production.

The size of the communes, the speed of carrying out the merger of small co-operatives into bigger ones and their transformation into communes, and the methods and steps to be taken in this connection will be decided in accordance with the local conditions by the various prov- inces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central authorities. But no matter when the merger takes place, whether before or after autumn, in the coming winter or next spring, the small co-operatives which are prepared to merge should be brought together from now on to discuss and jointly work out unified plans for post-autumn capital construction in agriculture and to make unified arrangements of all kinds for preparatory work for an even bigger harvest next year.

4. Concerning some questions of the economic policy involved in the merger of co-operatives. In the course of the merger, education should be strengthened to prevent the growth of departmentalism among a few co-operatives, which might otherwise share out too much or all of their income and leave little or no common funds before the merger. On the other hand, it must be understood that with various agricultural co-operatives established on dif- ferent foundations, the amount of their public property, their indebtedness inside and outside the co-operatives and so on will not be completely equal when they merge into bigger co-operatives. In the course of the merger, the cadres and the masses should be educated in the spirit of communism so as to recognize these differences and not resort to minute squaring of accounts, insisting on equal shares and bothering with trifles.

22

When a people's commune is established, it is not necessary to deal with the questions of reserved private plots of land, scattered fruit trees, share funds and so on in a great hurry; nor is it necessary to adopt clear-cut stipulations on these questions. Generally speaking, re- served private plots of land may perhaps be turned over to collective management in the course of the merger of co-operatives; scattered fruit trees, for the time being, may remain privately owned and be dealt with some time later. Share funds etc. can be handled after a year or two, since the funds will automatically become publicly owned with the development of production, the increase of income and the advance in the people's consciousness.

5. Concerning the name, ownership and system of distribution of the communes .

All the big merged co-operatives will be called people's communes. There is no need to change them into state-owned farms. It is not proper for farms to embrace industry, agriculture, exchange, culture and education and military affairs at the same time.

After the establishment of people's communes, there is no need immediately to transform collective ownership into ownership by the people as a whole. It is better at present to maintain collective ownership to avoid unneces- sary complications in the course of the transformation of ownership. In fact, collective ownership in people's com- munes already contains some elements of ownership by the people as a whole. These elements will grow con- stantly in the course of the continuous development of people's communes and will gradually replace collective ownership. The transition from collective ownership to ownership by the peop!e as a whole is a process, the com- pletion of which may take less t i m e - - t h r e e or four years - - i n some places, and l o n g e r - - f i v e or six years or even longer - -e l sewhere . Even with the completion of this transition, people's communes, like state-owned industry, are still socialist in character, where the principle of "from each according to his ability and to each according to his labour" prevails. After a number of years, as the social product increases greatly, the communist consciousness and morality of the entire people are raised to a much higher degree, and universal education is instituted and developed, the differences between workers and peasants, town and country and mental and manual labour - - legacies of the old society that have inevitably been carried over into the socialist period, and the remnants of unequal bourgeois rights which are the reflection of these differences - - w i l l gradually vanish, and the function of the state will be limited to protecting the country from external aggres- sion but will play-no role internally. At that time Chinese society will enter the era of communism where the prin- ciple of "from each according to his ability and to each according to his needs" will be practised.

After the establishment of the people's communes it is not necessary to hurry the change from the original system of distribution, in order to avoid any unfavour- able effect on production. The system of distribution should be determined according to specific conditions. Where conditions permit, the shift to a wage system may be made. But where conditions are not yet ripe, the original system of payment according to workdays may

be temporarily retained (such as the system of fixed targets for output, workdays and costs, with a part of the extra output as reward; or the system of calculating workdays on the basis of output). This can be changed when conditions permit.

Although ownership in the people's communes is still collective ownership and the system of distribution, either the wage system or payment according to workdays, is "to each according to his work" and not "to each accord- ing to his needs," the people's communes are the best form of organization for the attainment of socialism and gradual

transition to communism. They will develop into the basic social units in communist society.

6. At the present stage our task is to build socialism. The primary purpose of establishing people's communes is to accelerate the speed of socialist construction and the purpose of building socialism is to prepare actively for the transition to communism. It seems that the attain- ment of communism in China is no longer a remote future event. We should actively use the form of the people's communes to explore the practical road of transition to communism.

