USAID BEO DECISION MEMO FOR SAFER USE ACTION … · USAID BEO DECISION MEMO FOR SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) AND PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP) Awardee: World Vision DCHA Office: Food

USAID BEO DECISION MEMO FOR SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) AND PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP)

Awardee: World Vision DCHA Office: Food for Peace Program Title: Nobo Jatra Award Number: AID-FFP-A-15-00012 Country/Region: Bangladesh/Asia Life of Grant: September 29, 2015 - September 29, 2020 LOP Funding: $63,725,256 Link to Original IEE: http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=47941 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination w/ Conditions: X Positive Determination: Deferral: Bureau Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD): Approval w/ Conditions USAID Bureau Environmental Officer Approval: This USAID BEO Decision Memo (Memo) is to inform World Vision that the SUAP and PMPs have been approved with a project-specific condition by the DCHA Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO), on March 30, 2017. World Vision has undergone all necessary Mission and Washington clearances and meets the minimum requirements, with the following project-specific condition: Condition 1: World Vision will need to comply with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures for the the use, procurement, or promotion of pesticides for livestock activities. __________________________________________________________________________ Issue 1: The SUAP states that the project will not be promoting livestock pesticides, but the EMMP for the project outlines the promotion of veterinary supplies and services. Discussion: The BEO is aware that the SUAP states that pesticides will not be promoted as part of livestock activities. However, a wide range of veterinary services is discussed in project other documents. It is unclear how World Vision plans to address ectoparasites (fleas,

1

ticks, mites, etc.) on the animal value chains. Chemicals used to address ectoparasites are regulated in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and these products are considered as pesticides and require compliance with Regulation 216.3(b). The Programmatic Bangladesh PERSUAP (PPERSUAP*) does cover pesticides for the purpose of livestock activities. If the need for the promotion of pesticides for project livestock activities becomes necessary, World Vision will need to develop additional pest management plans (PMPs) to cover such activities and continue the monitoring of livestock pesticides as part of SUAP tracking. *PPERSUAP available at: http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=45501) Condition 1: World Vision will need to comply with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures for the the use, procurement, or promotion of pesticides for livestock activities. ___________________________________________________________________________

2

See Email Attached

Erika J. Clesceri 4/11/17 (for SUAP)

See Email Attached

Erika J. Clesceri4/11/17 (for PMP)

3/31/2017 USAID Mail Re: DCHA BEO Followup, FFP World Vision Nobo Jatra EMMP Resubmission

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=0fef7a5007&view=pt&q=emmp&qs=true&search=query&th=15b0f937e93eeebe&siml=15b0f937e93eeebe 1/3

Melissa Joy <[email protected]>

Re: DCHA BEO Followup, FFP World Vision Nobo Jatra EMMP Resubmission 1 message

Nadira Kabir <[email protected]> Mon, Mar 27, 2017 at 7:42 AMTo: [email protected]: Clint Zarnosky <[email protected]>, Najja Bracey <[email protected]>, [email protected], Shahnaz Zakaria<[email protected]>, Melissa Joy <[email protected]>

Hi Henrik,

As the Alt. AOR for the Nobo Jatra Project I am approving the EMMP, SuAP and Pest Management Plan on behalf ofNajja.

Please let me know if you have any questions.

Best,

Nadira

On Thursday, March 23, 2017, Melissa Joy <[email protected]> wrote: Hi Nadira, hope all is well! Sorry to bug you but can I ask for your alternate AOR approval on the attached EMMP, SUAP and PestManagement Plan for World Vision Bangladesh? I've reviewed it, as has the FFP mission staff andMEO. As an FYI, we found some issues with the AOR letters for Bangladesh and the template is beingchanged. Sorry that I'm not yet as effective as an alternate. it's coming soon tho! Best, Melissa

Forwarded message From: Henrik Sturve US <[email protected]> Date: Tue, Dec 6, 2016 at 2:44 PM Subject: Nobo Jatra EMMP Resubmission To: Najja Bracey <[email protected]> Cc: "Nurnobi, Mohammad (USAID/Dhaka/FDHA)" <[email protected]>, "Zakaria, Shahnaz(USAID/Dhaka/FDHA)" <[email protected]>, Chung Lai <[email protected]>

Hello Najja!

Please find attached the revised EMMP for your review and approval. As you know, we still have to workthrough the SUAP and will do so as soon as possible.

Please confirm that you have received this.

Best,

Henrik Sturve

Program Management Officer, Food Security and Livelihoods



Resource Development and Management; International Programs Group – World Vision US Phone 202.572.6419 : Email [email protected] : Skype – sturve

300 I Street NE Washington, DC 20002 USA

WE BELIEVE IN CHILDREN www.WorldVision.org

This transmission is intended for the sole use of the individual and entity to whom it is addressed, and maycontain information that is confidential and may not be disclosed under applicable law. You are herebynotified that any dissemination, distribution, or duplication of this transmission by someone other than theintended addressee or its designated agent is strictly prohibited. Thank you. Najja BraceyFood For Peace OfficerDCHA/[email protected]7121326

With Thanks & Regards

Rebeka

Sultana Rebeka Akhter Mission Environmental Officer USAID/Bangladesh | Program Office American Embassy, Dhaka Tel: +880 2 5566 2409, Fax: +880 2 5566 2909

[email protected]

Small deeds done are better than great deeds planned. Let‛s save Environment that we borrow fromour child

With Thanks & Regards

Rebeka

Sultana Rebeka Akhter Mission Environmental Officer USAID/Bangladesh | Program Office American Embassy, Dhaka Tel: +880 2 5566 2409, Fax: +880 2 5566 2909

[email protected]



Small deeds done are better than great deeds planned. Let‛s save Environment that we borrow from ourchild

Nadira Kabir | Acting Zika Team Leader USAID | Bureau for Global Health | Office of Infectious Diseases Ronald Reagan Building | Washington DC 205233600 Office: +1.202.712.1268 | Cell: +1 703.362.6664 | www.usaid.gov

SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

USAID Title II DFAP Nobo Jatra Project

Cooperative Agreement No.

