U.S. REGENTS REVIEW Thematic Review. AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 1 st Amendment Freedom of religion, speech, and press Right to peacefully assemble

U.S. REGENTS REVIEW Thematic Review

AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 1 st Amendment Freedom of religion, speech, and press Right to peacefully assemble and to petition the government 2 nd Amendment Right to posses fire arms 3 rd Amendment Government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime 4 th Amendment Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures 5 th Amendment Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy Guarantees due process of law 6 th Amendment Guarantees the right to a speedy, public trial Right to confront witnesses and to legal counsel 7 th Amendment Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases

AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 8 th Amendment Prohibits excessive bails and fines Bans cruel and unusual punishments 9 th Amendment Rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people 10 th Amendment Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people 11 th Amendment Grants state immunity from certain law suits 12 th Amendment Separates voting for President and Vice President 13 th Amendment Abolishes slavery Reconstruction amendment 14 th Amendment Defines citizenship Prohibits states from denying people due process and equal protection under the law Reconstruction amendment

AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 15 th Amendment Grants voting rights to African American men 16 th Amendment Gives Congress power to tax incomes 17 th Amendment Requires election of U.S. Senators by people of a state, not the state legislature 18 th Amendment Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages Prohibition (temperance movement) 19 th Amendment Grants voting rights to women 20 th Amendment Shortens the amount of time between election of a president and of Congress to start of term in office 21 st Amendment Repeals the Eighteenth Amendment

AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 22 nd Amendment Limits president to two terms 23 rd Amendment Grants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections to the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) 24 th Amendment Abolishes poll taxes as a qualification for voting in federal elections 24 for the poor! 25 th Amendment Sets procedure for determining presidential disability and succession and for filling a vice-presidential vacancy 26 th Amendment Lowers the voting age to 18 Due to the Vietnam War 27 th Amendment Bans mid-term congressional pay raises

MAJOR DOCUMENTS DocumentDescribe the Document (Why/What did it say?)What was it important? Mayflower Compact 1620 Pilgrims signed a contract agreeing to obey the government they set up Established the idea of self-government Declaration of Independence 1776 July 4- written by Jefferson Says U.S. is independent country that will protect peoples natural rights. Also listed the grievances against King George III Ideas were inspired by the Enlightenment thinkers (John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu Included basic ideas about peoples natural rights and the job of the government to protect those rights. Articles of Confederation 1781-1787 First constitution of the U.S. National government was too weak under this plan. -No president or courts -No Taxation=no money, no national military Showed people they needed a stronger national government after -the Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts -limited involvement from states/no taxes U.S. Constitution 1787 Current plan of government w/ 3 branches of power w/checks and balances, federalism, flexibility and protection of peoples rights (Bill of Rights) People govern! (popular sovereignty) Fixed most of the problems of the A of C and set up government based on rule of law Bill of Rights 1791 1 st 10 Amendments to the US Constitution Protects peoples freedom of speech, press, petition, assembly, bear arms, due process, other rights not listed, etc. Declaration of Sentiments 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Frederick Douglass, and others. List of grievances that women have against the U.S. government and society. Birth of the Womens Rights/Suffrage movement

LawYearPurpose of Law/Major ProvisionsLaws dealing Homestead Act 1867 Encourage settlement of the west- 160 acres of land for free if you live on it and farm for 5 years. [with expansion/settlement] Dawes Act 1887 To Americanize and assimilate Native Americans- 160 acres of land for free if you live and farm on it for 25 years and agree to give up your tribal way of life. To separate N.A. from each other and spread them out. *Didnt work. [with Minority Groups] Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Regulate Railroads-hard to charge fair/uniform prices, couldnt favor special groups. In response to farmers protests and the Populist Party the federal government begins to regulate the railroad industry. [with the power of the Federal Government] Sherman Anti- Trust Act 1890Regulate Monopolies-outlawed any combination that restrained free competition in Interstate trade. (Gave to federal government the power to break up monopolies) [with the power of the Federal Government] MAJOR LAWS