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING - - Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, e t c . - -

P r o g r a m m e s are s u b j e c t to change , W h e r e t imes are no t l is ted consu l t t hea t re or dai ly press.

P E K I N G OPERA

• C A P T U R I N G " T H E H A W K " An e x c i t i n g ep i sode f r o m the n o v e l In the S n o w y Fores t by Chu Pp. A P .L .A. m a n p i t s h i s w i t s and c o u r a g e a g a i n s t the n o t o r i o u s H a w k . a b a n d i t l eader , a n d h e l p s c a p t u r e h i m and his band. Produced by the Peking Opera Company of Peking.

Sept . 21, 7:30 p .m. Y u a n En Si T h e a t r e

• I N D I G N A N T H O N G K O N G A new o p e r a ba sed on t h e r e c e n t B r i t i s h p e r s e c u t i o n of Ch ine se s choo l s in H o n g k o n g . U P R O A R IN H E A V E N M o n k e y S u n W u - k u n g f igh t s the g o d s o f t h u n d e r a n d l i g h t n i n g a n d o t h e r ce les t i a l de i t i e s w h o w a n t to s u b - due h i m . P r o d u c e d b y the C h i n a P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y .

Sept . 21, 7:30 p .m. Guang He T h e a t r e • F O O T P R I N T S IN T H E S N O W T h e d a u g h t e r o f a p r i m e m i n i s t e r o f t he M i n g d y n a s t y d e f i e s h e r f a t h e r a n d m a r r i e s a poor s c h o l a r o f h e r o w n cho ice w h o l a t e r p r o v e s h i m s e l f b y a c h i e v i n g f i rs t p l ace in the imperial civil examination. Chang Chun-ehiu in the title role. Produced by the Peking Opera Company of Peking.

Sept . 17, 7:30 p ,m. Chang A n T h e a t r e

• C H A N T I E N - Y U A n e w p l a y a b o u t C h a n T i e n - y u , t h e f i rs t C h i n e s e r a i l w a y e n g i n e e r to d e s i g n a r a i l w a y f o r China . P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y .

Sept . 19, 7:30 p .m. R e n m i n T hea t r e

• MING T O M B S - - P A S T A N D P R E S E N T A n e w o p e r a on the M i n g T o m b s R e s e r v o i r w r i t t e n by Ch ing K u - h s u e h .

Sept . 17, 7:30 p .m. L a o d o n g T h e a t r e Sept . 19, 7:30 p .m. the Musica l Hall in

Z h o n g s h a n P a r k Sept . 20, 7:30 p .m. R e n m t n T h e a t r e

• K A O L I A N G H A R N E S S E S T H E F L O O D T h e l e g e n d of a y o u n g m a n n a m e d K a o L i a n g w h o c o u r a g e o u s l y d e f e a t s a f ie rce d r a g o n w h i c h h a d been c a u s i n g a r i v e r n e a r P e k i n g to flood. THE R E T U R N OF T H E P H O E N I X A c o m e d y of e r r o r s . A y o u n g m a n w i n s h i s b r i d e d e s p i t e a m i x - u p c a u s e d by a s c h e m i n g s t e p m o t h e r a n d w i c k e d s tep-s l s te r . P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y .

Sept . 18, 7:30 p . m . R e n m i n T h e a t r e

P I N G J U O P E R A

• THE G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S - - d e s c r i b e s a f e a r l e s s y o u n g g i r l w h o h e l p s rou t a g a n g of c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , P r o d u c e d by the Ch ina P l n g J u O p e r a C o m p a n y .

Sept , 18 & 17, 20-23, 8"00 p ,m. Da Z h o n g T hea t r e

S H A O H S I N G O P E R A

• W U GU N I A N G A w i c k e d l a n d l o r d t r i e s to sell h i s o w n s i s t e r in o r d e r to ob t a in m o r e m o n e y a n d p r e v e n t h e r m a r r i a g e w i t h a f a r m - h a n d . T h e f a r m - h a n d r e s c u e s h e r a n d t o g e t h e r t h e y e3eape to f r e e d o m . P r o d u c e d by the v i s i t i n g S h a o h s i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of C h e k i a n g .