AID-FFP-A-15-0012

2

MARCH 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. ALLOWED PESTICIDES BY USAID/BANGLADESH

PROGRAMMATIC PERSUAP

5

3. PESTICIDES PROPOSED BY NJP 13

4. SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS 15

ANNEX 1: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN & COMPLIANCE TRACKER 16

REFERENCES 30

3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AI Active Ingredient

AIP Agro-Inputs Project

DFAP Development Food Assistance Program

DO2 Development Objective 2



EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

FTF Feed the Future

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.

GOB Government of Bangladesh

GUP General Use Pesticides

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan

MYAP Multi Year Assistance Program

NJP Nobo Jatra Program

PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment

PER Pesticide Evaluation Report

PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan

PMP Pest Management Plan

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RUP Restricted Use Pesticides

SUAP Safer Use Action Plan

US United State

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USEPA United State Environmental Protection Agency

WHO World Health Organization

WV World Vision

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NOBO JATRA SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

1. INTRODUCTION

The approved Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) requires World Vision (WV) to develop

a project specific Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) tiering off of the USAID/Bangladesh

Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PPERSUAP). This SUAP

defines Nobo Jatra’s project pesticide compliance requirements as synthesized from the Pesticide

Evaluation Report (PER) of USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PPERSUAP. The PER analysis

includes safer use/mitigation actions for each factor that form the core of SUAP actions.

The SUAP is organized as follows:

Section 2: immediately below, describes the allowed pesticides by

USAID/BANGLADESH Programmatic PERSUAP

Section 3: Outlines the pesticides proposed for use by NJP

Section 4: Summarizes the compliance requirement to use/support of these pesticides.

Annex 1: Describes the conditions in the attached Mandatory Template, entitled the

“Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker,” for assigning responsibilities

and timelines for implementation of the requirements, and for tracking compliance.

Nobo Jatra will advise farmers to consider using pesticides only if no practical, effective, and

economic non-chemical control methods are available. The SUAP complements the IPM plan by

prescribing mitigation measures, assigning responsibility for implementation and monitoring

indicators for mitigation measures to reduce the risks associated with support for pesticide use as

part of Nobo Jatra activities. Pesticide “support” is defined as use of USAID funds to: purchase

pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; enable the

application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.

This SUAP has been developed based on a careful review of USAID/Bangladesh programmatic

PERSUAP to identify the most relevant guidelines for mitigation of pesticide use on Nobo Jatra

Project. The PPERSUAP was reviewed against relevant documents from NJP including the

approved project proposal, the IEE and the EMMP. Key informant interviews were carried out

with Upazila and District level relevant GoB officials, agro input dealers to know which

pesticides are used much in the interventions areas, safety measures for using pesticides,

availability of PPEs, and technologies for safer use of pesticides. Upazila Agriculture Officer,

Upazila Fisheries Officer, Deputy Directors of Department of Agriculture Extension,

Department of Livestock and Department of Fisheries and Sales Managers of Diamond Traders

and Progati Traders in Khulna (agro-input dealers) were interviewed as key informants. Focus

group discussions were also carried within communities of NJP interventions areas to know what

types of crops are being produced, which are the pesticides used much, what are the practices of

the people while using pesticides. Field visits and observations regarding pesticide use

triangulated the information provided by key informants and community people. USAID/

Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP, USAID/ Uganda Programmatic PERSUAP, Bangladesh

National Agriculture Policy, 1999, National Integrated Pest Management policy, GOB, 2002 and

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NJP’s IEE, proposal, EMMP and activities plan of NJP were also reviewed to develop the

document. All the crops, IPM technologies and pesticides to be promoted by NJP were selected

from that analysis of field work and reviews of documents including the USAID/Bangladesh

Programmatic PERSUAP.

2. ALLOWED PESTICIDES BY USAID/BANGLADESH PROGRAMMATIC PERSUAP

According to the approved USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP, the below-listed

pesticides (as active ingredients) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh DO2 (FTF

and FFP programs), SUBJECT to compliance with any conditions enumerated in these tables and

those enumerated in the “Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker”

Natural Bio-pesticides and Artisanal Products:

Natural plants approved for agricultural use and

storage of commodities

Comments and Conditions

Neem oil and neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica) All living plants intended for use as biological

control agents are exempt from the requirements

of the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, &

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Mahogony seeds (Swietenia mahagoni)

Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper L.)

Dolkalmi (Ipomea carnea)

Tomato Leaf

Seed extract of Ata/leaf of Sharifa (Ata (Annona

reticulate) and Sharifa (Annona squamosa).

(Annona/Sugar Apple).

Bio-pesticides that can be used as pest repellents Comments and Conditions

Garlic and garlic oil These bio-pesticides are exempted under 25(b) of

FIFRA. For full list of bio-pesticides exempted

from FIFRA see

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/regto

ols/25b_list.htm

Thyme and thyme oil

Sodium lauryl sulfate (detergent)

Pepper

Malic acid

Peppermint and peppermint oil

Rosemary and rosemary oil

Pheromone sprays and traps 40 CFR Part 152.25(b) exempts pheromones and

pheromone traps that meet the conditions listed

from FIFRA. The following biological control

agents are not exempt from FIFRA requirements:

(i) eucaryotic microorganism

including, but not limited to,

protozoa, algae and fungi

(ii) procaryotic microorganism

including, but not limited to,

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria;

(iii) parasitically-replicating

microscopic element, including, but

not limited to, viruses. 1

Cuelure (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) Synthetic pheromone/Para pheromone also

known as Cue-lure/Q-lure pheromone lure

approved in Bangladesh and by USEPA.

