U.S. Microgrid Research1].pdfU.S. Microgrid Research presentation at the University of Tokyo, Holonic Energy Systems Laboratory ... 3. fossilization and total centralization (1933-1980)

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Environmental Energy Technologies Division

U.S. Microgrid Research

presentation at the

University of Tokyo, Holonic Energy Systems Laboratory

11 July 2005by

Chris Marnay

[email protected] - +1.510.486.7028 - http://der.lbl.gov

research supported by the Distributed Energy Program of the U.S. Dept of Energy and the California Energy Commission

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0. What is a Microgrid?1.Higher Electricity Use and More Waste Heat2.Limits to the Conventional Wisdom Future3.Heterogeneous Power Quality Requirements4.The CERTS Microgrid5.Distributed Energy Resources Customer

Adoption Model (DER-CAM)6.Why Microgrids? Why Now?

Outline

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East Bay Municipal Utility District Microturbine Installation with Cooling

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What is a Microgrid?

A controlled grouping of energy (including electricity) sources and sinks that is connected to the macrogrid but can function independently of it.

Two Main Benefits to Developers of Microgrids:• pushing efficiency limits by heat recovery (CHP)• Providing heterogeneous power quality and

reliability (PQR)

There are other societal benefits.

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Key Microgrid Feature is Local Control.

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History of U.S. Electricity Sector

phases of centralization

1. isolated developments (pre 1900)

2. consolidation and monopolization (1900-1933)

3. fossilization and total centralization (1933-1980)

phases of decentralization

1. independent investment (avoided cost) (1980-1995)

2. wholesale (and some retail) competition (1995- )

3. decentralization and full competition? (2000- )

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Development of theDanish Power System (1980-2000)

source: Eltra (grid operator of western Denmark)

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Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Japan

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Mto

e

OthersOilElectricityNGCoal14% in 1960

19% in 1980

24% in 2000

Electricity is a Bigger Share of Energy Use in Developed Economies

Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in the U.S.

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Mto

e

7% in 1960

13% in 1980

19% in 2000

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More Per Capita Electricity Use

Electricity Consumption per Capita

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000

MW

h

Japan U.S. France

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So, Much More Total Electricity

US Electricity Generation (TWh)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

source: Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Energy Information Administration.

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More and More Heat is WastedElectricity Generation By Fuel in Japan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

TWh

LossesCoalOilNGNulearHydroOthers

Electricity Generation By Fuel in the U.S.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

TWh

LossesCoalNGOilHydroNulearOthers

source: International Energy Agency

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Expansion is All Central StationForecast U.S. Capacity Additions,

2000-2025

renewables5%

nuclear1%

distributed generation

2%

nat gas combustion

turbine28%

coal21%

nat gas combined

cycle43%

total = 400 GW

10% of the DG is small-scale residential/commercialsource: Annual Energy Outlook 2005,

Energy Information Administration, DOE/EIA-0383(2005)

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Limits of Conventional Wisdom

• restrictions on power system expansion– siting, environmental, rights-of-way, etc.

• centralized power system planning• volatile bulk power markets• economics drives operates closer to limits• insecure system• multiple infrastructure interdependencies

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It Could Be a Rough Ride

AEO 2004 N e w Capacity

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

MW

source: Hirst, Eric, U.S. Transmission Capacity: Present Status and Future Prospects,Consulting, Bellingham, WA, June 2004, pg. 7.

Gross Volume of U.S. Electricity Trade (TWh)

0100200300400500600700800

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

source: Energy Information Administration, Electric Transmission in a Restructured Industry, 2004

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What Does Power Quality and Reliability Really Cost?

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An PQR Pyramid

• Loads are often broken down by time and enduse but not by PQR requirements.

• The most demanding PQR requirements are not met.

• Highly sensitive loads are small and they could be smaller.

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Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions

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Example CERTS Microgrid

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CEC SupportedActivity

1999 2000 2002 2003 2006 2010

DOE SupportedActivity

A proven, mature Microgrid approach

allows high penetration of DG sources by

providing a resilient platform for plug and play operation of heat and power sources.

Prior Program Activity

Current Program Activity

CERTS Microgrid Research

2001 2004 2005

Fundamental Microgrid Concept Defined

CEC Microgrid Workshop

Survey of DERTest Facilities

Microgrid Protection Issues Paper

Customer Adoption Model

UWM Droop Control Theory

Microsource ModContract

MicrogridTestbed Operational

Develop mGRID Software

Beta Test mGRID Software

Initial Mtgs. W/CEC to Share Microgrid ConceptsInitial Microgrid Testbed Testing Complete

Jointly Funded Field Demo

Testbed Design/RFP Development

Microturbine Testing by SCE/UCI

Possible Integration of Customerand Power Flow Models

Standard Power Electronics Interface

Future Program Activity

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The CERTS Microgrid is ...

• controlled by “customers” based on internal requirements subject to the technical, economic, and regulatory opportunities and constraints faced.

• designed and operated to jointly provide heat and power and heterogeneous power quality and reliability.

• a cluster of small (e.g. < 500 kW) sources, storage systems, and loads which presents itself to the grid as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a good citizen.

• interconnected with the familiar wider power system, or macrogrid, but can island from it.

• controlled by local intelligent inverter like power electronic devices.

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DER Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)

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Energy Flows Incorporating CHP

technology adoption decisions

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July Weekday of a Tokyo Office Building(with 300 kW generator with TAC installed)

• TAC is a CHP technology that uses low temp heat to drive building cooling (& dehumidification) using absorption cycles.

•TAC is especially valuable if there is minimal building heating demand, and/or if it displaces valuable on-peak electricity.

•TAC adoption/operation is particularly hard to simulate because of the simultaneity of these effects.

Thermally Activated Can Offset Expensive Building Peak Electricity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

hour

elec

trici

ty lo

ad (k

W)

Cooling offset by waste heat recovery

Utility electricity purchase

NG----ABSHX----00300

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Why Microgrids? Why Now?

1. Can growing electricity demand be met by central station power systems alone?

2. Can growing electricity power quality and reliability requirements be met?

3. Can we capture more waste heat to lower carbon emissions?

4. What might a mixed scale power system look like?

Documents

U.S. Microgrid Research1].pdfU.S. Microgrid Research presentation at the University of Tokyo, Holonic Energy Systems Laboratory ... 3. fossilization and total centralization (1933-1980)