• T H ~ G.OLDEN E A G L E A n o p e r a b a s e d on an I n n e r M o n g o l i a n fo lk- ta le . G o l d e n

Eag le , b e l o v e d fo lk hero , l eads the peop le in f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t he f e u d a l t y r a n n y of t he local despo t . P r o d u c e d by t h e S h a o h s i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of C h e k i a n g .

S h o w i n g s e p a r a t e l y f r o m Sept . 18-24 at Ji X t a n g T h e a t r e

M O D E R N OPERA

• F I R E a n d T W O R O A D S T w o o p e r a s on the t h e m e of the p e o p l e ' s f ight a g a i n s t coun- t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , T h e f o r m e r h a s i ts s e t t i n g in a f a r m i n g co-op: the l a t t e r i s b a s e d on a t r u e i n c i d e n t w h i c h t o o k p lace in P e k i n g . P r o d u c e d by the Cen t r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l O p e r a T h e a t r e .

Sept . 16-18, 7:30 p .m. Tianqiao T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• T H E R E D F L A G U N F U R L E D A p l a y b a s e d on a t r u e incident w h i c h h a p p e n e d re- cently in Shanghai. A steel worker, suffer- ing f r o m a c u t e s e c o n d d e g r e e b u r n s , is s a v e d by the c o n c e r t e d e f fo r t s o f the hosp i t a l s ta f f a n d h is o w n wil l to live. T h e soc ia l i s t o u t l o o k of the m e d i c a l s t a f f w a s the d e c i s i v e f a c t o r in m a k i n g th i s m i r a c l e poss ib le . P r o - duced by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

Sep t . 16-17 R e n m i n T h e a t r e Sept . 18-21 S h o u d u Thea t r e

• U N F O R G E T T A B L E T I M E S te l ls a b o u t the a c t i v i t i e s of u n d e r g r o u n d r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s in the S h a n g h a i co l l eges b e f o r e the l i be ra t ion . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

Sept . 16-17 S h o u d u T h e a t r e

• S O N OF THE W O R K I N G C L A S S B a s e d on the a u t o b i o g r a p h y of Wu Yun- to , one of C h i n a ' s b e s t - l o v e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y h e r o e s . T h r i c e s e v e r e l y w o u n d e d , he n e v e r s t o p p e d w o r k i n g f o r the r e v o l u t i o n . P r o d u c e d by the C h i n a You th A r t T h e a t r e .

Sept . 16-23 China Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

• THE C A S E OF T H E E N G I N E E R An e n g i n e e r , w h o w i s h e s to k e e p his pas t a sec re t , is b l a c k m a i l e d by a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y , and is k i l l ed w h e n he d e c i d e s to tel l the t ru th . T h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y is d i s c o v e r e d , a n d a r r e s t e d . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g E x p e r i m e n t a l T h e a t r e .

Sept . 18-23 Xi Dan T h e a t r e

FILMS

• H E R O E S W I T H T H E C O U R A G E OF T I G E R S A t h r i l l i n g s t o r y of t he e a r l y d a y s of l i be ra t ion , H o w d a r i n g P.L.A. f i g h t e r s f r u s t r a t e the p l a n s of a g r o u p of K u o m i n - t a n g band i t s .

Sept . 16-23 P e k t n g Exhib i t ion Centre Cinema, Shengl t , Ertong, X i n Z h o n g GUO

Sept . 16-19 Da Hua, Z h o n g y a n g Sept . 19-21 Bei f lng W o r k e r s ' Club, Jtao

Dao K o u

• C A L L OF THE M O T H E R L A N D - - t e l l s h o w an e n g i n e e r l e a r n s f r o m b i t t e r e x p e r i e n c e t h a t s c i e n c e m u s t s e r v e the r e v o l u t i o n a r y cause . He b e c o m e s a b e l o v e d s c i e n t i s t o f the Sov ie t people . S o v i e t f i lm in eo lour , d u b b e d in Ch inese .