1 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol24-sec152-25.pdf

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Methyl eugenol

(4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate)2

Methyl eugenol is an aromatic compound found

in herbs and essential oils. It is a Para pheromone

that attracts insects because of its smell. It is used

as a food additive and in cosmetic products

within strictly set limits. It has slight acute

inhalation and dermal toxicity. At very high

levels of exposure it has been found to be a

probable carcinogen. It is used by itself or in

combination with Cuelure. Methyl eugenol is

registered by USEPA but in Bangladesh it is not

listed as a pesticide.

Products that are commonly used by farmers and

are approved for agricultural uses with

restrictions

Comments and Conditions

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a

pesticide for agricultural or for health uses. It is

banned for use by the EU. It is registered by

USEPA as a pesticide. Potential uses of

naphthalene in agriculture include use in soil as a

fumigant pesticide and to repel animals and

insects. Naphthalene is not hydroscopic (does

not absorb moisture) and will not absorb moisture

from seeds. Farmers using naphthalene must be

informed about health risks of this product and its

potential risks to the environment. Farmers must

be trained in use of this product and wear

appropriate PPE.

Bordeaux mixture (combination of copper sulfate,

lime, and water)

Copper sulfate is high toxicity (USEPA I) for eye

irritation. It’s WHO Classification is Moderate

Toxicity II. It is toxic to humans through

ingestion and inhalation, irritating to skin and

eyes, highly toxic to fish and other aquatic

organism. Farmers must be trained in potential

hazards of this product and use proper PPE when

mixing/applying this product.

2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658515

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Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides: Herbicides Comments

Bensulfuron-methyl

Bispyribac sodium

Carfentrazone-ethyl

Cyhalofop-butyl

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Mefenacet

Nicosulfuron

Orthosulfamuron

Pendimethalin

Penoxsulam

Propanil

Quinclorac

Triasulfuron

Surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more

toxic to mammals (including humans) than the

active ingredients.

Herbicides can be slightly, moderately or highly

toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause

reduction of sensitive species and abundance of

tolerant species.3

Fungicides Comments

Azoxystrobin

Carbendazim

Carboxin

Copper

Copper oxychloride

Cymoxanil

Cyproconazole

Dichloran/DCNA

Difenoconazole

Dimethomorph

Fenamidone

Fosetyl aluminum

Mandipropamid (MPD)

Metalaxyl

Mefenoxam/Metalaxyl-M

Phosphorous acid

Propamocarb hydrochloride/ Propamocarb/

Pyraclostrobin

Trifloxystrobin

In general, fungicides are of low to moderate

mammalian toxicology. These fungicides are

included here. Some herbicides, which may have a

higher overall incidence than other pesticides to

cause developmental toxicology and oncogenesis

(cause cancer),4 are not included here.

Bactericides/Bacteriostats Comments

Quaternary Ammonium It is toxic to aquatic organisms and fish

Insecticides Comments

Azadirachtin

Chlorfenapyr

Flubendiamide

Indoxacarb (S-isomer)

Lufenuron

Spirotetramat

Sulfur

Products containing these AIs are usually of slight

to moderate acute toxicity, have no known chronic

effects, and can result in low, moderate or high

toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms, bees and other

beneficial organisms.

Herbicides, Fungicides, Bactericides and Insecticides with Restrictions: The below-listed

pesticides (as active ingredients) that include herbicides, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides

are permitted for use/support in agricultural activities, with restrictions. Unlike the products

listed above, the below listed AIs can be in products that are designated as Restricted Use

3 http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_herb_int.html 4 http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/12734.pdf

8

Pesticides (RUP) as well as in products designated as General Use Pesticides (GUP). RUPs are

pesticides which are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted

Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the

direct supervision of a certified applicator. This means that a license is required to purchase and

apply the product. Certification programs are administered by the federal government, individual

states, and by company policies that vary from state to state.5 Restrictions can apply to the

particular crop, formulations, concentrations or uses. Products can be designated RUP because

of human acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) health risk, physical hazards such as risks

of fire or explosion, and eco-toxicity hazards such as potential risks of water pollution and risk to

flora and fauna.

Only GUP products are approved for use by farmers. RUP products that contain AIs listed in the

table below can be used only by professionally trained certified and registered pest control

specialists. Class I products are not approved for use by farmers by this PERSUAP. Farmers

must be trained to use Class II and III products. The training must require farmers to interpret

product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, eco-toxicity and required

safety measures. Training requirements are specified in the Annex 1which one is mandatory

template suggested by USAID/ Bangladesh programmatic PERSUAP. More complete

information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment can be found in Annex B,

Table B-2 of USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP.

Pesticides (AIs) approved with restrictions

Herbicides Restrictions

2,4-D acids, salts, amines (2,4-dichlorophenoxy

acetic acid; 2,4-Dimethyl amine; 2,4-

dimethylamine salt)

Some products are RUP

Acetochlor Most products are RUP

Glyphosate Glyphosate-isopropylammonium products are RUP

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid) Possible carcinogen

Metribuzin Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity

Oryzalin Potential carcinogen

Oxadiazon Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, potential carcinogen

Oxyfluorfen Potential carcinogen

Quizalofop-p-ethyl Some products are acute toxicity category I due to

eye irritation risks

Fungicides Restrictions

Chlorothalonil Some products are RUP

Copper hydroxide

Some products acute toxicity I due to eye irritation

Tebuconazole Potential chronic toxicity

Copper sulfate/ Tri basic copper sulfate

Some products acute toxicity I due to eye irritation

5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_use_pesticide

9

Iprodione Probable carcinogen

Mancozeb Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, probable carcinogen

Metiram complex

Potential carcinogen, endocrinal disruptor,

Reproductive/developmental toxin

Propiconazole Some products are RUP

Tetraconazole Classified as likely to be carcinogen by EPA

Thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) Use of dustable powder only below15% Potential

developmental/reproductive toxin

Thiophanate-methyl EPA classified as likely to be carcinogen, potential

developmental/reproductive toxin

Bactericide/Bacteriostat Restrictions

Calcium oxide/Calcium hydroxide Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

Calcium oxide is approved by USEPA for

aquaculture uses. Lime increases pH to buffer

against pH fluctuations. Lime is a hazardous

product, therefore farmers must be trained it its use

and use appropriate PPE.