LawYearPurpose of Law/Major ProvisionsLaws dealing The Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 Regulate Monopolies-Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. It prohibited one company from acquiring anothers stock for the sole purpose of creating a monopoly; also protected unions. [with the power of the Federal Government] Pure Food and Drug Act And Meat Inspection Act 1904 Protect Consumers from unsafe products. During the Progressive Era, outlawed interstate transport of impure/diluted foods & deliberately mislabeled products. As a result of the publication and public outcry over The Jungle, by muckraker/author Upton Sinclair. [with Public safety] Chinese Exclusion Act 1888 Created to restrict the number of Chinese immigrating to the United States. [with immigration] National Origins Act (Quota System) 1924Placed restrictions on the number of people immigrating to America from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Asia. [with immigration] MAJOR LAWS

LawYearPurpose of Law/Major ProvisionsLaws dealing The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) 1935 Recognized the right of labor to organize into unions and to be able to bargain collectively. A great help for workers wanting to join or form a union! [with labor relations] The Neutrality Acts 1930s Showed that the U.S. was following a policy of Isolationism by forbidding the U.S. giving military aid to any country engaged in a war regardless if they were the aggressor nation or not. [with Foreign Policy] The Lend Lease Acts 1941 FDR was granted the authority to rent, sell, exchange, lease, or even give war materials to any country whose security he regarded as necessary to our national security. [with Foreign Policy] Social Security Act 1935Provide pensions and public assistance-Provided financial support for retired workers, for widows and dependent children of workers who died before retirement and people unable to work because of a permanent injury or disability. [with Minority Groups] MAJOR LAWS

LawYearPurpose of Law/Major ProvisionsLaws dealing Civil Rights Act 1964 End discrimination practices-Prohibited discrimination in public places. Required identical voting requirements. Prohibited employers to discriminate on the basis of race or sex. [with Minority Groups] The Voting Rights Act 1965 Voting Equality-The federal government will ensure that everyone will have the same voting requirements. [with Minority Groups] The Immigration Act of 1964 1964 Ended the National Origins Act (Quota System). What matters today are what skills you possess not your country of origin. Still places restrictions on the number of people who can legally enter America [with immigration] War Powers Act 1973 Limited the power of the President to wage war. Congress overrides President Nixons veto. This law was passed in response to Americas involvement in Vietnam. As a result of this law, Congress needs to be informed of U.S. troop deployments within 48 hours and Congress has the power to force the President to withdraw those troops. [with Foreign Policy] Americans with Disabilities Act 1991Protect disabled, equal opportunity-Set up rules dealing with people with disabilities. Wheelchair bound people must be given access to public facilities. Prevents discrimination by private companies. [with Minority Groups/public safety] MAJOR LAWS

SUPREME COURT CASES COURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE Marbury v. Madison (1803) Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Established judicial review- the right to determine the constitutionality of laws Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court McCullough v. Maryland (1819) Federalism Necessary and Proper Clause No state could tax a federally chartered bank Established the principle of national supremacy- Constitution and fed. Law overrule state laws Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Federalism Interstate commerce States may regulate only what is solely intrastate trade (within their state) Federal government regulates interstate trade Worchester v. Georgia (1832) Federalism Rights of Ethnic/ Racial Groups Federal government has the jurisdiction over Native American nations Defied by Jackson- led to Indian Removal Act Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Civil Liberties Ruled that African Americans were not citizens- but were property of their owners Made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Rights of Ethnic/ Racial Groups Equal Protection (14 th ) Upheld Louisiana law providing for separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites Made segregation legal

SUPREME COURT CASES COURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE Schenck v. United States (1919) Civil Liberties- limited during wartime Limits on free speech; right is not absolute Defendants actions (war flyers) posed a clear and present danger to the security of U.S. during war Korematsu v. United States (1944) Civil Liberties Equal Protection (14 th ) Upheld the power of the President to limit civil liberties during war Japanese Internment Camps were legal Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954) Equal Protection(14 th ) Federalism Court overturns Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrine Ruled segregation illegal (violates 14 th Amendment) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Criminal Procedures 4 th & 14 th Amendments 4 th &14 th Amendments protect against illegal searches Exclusionary rule- evidence found without a warrant cant be used in couty Engel v. Vitale (1962) Civil Liberties 1 st & 14 th Amendments Reciting prayer in school violated 1 st & 14 th Amendments Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Criminal Procedures 6 th & 14 th Amendments 6 th and 14 th Amendments require that states provide a lawyer to those who cannot afford one

