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U.S. Science Policy. Cheryl L. Eavey, Program Director Methodology, Measurement, and Statistics Division of Social and Economic Sciences National Science Foundation. U.S. Science Policy. In essence, to support the “best” science that meets national needs. Defining Characteristic. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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U.S. Science Policy
Cheryl L. Eavey, Program DirectorMethodology, Measurement, and Statistics
Division of Social and Economic SciencesNational Science Foundation
U.S. Science Policy
• In essence, to support the “best” science that meets national needs.
Defining Characteristic
• Science and technology policy in the U.S. is the product of a pluralistic, decentralized system with numerous interests competing for influence and scarce funds.
Competing Interests
• Federal agencies
• Congressional committees
• Universities and other research institutions
• Individual researchers
Federal Agencies Supporting S&T-Related Research
• Department of Energy• Department of Defense• Environmental Protection Agency• National Aeronautics & Space
Administration• National Science Foundation• Department of Health and Human
Services– National Institutes of Health
T h e P re sid e n to f the
U n ited S ta tes
O ffice ofManagementand Budget
Agriculture Health &Human Services
Interior
NationalScience
Foundation
NationalAeronautic
& SpaceAdministration
EnvironmentalProtection
Agency
SmithsonianInstitution
NuclearRegulatory
Commission
O therAgencies
Transportation Defense Energy Commerce
Science AdvisorO ffice of
Science &Technology Policy
O ther Boards,Councils, Etc.
Major Departments
Independent Agencies
The U.S. Government Includes Both Cabinet Departments and Independent Agencies
NSF Invests in
• Ideas to provide a deep and broad fundamental science and engineering knowledge base.
• People to develop a diverse, internationally competitive, and globally engaged workforce of scientists, engineers, and well-prepared citizens.
• Tools to provide widely accessible, state-of-the-art science and engineering infrastructure.
NSF Expects the Collective Outcomes of Its Investments to Yield:
• Discoveries at and across the frontier of science and engineering
• Connections between discoveries and their use in service to society
• A diverse, globally-oriented workforce of scientists and engineers
• Improved achievement in mathematics and science skills needed by all Americans
NSF Is a Science Management Agency
Scientists and institutionsresponding to broad civilianscientific needs of the nation
}30,000 Annual Proposal Actions
1,200full-time
employees
250,000 reviews(50,000 reviewers)
60 advisory groups(6,000
members)About 20,000 award
actionsfor almost $5 billion (academic, industrial,
non-profit, governmental
recipients)
Executive Branch Legislative Branch
Executive Office of the PresidentCabinet DepartmentsIndependent Agencies
SenateHouse of Representatives
Authorize
Appropriate
Request
Manage
U.S. Government Budgetary Process
House and SenateAuthorization Committees
• House Committee on Science– Jurisdiction over all non-defense federal scientific
research and development, including oversight of programs of relevant agencies (e.g., NSF, NASA, EPA).
• Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation– Jurisdiction for, among other things, science and
technology policy.
• Recent Action– Legislation to double NSF’s budget in five years, with
new management requirements.
House and SenateAppropriation Committees
• Discretionary programs are funded via 13 separate appropriation bills.
• Research programs considered in different bills.
• NSF, for example, competes with NASA and EPA for funding (but not with NIH or DOD).
The University System
• No national universities.• System of private and state-funded
universities.• Federal funds represent approximately 60% of
academic R&D spending.• Generally speaking, geographic distribution is
not a criterion for the allocation of funds.• Interests represented by professional
associations; i.e., National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges
Individual Researchers
• Funds are awarded for projects conducted by individuals or groups of individuals.
• Funding decisions generally are made on the basis of a competitive, peer-review process.
• Interests represented by associations; e.g., American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
• Participation in activities of funding agencies via Federal Advisory Committee Act.
Advantages
• Multiple potential sources of funding.• “Best” ideas win.• Wide ranging set of topics, ideas, and
approaches are supported.• Opportunities for innovation and
support of “risky” proposals.
Disadvantages
• Weakly articulated national policy.• Sporadic coordination across agencies.• Potential for duplication.• Differences in agency funding policies.
Office of Science and Technology Policy
• Broad mandate to advise the President on the impacts of science and technology on domestic and international affairs.
• Coordinates some interagency activities– US Global Change Research Program– Nanotechnology
Role of Entrepreneurs
• In a pluralistic system, lots of points of access and possible influence:– Federal agency staff at multiple levels
• Survey and Statistical Methodology• Biocomplexity• Nanotechnology
– Congressional influence• NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research• Children’s Research Initiative
– Presidential directives• Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI)
Future Challenges
• Continuing to “make the case” for the value of science for the public good
• Balance across the sciences• University/industry partnerships• International collaboration