Insecticides Restrictions

Abamectin/Vermectin

Farmers can use only formulations below 1.9%

Acetamiprid Not to be used when plants are flowering

Acephate Possible nervous system toxin

Alpha-cypermethrin

Re-registered in the US in 2013, products available

in the US

Amitraz Potential developmental/reproductive/neurological

toxicity

Beta-cypermethrin Use only formulations 10% and below

Bifenthrin

use only 10% EC and 2.5% ULV formulations

which are GUP, all

other formulations are RUP

Buprofezin Possible carcinogen

Carbaryl Granular formulations are RUP

Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos ethyl Use only non RUP products

Chlorantraniliprole (CTPR) Use only non RUP products

Chlorpyrifos Use only non RUP products

Cypermethrin 10% Emulsifiable Concentrate (10%)

Deltamethrin

Some EC formulations are RUP due to aquatic

toxicity

Diazinon Use only non RUP products

Dimethoate

Potential nervous system toxin,

developmental/reproductive toxin, highly toxic to

bees

Emamectin/ Emamectin Benzoate Use only non RUP products

Esfenvalerate Use only non RUP products

Fenitrothion

Potential nervous system toxin, toxic to bees

10

Fenpropathrin

Emulsifiable concentrate spray is RUP, AI newly

registered in Bangladesh

Fenpyroximate

WHO acute toxicity classification II, newly

registered in Bangladesh

Fipronil Use only non-RUP products

Gamma-cyhalothrin

Most non-Microencapsulated Particles (CS)

formulations are RUP, use only GUP products

Hexythiazox EPA classification as a possible carcinogen

Imidachloprid

Toxic to bees, not to be used when plants are

flowering. Use only non-RUP products

Lambda-cyhalothrin Only formulations 10% and below are GUP

Malathion Potential nervous system toxicant, toxic to bees

Methomyl Use only non-RUP products

Pymetrozine Likely human carcinogen

Pirimiphos-methyl Potential neurotoxicity

Spinosad

Use only non-RUP products. Highly toxic to bees,

not to be used when plants are flowering

Thiacloprid

Likely to be carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic

organisms

Thiodicarb

RUP all formulations for seed treatment, probable

carcinogen, nervous system toxin

Thiamethoxam

Use only non-RUP products, not to be used when

plants are flowering

Pesticides approved for aquaculture use. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed

pesticides (as active ingredients) bactericide, algaecide, pesticide are permitted for use/support in

aquaculture activities. For further information on the impacts of these AIs on human health and

environment, refer to Annex B, Table B-2 of USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP.

Bacteriocide/Bacteriostat Restrictions

Lime (calcium oxide or calcium

hydroxide when mixing calcium

oxide in water)

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh. Calcium oxide

is approved by USEPA for aquaculture uses. It is approved for use

to sterilize ponds prior to stocking. Lime also increases the

availability of nutrients and increases pH to buffer against daily pH

fluctuations. Lime is hazardous product. Farmers must be trained in

its use and use appropriate PPE.

Disinfectant/sterilant/algaecide Restrictions

Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

It is a hazardous substance and at higher concentrations some

products are considered pesticides. For disinfectants/sterilizers that

are regulated by USEPA under FIFRA see

http://epa.gov/oppad001/chemregindex.htm

At low concentrations liquid chemical sterilizer is not a pesticide

under section 2(u) of FIFRA.6 Calcium hypochlorite can also be

6 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

11

used for emergency disinfection of drinking water.7 For use of this

product, farmers must be trained and use proper PPE.

Piscicide Restrictions

Rotenone

(Extract of Derris elliptica)

Rotenone is not registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh but it is

widely used by Bangladesh farmers. Products containing rotenone

are fish toxicants approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA). Most Rotenone products are RUP due to risks to

human health and to fish and aquatic organisms. Rotenone is

approved for use in inland culture fisheries but only by trained

professionals using appropriate PPE.8 The applicator must always

follow label instructions and specifications.

Fumigant and insecticides approved for protection of TITLE II DFAP commodities

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are

permitted for use/support in USAID/Bangladesh Title II DFAP activities for storage and

protection of agricultural commodities.

Fumigant/Insecticide/Rodenticide Comments

Aluminum Phosphide All DFAP warehouse pest control activities for

protection of agricultural commodities are

performed by trained and certified pest control

specialists. Only products approved in Bangladesh

for control of pests in warehouses and its

surroundings can be used by the fumigators.

In addition, Aluminum Phosphide fumigation must

comply with the USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphide Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity (http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm); see Annex T-1 for guide to compliance requirements.