SUPREME COURT COURT CASECONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Criminal Procedures 5 th & 14 th Amendments Established requirement prior to questioning to inform those accused of crimes that they have certain rights Evidence obtained without this warning apply to the exclusionary rule Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) 1 st Amendment Students Rights/ Safe Schools Neither students nor teachers shed their rights at the school gate (arm bands) Symbolic, silent expression of opinion is protected under 1 st Amendment New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) 1 st Amendment National Power Upheld 1 st Amendment- freedom of press (Pentagon Papers) Roe v. Wade (1973) Rights of Women/ Privacy State laws making abortions illegal were unconstitutional (with certain limits) New Jersey v. T.L.O. 4 th Amendment Students Rights/ Safe Schools Schools must have reasonable grounds to search students possessions Vernonia School District v. Acton 4 th Amendment Students Rights/ Safe Schools Drug-testing student athletes does not violate the 4 th or 14 th Amendment

GEOGRAPHY FEATURE HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPORTANCE TO U.S. Louisiana Purchase Purchased from France by Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollars Part of Manifest Destiny Doubled size of U.S. Gained control of Mississippi New territories in the Plains Erie Canal Connected the Atlantic Ocean (at NYC) through the Great Lakes into the interior of the U.S. Lowered shipping costs New York became major port California 1840s Acquired as part of Mexican Cession (Mexican War) Part of Manifest Destiny Completed Manifest Destiny Discovery of gold Panama Canal Acquired in 1903 with a treaty with Panama Wanted to build a canal across the piece of land connecting North and South America Able to move ships from Atlantic to Pacific easily Canal was returned to Panama in 1999 Lewis & Clark Expedition Two explorers were sent out to observe the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and to find a water route to the Pacific Their data and maps were contributed to the nations expansion

GEOGRAPHY FEATUREHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPORTANCE TO THE U.S. Interstate Highway System Widespread use of the automobile and the growth of suburbs led to a need for highways Eisenhower passed Federal Highway Act of 1956 44,000 mile network of interstate highways created in the U.S. Cities were better connected to the suburbs and transportation was made easier Monroe Doctrine U.S. wanted control of the Western Hemisphere Warned foreign powers to stay out of Latin America Used to support the Mexican War Showed U.S. policy of isolationism was over Homestead Act The newly acquired lands of the West needed to be settled Offered 160 acres to anyone wanting to settle in the West Help to expand the United States and de-crowd cities of the East Acquisition of Philippines U.S. policy of imperialism The Spanish-American War- Spain gave U.S. the Philippines for $20 million U.S. seen as a major world power Policy of imperialism increases Port in Southeast Asia Transcontinental Railroad Growth of industry Need to connect the North to the South to the East and West Pacific Railway Act of 1862 United States was connected across the country Made industry much easier

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE MIGRATIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACT Colonial 1600s-1700s Wanted religious/ political freedoms Job opportunities Adventure to new lands Settle on the East Coast Settlement of the United States Under mercantile policy Desire for independence Westward Expansion 1800s Manifest Destiny Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Conflict with the Native Americans, Mexico, France New lands and resources (gold) Rural to Urban 1870-1920s Industrialization led to urbanization Job opportunities Escape isolation Pollution Crowded tenements Poor conditions European Immigration 1880-1910 Immigrants came over for industrial jobs Settled on the East coast Increased nativism Quota Acts- limiting immigration from certain areas Dust Bowl 1930s Extreme drought and overuse of the land left the Great Plains in ruins People head out to California in search of Gold The Grapes of Wrath

