US v. Barrias, 11 Phil 327FACTS: Defendant Aniceto Barrias was charged in CFI with violations of par. 70 and 83 of Circular no. 397.

Paragraph 70 of Circular No. 397 reads as follows: No heavily loaded casco, lighter, or other similar craft shall be permitted to move in the Pasig River without being towed bysteam or moved by other adequate power. Paragraph 83 reads, in part, as follows: For theviolation of any part of the foregoing regulations, the persons offending shall be liable to a fine of not less than P5 and not more than P500, in the discretion of the court.

Counsel for the appellant attacked the validity of paragraph 70 on two grounds: First that it is unauthorized by section 19 of Act No. 355; and, second, that if the acts of the Philippine Commission bear the interpretation of authorizing the Collector to promulgate such a law, they are void, as constituting an illegal delegation of legislative power.

The complaint in this instance was framed with reference to sections 311 and 319 [19 and311] at No. 355 of the Philippine Customs Administrative Acts, as amended by Act Nos.1235 and 1480. Under Act No. 1235, the Collector is not only empowered to make suitable regulations, but also to "fix penalties for violation thereof," not exceeding a fine of P500.

ISSUE: WON Collector of Customs can fix the penalty of a law?

HELD: The answer is in the Negative. Although the Collector of Customs can make and publish rules and regulations but it cannot make the duty of the legislature to fix the penalty of a certain law. It is in this case that itwill be an illegal delegation of power.

One of the settled maxims in constitutional law is, that the power conferred upon the legislature to make laws cannot be delegated by that department to anybody or authority. Where the sovereign power of the State has located the authority, there it must remain; only by the constitutional agency alone the laws must be made until the constitution itself is changed.

This doctrine is based on the ethical principle that such a delegated power constitutes not only a right but a duty tobe performed by the delegate by the instrumentality of his own judgment acting immediately upon the matter oflegislation and not through the intervening mind of another.