Insecticides

Chloropyrifos

Cypermethrin

Pirimphos-Methyl

Pesticides approved for use in health and sanitation activities

Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the below-listed pesticides (as active ingredients) are

approved for use/support in Health and Sanitation Activities. For disinfectants/sterilizer products

that are regulated by USEPA for specific uses please see


7 http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm 8 http://fisheries.tamu.edu/files/2013/09/SRAC-Publication-No.-4101-Removing-Fish-from-Ponds-with-

Rotenone.pdf

Common antiseptics/Antimicrobial

Patient/medical device care

Comments

Iodophors/Povidone-iodine solution

Strengths: 10%, 7.5%, 2%, 0.5%

EPA does not regulate liquid chemical sterilizers used on

critical and semi critical patient-care devices. For these

uses, these chemicals and concentrations used in patient

care are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration Iodine 1% Tincture of iodine 2%

Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% or 4% scrub

12

9 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

(e.g. Hibitane, Hibiscrub, Hibiclens) or 0.5%

tincture

(FDA) with Center for Disease Control (CDC) oversight.

Alcohol 70% – 90% (isopropyl)

Triclosan Strengths: 0.3%–2%

Antimicrobial/Disinfectants/Sterilizer

Environmental surfaces care

Comments

Calcium hypochlorite (0.5% Chlorine solution)

In health-care settings, EPA regulates disinfectants that are

used on environmental surfaces (housekeeping and clinical

contact surfaces). At low concentrations liquid chemical

sterilizers are exempt under section 2(u) of FIFRA.9

Calcium hypochlorite can also be used for emergency

disinfection of drinking water. Calcium hypochlorite is not

registered as a pesticide in Bangladesh.

Calcium hypochlorite is a hazardous substance available in

low concentrations for medical and household disinfection

uses.

Hydrochloric acid 10% (contained in

household product)

Hydrochloric acid is an active ingredient in many household

toilet bowl cleaner products. It is corrosive toxic chemical.

Phenol (carbolic acid) and its salts It is found in household cleaning products and is approved

by USEPA. It is absorbed by oral, inhalation, or dermal

routes. Phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, the

skin, and the respiratory tract.

Pesticides for structural pest control Comments

Allethrin, d-Allethrin (Pynamin Forte) These AIs are contained in products designated for use in

healthcare for structural control of household pests

including mosquitoes. All AIs on this list are approved in

Bangladesh and by USEPA for public health services for

use products designated for household use.

Bioallethrin

Cyfluthrin

Cypermethrin, alfa-Cypermethrin

Cyphenothrin, (Gokilaht), (d,d,trans-

cyphenothrin)

Deltamethrin

Diethyltoluamide (DEET)

d-trans Allethrin (bioallethrin)

Esbiothrin

Fipronil

Imiprothrin

Lambda Cyhalothrin (concentrations below

10%)

Phenothrin/d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin)

Piperonyl Butoxide

Prallethrin

Resmethrin

S-Bioallethrin

Tetramethrin/d-Tetramethrin (Neo-

pynamin),

13

3: PESTICIDES PROPOSED FOR USE BY NOBO JATRA

NJP selected its pesticides through the development of its integrated Pest Management Plan

(PMP) after analysis of the findings from the KII with Upazila and District level Department of

Agriculture Extension (DAE) and other relevant GoB officials, local communities and pesticides

sellers in NJP’s interventions areas. To select the proposed pesticides, emphasize was given on

the effectiveness, abundance of uses in the interventions areas and the health and environmental

consequences. Most importantly, selection considered only the pesticides which are approved by

USAID/ Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP – ASIA 16-003.

10 Chemical pesticides in white, bio-pesticides are in green and things going to be used in aquaculture are in blue

colored boxes.

Thiamethoxam

Pesticides for structural pest control Restrictions

Naphthalene (fumigant) Naphthalene is not registered in Bangladesh as a pesticide

for agricultural or for health uses. It is banned for use by

the EU. Naphthalene and its derivatives are registered by

USEPA as pesticides. However, naphthalene should be very

sparingly used only when necessary in closed spaces and

where possible replaced by natural camphor. Naphthalene

kills or repels insects by generating fumes that have very

negative health effects on people. It should not be used in

spaces to which there is no access to general public and

especially people with respiratory diseases, allergies,

compromised immune systems and particularly children.

Name of the10

pesticide

Product Category Remarks with risks

Cypermethrin

Pesticides (AIs)

approved with

restrictions(RUP)

Mazic 10 EC Insecticide Cause substantial but temporary eye injury.

Harmful if absorbed through skin

Malathion

Pesticides (AIs)

approved with

restrictions(RUP)

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Insecticides Potential nervous system toxicant, toxic to bees

Carbendazim Bavistin DF Fungicide Are low to moderate mammalian toxicology.

These fungicides are included here. Some

herbicides, which may have a higher overall

incidence than other pesticides to cause

developmental toxicology and oncogenesis (i.e.,

cause cancer) are not included here.

Mancozeb

Pesticides (AIs)

approved with

restrictions (RUP)

Dithane M 45 Fungicides Potential developmental/reproductive chronic

toxicity, probable carcinogen

Chlorpyrifos

Pesticides (AIs)

approved with

restrictions

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Insecticides Use only non-RUP products

14

11 http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6 12 http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm

Spinosad

Pesticides (AIs)

approved with

restrictions

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Insecticide Use only non-RUP products. Highly toxic to

bees, not to be used when plants are flowering

Neem oil and neem

leaf dust, Mahogony

seeds, Bishkatali,

Bio-

pesticides Bio-pesticides

All living plants intended for use as biological

control agents are exempt from the requirements

of the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, &

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Bordeaux mixture

(combination of

copper sulfate, lime,

and water

Copper sulfate is high toxicity (USEPA I) for

eye irritation. It’s WHO Classification is

Moderate Toxicity II. It is toxic to humans

through ingestion and inhalation, irritating to

skin and eyes, highly toxic to fish and other

aquatic organism. Farmers must be trained in

potential hazards of this product and use proper

PPE when mixing/applying this product.