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE MIGRATIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACT Suburbanization 1950s-1960s As cities grew- people needed more space Invention of automobile and creation of highway led to houses being built outside of the city More people lived outside of the city and commuted to work Less crowded cities Housing boom- new lifestyle Illegal immigration 1990- present Mostly people from Mexico crossing over the border to find jobs in the U.S. New laws trying to limit/ catch illegal immigrants Debate over whether a wall should be built at the border Trail of Tears Forced migration of Native Americans to reservations west of the Mississippi River Indian Removal Policy Worcester v. Georgia Cherokee and Seminole Indians were forced to move from their homes Government had control over Native Americans African Americans 1860s-1880s (Exodusters) After the Civil War, Africans wanted to escape the memories of slavery To escape the Ku Klux Klan, the White League and the Jim Crow laws which continued to make them second-class citizens after Reconstruction, Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. As many as forty thousand Exodusters left the South to settle in Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado African Americans WWI-The Great Migration WWII-The Second Great Migration Looked to the North for job opportunities and decreased discrimination Jim Crow Laws and increasing hostility and violence Known as the Great Migrations Found job opportunities Still faced discrimination in the North, Race Riots in Chicago after the war.

REFORM MOVEMENTS MOVEMENTPROBLEMACTIONS AFRICAN AMERICANS Unfair treatment (before and after slavery) Discrimination Segregation Civil Rights Movement (DuBois, Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Parks) Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery Bus Boycott ABOLITIONIST Unfair treatment of blacks Fight to end slavery Associated with the underground railroad Douglass, Tubman, Truth, Gerrit Smith, William Lloyd Garrison ASIAN AMERICANS Immigration laws preventing Asian immigration into the U.S. Japanese Internment Camps WWII Korematsu v. United States LATINOS Illegal immigration laws preventing immigration from Mexico Working discrimination (low wages/ poor conditions) Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers- better wages NATIVE AMERICANS Indian Removal Act (Jackson) Dawes Act (Americanization) Reservations Creation of the American Indian Movement to make decisions

REFORM MOVEMENTS MOVEMENTPROBLEMSACTIONS WOMEN Didnt have the right to vote Work discrimination Stereotypes Seneca Falls Convention (Stanton, Anthony) 19 th Amendment Title IX Equal Rights Amendment? PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Excluded from everyday life No education rights No workplace rights Dorothea Dix Education for All Handicapped Child Act Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 PROGRESSIVE Corruption in government Unsanitary conditions Crowded tenements Sinclair, Riis, Tarbell, and Norris Muckrakers exposed the truths TEMPERANCE Too many people were abusing alcohol Religious fundamentalism 18 th Amendment Repealed by the 21 st - no one followed the law LABOR Poor working conditions Long hours Little pay Creation of unions (AFL and Knights of Labor) Strikes for betting conditions

PRESIDENTS PRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: George Washington 1789-1797 Set precedents such as a cabinet and two terms Put down the Whiskey Rebellion (federal power) Foreign policy of neutrality (no entangling alliances) Thomas Jefferson1801-1809 Author of the Declaration of Independence Opposed Federalists (limited, decentralized government) Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from France Andrew Jackson1829-1837 Opposed Calhoun and nullification of 1828 tariff Native American Removal Policy Spoils system- gave jobs to supporters Abraham Lincoln1861-1869 Used war powers to preserve the Union in Civil War Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg Address Assassinated before he could act on Reconstruction Andrew Johnson1865-1869 Impeached by the House over reconstruction policies 13 th and 14 th Amendments

PRESIDENTS PRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Square Deal programs (conservation, reforms, trust-bust) Roosevelt Corollary- expand influence in Latin America Foreign Policy- increase influence in Asia and Caribbean William H. Taft1909-1913 Dollar Diplomacy- military support to Latin America Continued Progressive Era policies Did not continue with conservation- split the party Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 New Freedom program Anti-trust legislation and lowering of tariffs WWI; supported Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations Herbert Hoover1929-1933 Great Depression; opposed direct relief Rugged individualism Used federal troops vs. WWI veterans Bonus Army Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 New Deal (Relief Recovery Reform)- federal power Court-packing Controversy Japanese-American internment during WWII Only president to serve more than 2 terms