Sept . 16-18 Bet j tng W o r k e r s ' Club Sept . 22-23 X|n Jie K o u

• T H E S I S T E R S A eo lou red w i d e s c r e e n S o v i e t f i lm a d a p t e d f r o m the f i rs t p a r t o f the t r i l o g y Ordeal by Alexe i To l s toy . T h r o u g h the s t o r y of t w o s i s t e r s i t d e s c r i b e s the l i fe a n d conf l i c t s o f the m o r i b u n d " u p p e r c l a s s " in R u s s i a in the s t o r m y y e a r s b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g the F i r s t Wor ld War . I n R u s s i a n , w i t h C h i n e s e sub- t i t l e s .

Sep t . 16-23 S h o u d u Cinema

E X H I B I T I O N S

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S (See a r t i c l e on pp. 14-15.) O p e n da i l y ( excep t Men.) 9:00 a . m . -- 5 p .m.

At P e k i n g Exhib i t ion Centre a n d Bui ld ing Cons t ruc t ion Exhib i t ion Cen t re

• R E V O L U T I O N A R Y H I S T O R Y E X H I B I - T I O N A r i c h co l lec t ion of d o c u m e n t s and p h o t o s c o v e r i n g the e n t i r e p e r i o d of the n e w - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n in China . Also d i s p l a y e d a r c w e a p o n s a n d m a n y o the r a r t i c l e s used d u r i n g the r evo lu t i on . Da i ly ( e x c e p t Mon.) 8-12 a .m. , 2:00-4:30 p .m.

At the M u s e u m of R e v o l u t i o n a r y His tory (Xi H u a Men Ga te , P a l a c e Museum}

S P O R T S

• 1958 N A T I O N A L F O O T B A L L C H A M P I O N - S H I P S B e t w e e n P e k i n g T e a m (1957 n a t i o n a l c h a m p i o n ) a n d T i e n t s i n T e a m 0957 r u n n e r - up). Sept . 28 P e k i n g S t a d i u m

P E K I N G R A D I O

S E L E C T E D M U S I C P R O G R A M M E S

T h e s t a t i o n s a re l i s ted a s fo l lows ;

I - C e n t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Sta t ion , 1st P r o g r a m m e

I I - - C e n t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g S ta t ion , 2rid P r o g r a m m e

I I I - - P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g S ta t ion

Sept . 16 1:00-1:25 p .m. (D- -Chora l m u s i c f r o m the

Sov ie t Un ion , t he G e r m a n D e m o c r a t i c Re- pub l i c a n d R u m a n i a

Sept . 17 6:00-6:15 p .m. (II) -Songs f r o m V i e t - n a m 6:00-7:00 p .m. ( I I I } - - P r o k o f i e v : e x c e r p t s f r o m

the bal le t Cinderel la , G l i n k a ; etc.

Sept. 18 6:38-7:00 a.m. ( I I I ) - - F o l k songs f r o m Po land ,

Mexico , Ind ia , P a k i s t a n , etc. 2:n0-.~rnn p .m. ( I I ) - -Mozar t , S c h u b e r t a n d

H a y d n

Sept . 19 6:00-7:00 p .m. (III) - - Tcha ikovs l~y 'S 8th

S y m p h o n y a n d o t h e r c o m p o s i t i o n s

Sept. 20 2:00-3:00 p .m. ( I I ) - -Fo lk s o n g s f r o m all o v e r

the w o r l d 6:06-7:00 p .m. ( I I D - - W o r k s by S ibe l lus 10:45-11:30 p .m. ( D - - S e l e c t i o n s f r o m G U n k a ' s

Russ lan and L u d m t l l a

Sept . 21 8:30-9:30 a .m. ( D - - W o r k s by S o v i e t c o m p o s e r s 2:00-2:45 p . m . (II)--Sehubert, Schumann,

Brahms, etc. 7:25-7:50 p .m. ( I ) - -Fo lk s o n g s f r o m R u m a n i a

g3

China-produced eucalyptus oil is distilled from fresh leaves

of eucalyptus trees which grow in eastern China. In purity

and quality our product compares favourably with other oils

sold under the same n a m e - but its price is much lower.

Available in three grades.

Cineole content 85% min.

80% rain.

70% rain.

SHANGHAI ESSENTIAL OILS IMPORT EXPORT CORPORATION

16 Chungshan Read E I, Shanghai, China

Cable Addro:s: ESSENO|L SHAN®NAI

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