Calcium

oxide/Calcium

hydroxide

Aquaculture purpose

Lime is not registered as a pesticide in

Bangladesh. Calcium oxide is approved by

USEPA for aquaculture uses. Lime increases

pH to buffer against pH fluctuations. Lime is a

hazardous product, therefore farmers must be

trained in its use and use appropriate PPE.

Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite is not registered as a

pesticide in Bangladesh. It is a hazardous

substance and at higher concentrations some

products are considered pesticides. For

disinfectants/sterilizers that are regulated by

USEPA under FIFRA see


At low concentrations liquid chemical sterilizer

is not a pesticide under section 2(u) of FIFRA.11

Calcium hypochlorite can also be used for

emergency disinfection of drinking water.12 For

use of this product, farmers must be trained and

use proper PPE.

Rotenone

(Extract of Derris

elliptica)

Aquaculture purpose

Rotenone is not registered as a pesticide in

Bangladesh but it is widely used by Bangladesh

farmers. Products containing rotenone are fish

toxicants approved by the U.S. EPA. Most

Rotenone products are RUP due to risks to

human health and to fish and aquatic organisms.

Rotenone is approved for use in inland culture

fisheries but only by trained professionals using

appropriate PPE.8 The applicator must always

follow label instructions and specifications.

15

4. SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

In summary, the mandatory mitigation measures and restrictions that apply to the above listed

pesticides are as follows.

A. Only pesticides approved by this USAID/ Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP – Asia

16-003 may be supported with USAID funds for Nobo Jatra activities. These pesticides

are enumerated above. (Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending

for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product

contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all active

ingredients are approved by this USAID/ Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific

IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions.

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use and

pesticide first aid;

D. To the greatest degree practicable, Nobo Jatra must require the use and maintenance of

appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)—as well as safe pesticide purchase,

handling, storage and disposal practices;

E. Nobo Jatra must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

These conditions are additional to those enumerated in the lists of approved pesticides above.

They have been synthesized from the PER analysis and are detailed in the SUAP tracker below

outlining assignment of responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements,

and for tracking compliance. An annual update of the SUAP will be provided by Nobo Jatra

upon approval.

16

Annex 1. Nobo Jatra Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker

Must be submitted to AOR/COR by Date: ----------- and annually updated thereafter.

Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides;

recommend pesticides for use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit

support, etc.

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:

Prime Contractor World Vision Initial submission

Project Nobo Jatra Annual Update #1

Pesticide Compliance

Lead & Contact

Information

Rakesh Katal

Chief of Party

Nobo Jatra Project

Abedin Tower, Level-2, 35 Kemal

Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213,

Bangladesh.

Tel: +880 1755545289

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest

Management Needs on

Project

Use of pesticides will be involved

in:

Agriculture productions of

summer and winter baskets

including climate smart

demonstration

Aquaculture production

Annual Update #3

17

Required Compliance

(Mitigation) Measure

Initial Compliance Status (if not known,

so indicate)

Actions planned to achieve &

maintain compliance

(w/ deadlines & responsible party)

Status of compliance actions

SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2015 USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP

Immediately

Inventory pesticides being

supported and ensure NO

SUPPORT for Class I chemicals.

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan

has been prepared and provides a list of

pesticides to be promoted by Nobo Jatra.

None of the proposed pesticides listed are

Class I chemicals.

Nobo Jatra will provide training to

staff including partners and lead

farmers on IPM plan to ensure full

awareness.

Timeline: March 2017 onwards

Responsibility: Winrock

International and Environmental

Safeguard Coordinator.

Ensure that Class I fumigants, as

approved in this PERSUAP, can

only be used by or under

supervision of a certified

pesticide applicator.

NJP is not going to use Class 1 fumigants Not Applicable (NA)

Ensure that Restricted Use

Pesticides (RUPs), as classified

by USEPA, can only be used by

or under supervision of a

certified pesticide applicator.

NJP is not going to promote any RUP NA

Ensure that the veterinary use of

pesticides can only be provided

by trained veterinary workers.

NJP is not going to promote veterinary use

of pesticides

NA

Distribute copies of the list of

allowed Active Ingredients (AIs)

with matching commercial

product names and list of

cancelled products to all project

field extension staff and advice

regarding the deadline for

compliance (below).

Not yet done Copies will be distributed

immediately after the approval of

SUAP and PMP from USAID.

Timeline: April 2017



Safeguard Coordinator

As soon as possible but not later than Date: April 30, 2017.

18

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Assure that USAID-funded

pesticide support is limited to

ONLY PESTICIDES

APPROVED BY PERSUAP.

Continue verification throughout

life-of-project

Pesticides which are proposed in NJP’s

SUAP and PMP are approved by

USAID/Bangladesh Programmatic

PERSUAP.

NJP will continue to observe and

monitor that only approved

pesticides by PERSUAP are

promoted.

Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions.

For agricultural activities these will be crop-and-pest specific.

By Date: March, 2017

Starting from the information in

PERSUAP Annex A and drawing

on PERSUAP Annex B,

adopt/develop crop- and pest-

specific IPM-based pest

management plans (PMPs).

For chemical controls, PMPs

must include the use restrictions

specified in the Annex B

pesticide profiles. (E.g. no use

near surface waters.)

NJP has prepared a crop and pest- specific

IPM plan.

NJP will arrange training for its

Field Extension staff for SUAP and

PMP which will cover safe handling

and management of agrochemicals

including the IPM.

Timeline: March 2017




Translate PMPs into crop-

specific field reference guides or

posters for farmers to anticipate

and manage pests.

NJP has not translated PMPs into crop-

specific field as posters or flyers but plans

are in place to do this soon.

NJP is anticipating to translate by

June 2017 and will continue to

distribute these to farmers

throughout the program period.