PRESIDENTS PRESIDENTYEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: Harry S. Truman1945-1953 Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki WWII Policy of containment during the Cold War Supported the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine Fair Deal (continuum of New Deal) Entered Korean War Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 Issued the Eisenhower Doctrine Sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas- integration Alaska and Hawaii become 49 th and 50 th states John F. Kennedy1961-1963 New Frontier Program (containment) Created the Peace Corps Ended the Cuban Missile Crisis; but failed Bay of Pigs Assassinated in 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 Great Society Program (antipoverty and civil rights) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (expand Vietnam war) President during the bulk of Civil Rights Movement

PRESIDENT YEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974 Vietnamization policy of increased bombings; cease-fire Dtente relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union and China Watergate Scandal led to resignation Jimmy Carter1977-1981 Supported human rights and Panama Canal treaties Camp David Accords- attempt at peace in Middle East Iranian Hostage Crisis Ronald Reagan1981-1989 Supply-side economics govt works vs. individual initiative Wanted to keep communism out of Latin America Iran-Contra Scandal weakened popularity George W. Bush2001-2009 Close election vs. Gore (ballot recount in Florida) No Child Left Behind & Dept. of Homeland Security 9/11 attacks- sent troops to Afghanistan Sent troops to Iraq (WMDs)

FOREIGN POLICY DESCRIBE THE POLICYSITUATIONS WHERE IF WAS USEDPRESIDENT Imperialism obtaining new lands for our own benefit Spanish American War, Roosevelt Corollary/Big Stick Policy, Dollar Diplomacy, Hawaii, Pacific Islands T. Roosevelt Taft Neutrality Not taking sides in disputes among other nations trade is okay! Pre-War 1812, no side w/ G.B. or Fr. Pre-WW2, neutrality acts Thomas Jefferson FDR Isolationism Washingtons Farewell Address US Stay out of affairs of others Failures to ratify Treaty of Versailles to end WWI, didnt join League of Nations Pre-WW2 stay out of Europe/Asian Conflicts Wilson FDR Reliance on International Organizations Mutual cooperation in health/welfare/peace keeping and Collective Security United Nations/NATO 1940s-today WHO-World Health Organization NAFTA-1990s-today World Bank Truman Bill Clinton Containment Keeping Communisms from spreading Post WW2/Cold War, Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Vietnam War, NATO, Cuba-Bay of Pigs, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine Truman Eisenhower JFK Collective Security Nations working together to keep peace United Nations 1945-today NATO 1940-today Truman to Obama Detente Easing of the tensions of Cold War between the US and USSR SALT, Grain sales, Space CooperationNixon, Ford

FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESSUCCESS/ FAILURE Washingtons Neutrality The United States was a newly formed country- werent strong enough yet Washington wanted no entangling alliances Success for a short while Monroe Doctrine Warn Europe not to try to get colonies back, stay out of the Western Hemisphere Europe stays out of the W. Hemisphere, or we see it as a threat we will stay out of Europe Manifest Destiny Encourage Westward Expansion US Fate to control all land between Atlantic Pacific Roosevelt Corollary Extension of the Monroe Dontrine- wanted to keep foreign influence out of Latin America U.S. acts as international police power Success- associated with Big Stick Policy Open-Door Policy Want trade rights with China vs. European Spheres of Influence Equal trade with China, Sec. of State John Hay Wilsons Fourteen Points After WWI, Wilson wanted to establish peace to ensure no other world war All about self-determination Failure- Congress does not allow U.S. to join League of Nations WWII begins within 20 years

FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESSUCCESS/ FAILURE Good Neighbor Policy Improve relations with Latin America (FDR) Less interventions, more cooperation, repair damaged relationship from Panama Canal issues, positive Lend-Lease Act U.S. was in its foreign policy of isolationism This act allowed the U.S. to sell or lend war materials to any country whose defense was vital to the defense of the U.S. Failure- helped to bring the U.S. into WWII Marshall Plan Policy of containment during Cold War Gave aid to Western Europe to rebuild Success Truman Doctrine Meet threat of communism with $financial aiddemocracy will flourish US Aid to countries trying to resist communism (Greece/Turkey) Eisenhower Doctrine/ Farewell Address In response to Suez Crisis, reaffirm support to protect nations resisting Communism (now in Middle East), Protect our oil interests Success, able to get GB/Fr. to back down, reaffirms superpower status, challenge: commits us to military intervention in region Blockade of Cuba Policy of containment during Cold War Trade embargo with Cuba Success