Timeline: June 2017


International, Implementing Partner

and Environmental Safeguard

Coordinator

By Date: June, 2017

19

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Provide first-time training to

appropriate project staff, partners

and beneficiaries in PMPs;

Provide refresher training

annually.

Training has not been provided but this has

been discussed and plans are in place to

conduct the required training within the

implementation year.

NJP will arrange the first time

training for its relevant agriculture

extension staffs (Core Team

Members) after getting the approved

SUAP and PMP. It’s anticipated to

arrange in March 2017.

Timeline: March 2017




The trained staffs will facilitate the

training for field staff and farmers

and it’s to be anticipated to be held

in April, 2017 to onward.

Refreshers training will be arranged

for staff and farmers in every fiscal

year.




From Date: March-April, 2017

Require and enforce PMP

implementation in situations

where the project has direct

control over pesticide use

Not yet done NJP will train all the demo plot

hosts on the PMP starting in June

2017 and regularly through the

program period.

Timeline: June 2017




20

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Require and enforce that field

extension under direct project

control be PMP-based.

Not yet done NJP staffs don’t directly use

pesticides, but will continue to

advise farmers on IPM measures

outlined in the IPM plan.

Timeline: April 2017 to onward




Coordinator

NJP will Integrate PMP approach

into current training modules and

extension materials.

Timeline: May 2017




Coordinator

Incorporate use of PMPs into lead

farmer and producer group training

on agricultural practices;

Timeline: May 2017




Coordinator

21

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Disseminate PMP message during

Farmer’s Field Day (FFD) and

literacy session.

Timeline: November 2017 to

onward




Coordinator

Where project control over

extension or agricultural practice

on the ground is less than

complete, promote and support to

PMPs to the greatest practicable

extent.

Not yet done NJP will organize FFD and

demonstrations on PMP-based

starting from November 2017 and

will continue during the program

period.

Timeline: November 2017 onward




Coordinator

Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP)

Modify PMPs over LOP based

on ground-truthing/field

experience.

PMP will be updated in every fiscal

year as part of the annual PREP

Time: In every fiscal year




For all target activities appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid.

22

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Ensure availability of product

label and Material Safety Data

Sheet (MSDS). For all products

that will be in use, the project

personnel must obtain and review

the product label and MSDS to

ensure that pesticide users are

aware of potential hazards and

are undertaking all measures to

minimize risks to human health

and safety and to the

environment.

Not yet done NJP will collect all the labels and

MSDS for the proposed pesticides

including potentials environmental

& health risks and their mitigation

measures. Those will be distributed

to lead farmers by May 2017.

Timeline: May 2017




Ensure that, for all projects that

provide support for procurement

and use of seed treated with

pesticides, training in handling

dressed seed is provided.

Not yet done NJP will arrange training on

handling dressed seed to extension

staff who will in-turn facilitate

training and technical support.





Coordinator

Ensure that training is provided

to relevant staff of all projects

that provide support for treatment

of stored commodities.

NA NA NA

23

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance




to relevant staff and TOT

beneficiaries of all projects that

provide support to farmers in

post-harvest use of pesticides.

Not yet done. NJP will include post-harvest use

and handling of pesticides in the

training curriculum for post-harvest

handling and storage for both lead

farmers and producer groups.

Timeline: September 2017 onwards




Coordinator




provide support to fish farmers

that are using pesticides.

No training and TOT has been provided

yet.

NJP aquaculture interventions will

not promote use of pesticide but it is

anticipated to use promote use

rotenone, Calcium Oxide, Calcium

Hydro-oxide, Calcium

Hypochlorite. The project will

develop a training curriculum for

safe use of these products in

fisheries and roll out TOT and

training to farmers in 2017.





Coordinator




provide support to health services

activities that use of disinfectants

and pesticides.

NA NA NA

24

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Ensure that if livestock projects

introduce veterinary pesticide

use, they must inform

Environmental Officer for

approval.

NA NA NA

Develop a Training Plan for

Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM

for project staff and beneficiaries,

including at least annual

refresher training.

Training plan for Pesticide Safe Practices

and IPM for relevant staffs has been

developed.

Training for the core staff is planned

after the approval of the SUAP.





Training for the beneficiaries will

be started from April, 2017.

Develop or source curricula

conforming to required training

elements specified in Annex C.

(MANDATORY ELEMENTS

OF PESTICIDE SAFER USE

TRAINING)

This has been done in development of the

IPM plan and the associated training

The training curricula will be

incorporated with sessions on IPM,

PPE and safe management and use

of agro-chemicals including

insecticides





Coordinator

Implement training plan,

providing first-time training to all

relevant staff and beneficiaries

within 6 months.

Not yet done NJP is anticipating to arrange the

training for staffs by April, 2017.

NJP is anticipating to start the

training for beneficiaries by April,

2017.

Timeline: April 2017



Safeguard Coordinator.

To the greatest degree practicable, all projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and

disposal practices.

25

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



If carbamate or organophosphate-

class pesticides are used

extensively, follow procedures

for baseline testing for

cholinesterase inhibition, and

establish a periodic

cholinesterase monitoring

schedule when necessary.

NA NA NA

Implement/observe core risk

mitigation measures (PPE and

other precautions) identified in

the summary section of each

extended pesticide profile.

Where control is less complete,

take all practicable measures to

support and promote

implementation of these

measures.

Not yet done Field level staff of NJP’s

implementing partner will monitor

and sensitize beneficiaries on

mitigation measures along with use

of PPEs.

In its training, NJP will emphasize

use of full PPE by farmers while

handling pesticides.

Whenever providing, supporting

or recommending pesticides for

use, assure that appropriate

personal protective equipment is

available and, to the degree

possible, require its use.