OTHER FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONS ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESSUCCESS/ FAILURE Nixon Doctrine Each ally nation was in charge of its own security in general, United States would act as a nuclear umbrella when requested. Argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. Shifted the direction on international policies in Asia, especially aiming for "Vietnamization of the Vietnam War." Scale back on the Vietnam war, surrender/evaculation Distraction: New York Times/Pentagon Papers: the Johnson Administration "systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress Daniel Ellsburg, White House Plumbers, charges dropped SALT agreements Cold War policy of dtente Nixon wanted to decrease tensions with USSR Somewhat successful Camp David Accords Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt under the leadership of Jimmy Carter Successful at first, but peace still does not exist in the Middle East Reagan Doctrine a strategy to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War, US provided overt and covert aid to anti- communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Remained the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991

TURNING POINTS EVENTHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACT Declaration of Independence 1776 The colonies wanted to be free from British mercantile policies Thomas Paines Common Sense promoted independence Leads to the fighting of the American Revolution After which the United States becomes a free country End of Reconstruction 1877 After the Civil War, the South needed to be restructured and restored New amendments were added (13, 14, 15) Southern states had to be readmitted The United States becomes united again African Americans continued to face discrimination in the South The Great Migration Fords Assembly Line 1913 The United States was industrializing at a rapid rate There was a need to produce things at a uniform, fast pace and to sell for cheap prices Fords assembly line changed the way that industry works Was able to make Model T cars that his workers could afford U.S. entry into WWI 1917 The United States was under a policy of neutrality and wanted to stay out of the European WWI Zimmerman note, sinking of Lusitania, and German U-Boats The US helps the Allies win the war US is a major world power and helps to outline the Treaty of Versailles

TURNING POINTS EVENTHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCESIMPACT Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that segregation was legal as long as separate but equal Little Brown girl wanted to go to the closer white school but was denied Ruled that segregation was illegal (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) based on 14 th amendment rights Forced integration of schools (Little Rock) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 Empowered the President as commander in chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US to prevent further aggression Used during the Vietnam war (Johnson) Gave the president increased powers in terms of the war in Vietnam Made the war even more unpopular in the U.S. Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989 The Berlin Wall separated non- communist West Berlin (Germany) from communist East Berlin Symbolized the end of the Cold War Soviet Union became Russia again 9/11 attacks 2001 Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon Troops sent to Afghanistan to fight the Taliban and al-Qaeda (Osama bin Laden) War on Terrorism

MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40) ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES (Causes) Results/Details War of 1812 British impressment of sailors/seize ships TIE, no gains or big loses, US won respect, freedom of seas issue is NOT resolved Civil War, 1861-1865 Extension of slavery Sectional differences Battles in Congress N & S economic differences Emancipation Proclamation Slavery ended, 13 th amendment Reconstruction, Jim Crow Laws, Freedmans Bureau, exodus, sharecropping/tenant farmers Spanish American War, 1898 Sympathy for Cuba, human rights Expansion Yellow journalism, DeLome Letter, Maine sunk US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, Phillipines, Cuban independence WWI, 1914-1918 MANIA Zimmerman Note Interference with US Shipping Unrestricted Submarine Warfare US Entered in 1917, Treaty of Versailles ended, we didnt sign Restrictions on civil liberties, Red Scare/Nativism/Anti-communist WWII, 1939- 1945 US entered Dec. 7, 1941 Neutrality Acts, Ties to Allies, Failures of appeasement, Pearl Harbor, interference with US Shipping Detail: June 6, DDAY Cold War, containment, war crimes trials, Red Scare/McCarthyism, GI Bill, Baby Boom

MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40) ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES SUCCESS/ FAILURE *Cold War No direct conflict between the US and USSR Surrogate wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba) Success for the U.S. Soviet Union becomes Russia (non communist in 1990s) Korean War 1950-1953 Cold War conflict- Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, US helps South, Truman Doctrine/Stop spread of communism Ends in a cease-fire, 38 th // Korea is still divided today with North Korea being communist DMZ Vietnam War 1960-1975 JFK, LBJ, Nixon Cold War conflict- Communist North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) was communist, US helps South, Diem Unpopular war in the U.S.-Kent State, Marches on Washington, Protest, 1968 Dem. Natl. Convention, violent backlash Failure for US- Vietnam all communist My Lai Massacre, Tet Offensive, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Vietnamization New Weapons Agent Orange, Napalm New injuries for veterans Leads to 26 th amendment-18 yrs to vote

MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40) ACTIONHISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES SUCCESS/ FAILURE/DETAILS Persian Gulf War Dec. 1990- February 1991 Fought because Iraq invaded Kuwait Kuwait was the home of important U.S. oil fields Economic sanctions Bases set up in Saudi Arabia (ally) Kuwait liberated in less than two weeks of military action (100 hours) Operation Desert Storm ended in a cease fire and Iraq accepting all of the UNs demands, 1991 War on Terror Afghanistan 9/11/01 Iraq WMD, Weapons of mass destruction, March 2003 Bombing of USS Cole Taliban removed from power, parliamentary democracy/elections, Osama Bin Laden went into hiding, found and killed during the take down Saddam Hussein, went into hiding, found and put on trial in his home, found guilty and executed Whats next?

TECHNOLOGY INVENTIONPOSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Made picking cotton more efficient (faster/ cheaper/ easier) Promoted cotton industry in the South Steam Engines Steamships and steam power helped American industry Could run factories and ships by the power of steam Assembly Line Henry Ford- Model T Cars Uniform products made quicker and sold for less= more sales Nuclear Power Controversial due to the storage of nuclear waste Automobile Henry Fords Model T Transportation Revolution- creation of the suburbs and new freedom Television Connection to the world (news) Idolizing movie stars Computer Communication Revolution Internet

INDUSTRIALIZATION CHARACTERISTICPOSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS Government Corruption William Boss Tweed Bribes for government decisions Political machines control government decisions Negatively impacts workers and conditions Exploitation of Workers Long working hours Little pay Poor conditions (working and living) Leads to the establishment of unions Overcrowding Tenements are stuffed with families Unsanitary and unsafe Too many workers in one place Monopolies/ Trusts When one company controls an entire industry- can regulate prices Example: Rockefellers Standard Oil Unfair business practices Unfair conditions for workers Unsafe consumer goods Rats/ feces in meat Unregulated goods Need for the government to step in Muckrakers

INDUSTRIALIZATION CHARACTERISTICPOSITIVE/ NEGATICE EFFECTS Destruction of natural environment To build cities- natural environment had to be spared Loss of trees and beauty Attempts at conservation (T. Roosevelt) Increased immigration 1800s marked a time of increased immigration New laws limiting immigrants from certain area (S+E Europe, Asia) Nativism Increased discrimination New inventions Subways, trains, street cars better transportation Elevators rise of skyscrapers Gas and electric lights New water and sewage systems- improved quality of life Labor Unions American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor Fought for better wages and shorter work week Bread and butter unionism Opposed by big business- yellow dog contracts and black lists Urbanization Movement of people to cities Crowded tenements Pollution Job opportunities

IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSONERAKNOWN FOR Jane Addams Progressive (1890- 1920) Social settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago) Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931- helped found NAACP Susan B. Anthony Progressive (1890- 1920) Womens rights leader from 1851-1906 Seneca Falls Womens Convention Yasir Arafat Modern (1950s- present) Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization Negotiated peace with the Clinton administration Osama bin Laden Modern (1990s- 2000s) Leader of Al-Qaeda- responsible for 9/11 terrorist attacks Killed in 2011 John C. Calhoun 1820s and 1830s Resigned as Vice President under Jackson due to nullification issue Andrew Carnegie Progressive (1890- 1920) Built Carnegie Steel Company Believed in Social Darwinism- robber baron/ philanthropist Fidel Castro Modern (1950s- present) Leader of Communist Cuba from 1951-2008 Cuban Missile Crisis; allied with the Soviet Union Cesar Chavez Modern (1960s- present) Latino leader of California farm workers- formed UFW

IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSONERAKNOWN FOR Dorothea Dix Progressive (1890- 1920) Reformer who revolutionized mental health reform Frederick Douglass 1800s Former slave and abolitionist involved in the Underground Railroad W.E.B. Du Bois 1800s African American civil rights leader Founder of the NAACP Duke Ellington 1920s Songwriter, band leader, and figure of Harlem Renaissance Songs include Take the A Train and Mood Indigo F. Scott Fitzgerald 1920s Novelist whose works reflect the Roaring Twenties The Great Gasby Henry Ford Progressive (1890- 1920s) Industrialist who headed the Ford Motor Company Assembly line- mass-produced automobiles Benjamin Franklin 1770s Served on Declaration of Independence committee Helped negotiate the end of American Revolution Betty Friedan Modern (1960s- present) Womens rights activist- wrote The Feminine Mystique Helped found NOW and National Womens Political Caucus

IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSONERAKNOWN FOR Samuel Gompers Industrial (1800s) Founded the American Federation of Labor (craft union) Bread and Butter unionism Al Gore Modern (1990- present) Vice President from 1993-2001- lost presidential election 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for work on Global Warming Alexander Hamilton Colonial (1700s) Wrote The Federalist Papers supporting ratifying Constitution First Secretary of Treasury (supported a National Bank) Langston Hughes 1920s Leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance Poet, playwright, and novelist- wrote about African Americans Saddam Hussein Modern (1990- 2000s) Iraqi dictator who invaded Kuwait causing Persian Gulf War Hanged in 2006 for crimes against humanity Martin Luther King, Jr. 1950s and 1960s Civil rights leader who used non-violence/ civil disobedience Montgomery bus boycott, I Have A Dream; assassinated Lewis and Clark Early 1800s Explorers sent out to search the lands of Louisiana Purchase Douglas MacArthur 1940s and 1950s Led troops during WWII Relieved of command after arguing with Truman over Korea

IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSONERAKNOWN FOR Malcolm X 1950s and 1960s Leader of the 1960s Black Power movement; opposite of MLK Assassinated in 1965 Joseph McCarthy 1940s and 1950s Led a campaign to root out suspected Communists in America McCarthyism- investigating into private lives of public/entertainment Frank Norris Progressive (1890-1920) Wrote The Octopus to expose the unjust railroad industry Muckraker Thomas Paine Colonial (1700s) Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to gain support for independence from Great Britain Rosa Parks 1950s and 1960s Civil Rights leader who refused to give up her bus seat Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and launched movement Jacob Riis Progressive (1890-1920) Book How the Other Half Lives exposed tenement housing Muckraker John D. Rockefeller Progressive (1890-1920) Founder of the Standard Oil Company (monopoly) Robber baron/ philanthropist Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1950s Convicted and executed for treason during the McCarthy Era

IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSONERAKNOWN FOR Sacco and Vanzetti 1920s Italian immigrant/anarchists charged with robbery and murder Anti-radical, anti-immigrant feelings led to their execution Margaret Sanger Progressive (1890-1920) Advocate for birth control and womens rights Founded Planned Parenthood (very controversial at the time) Upton Sinclair Progressive (1890-1920) Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry Muckraker John Steinbeck 1930s Wrote novels dealing with the problems of Great Depression The Grapes of Wrath dealt with the Dust Bowl Harriet Beecher Stowe 1850s Abolitionist whose book Uncle Toms Cabin focused on slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War Booker T. Washington Progressive (1890-1920) African American leader Founded the Tuskegee Institute- vocational training John Peter Zenger Colonial German immigrant, printer and journalist Tried for criminal libel- found not guilty- freedom of the press

Documents

U.S. REGENTS REVIEW Thematic Review. AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTDESCRIPTION 1 st Amendment Freedom of religion, speech, and press Right to peacefully assemble