Not yet done NJP will explore and identify

suppliers of PPEs and link

beneficiaries. Farmers will also be

sensitized on use of PPEs from

April, 2017.

Whenever directly using,

procuring or supplying

pesticides, assure that quality

application equipment is

available and local capacity for

its available and maintained.

NJP will not be directly using, procuring or

supplying pesticides

NA NA

26

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



To the greatest degree

practicable, enforce good

disposal and clean-up practice.

Not yet done. NJP agricultural extension staff will

be oriented on safe waste disposal

and clean up practice for using of

pesticides by April 15, 2017.





Coordinator

Farmers will be oriented on safe

waste disposal and good clean up

practices while using pesticides





Coordinator

For directly supported pesticide

stores, assure that FAO Best

Management Practices are met.

(See Annex C).

For directly supported pesticide

transport, assure that minimum

practices specified in Annex C

are met.

NA NA NA

Projects must follow safety restrictions and precautions for all target activities

27

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



People who are not wearing PPE

should not enter pesticide treated

areas during Restricted Entry

Intervals (REI) to perform tasks

that involve contact with

pesticide treated surfaces. Each

pesticide label specifies a REI

usually ranging from 12 to 72

hours.

Not yet done NJP will orient beneficiaries on

Restricted Entry Intervals (REI)

during different training from April

2017 onwards.

Timeline: April 2017 onwards




Coordinator

Following the training for farmers,

NJP staff will regularly monitor

observance of Restricted Entry

Intervals (REI) during use of

pesticide as part of field visits.

Timeline: May, 2017 to onward




Coordinator

Warning signs should be posted

to warn people in advance about

pesticide application and REI.

Not yet done NJP will develop pictorial IEC

materials on warning sign on

pesticide application & REI and

deliver warning messages to farmers

on the issue.

Timeline: May, 2017 onwards




Coordinator

28

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Products that are suspected to

have potential to cause harm to

an unborn child, such as

Dimethoate and Mancozeb will

not be handled and applied by

pregnant women. Pregnant

women should not enter treated

areas during application and REI.

Not yet done NJP will train farmers to ensure that

pregnant women are not handling,

applying, or entering in the REI and

orient farmers on the issues

Timeline: May, 2017 onwards




Coordinator

Pre-harvest interval (PHI) is the

time required between the last

application of pesticides and the

safe harvesting of edible crops

for immediate consumption.

Farmers will be trained about the

importance of adhering to the

PHI stated on the label to ensure

no chemical residues are found

on harvested crops.

Not yet done NJP will sensitize farmers to

carefully read the label instructions

regarding PHI and orient

beneficiaries on pre-harvest interval

from the last application of

pesticides and the safe harvesting of

edible crops for immediate

consumption.





Coordinator

Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.

Pesticide efficacy in

demonstration plots must be

evaluated

Not yet done NJB extension staff will routinely

monitor demo sites and review with

farmers to assess pesticide efficacy.

Timeline: September 2017 to

onward




Coordinator

29

Required Compliance



so indicate)


maintain compliance



Any evidence of pesticide

resistance development must be

tracked and reported.

Not yet done NJB extension staff will be trained

and mandated to report any

incidence of pesticide resistance to

DAE.

Timeline: September 2017 to

onward




Coordinator

Flow-down requirements

Pesticide registration status in Bangladesh and USEPA must be updated yearly.

NJP will regularly review the USEPA website to monitor changes in the registration status of pesticides relevant to Bangladesh and amend the SUAP, if required.

30

REFERENCES

USAID/ Bangladesh Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan

(PERSUAP), July, 2015.

USAID/ Uganda DO1 Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan

(PERSUAP), April, 2015.

World Vision/ Bangladesh Nobo Jatra Program Initial Environmental Examination, June,2016.

ACDI/VOCA/Uganda RWANU Project Specific Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP), December,

2015.

Mercy Corps/Uganda GHG Project Specific Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP), December, 2015.

Winrock International/ Bangladesh NJP Agriculture and Alternative Livelihoods- Program

Operational Manual, October 2016.

CNFA/ Bangladesh AIP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP),

2013.

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.htm

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol24-sec152-

25.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658515

http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_herb_int.html

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/12734.pdf


http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

http://water.epa.gov/drink/emerprep/emergencydisinfection.cfm

http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm

http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/152.6

http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/27801.pdf

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es103814d

http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/agricult/pdf/frup.pdf

http://www.kellysolutions.com/erenewals/documentsubmit/KellyData%5COK%5Cpesticide%5C

MSDS%5C61470%5C61470-3%5C61470-

3_Coal_Tar_Creosote_P2_5_30_2014_12_27_33_PM.pdf

http://medind.nic.in/hab/t01/i3/habt01i3p164.pdf

1

CROP SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP)

Nobo Jatra Project

Background:

Following review of Nobo Jatra’s EMMP by USAID and the MEO’s recommendation, World

Vision has developed a crop specific integrated pest management (IPM) plan that will be used by

the project as presented hereby. The IPM plan identifies the major pests of each crop, provides a

list of preventive tools and tactics, and a list of natural and synthetic chemical alternatives as

recommended by leading IPM resources. This IPM plan seeks to reduce the risks to production

from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, that maximize crop health

and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests. Pesticides will be used only if no practical, effective,

and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Specific objectives of the IPM

include:

Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health

Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers and community members

from pesticide risks

Maintain economically sound practices

Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks

Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work

environment

Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management

practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) which include IPM

measures, to achieve farm and produce certification

Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and regulations

This IPM plan was developed by reviewing several documents including the USAID/

Bangladesh Programmatic PERSUAP and the USAID/ Uganda Programmatic PERSUAP,

Bangladesh National Agriculture Policy, 1999, National Integrated Pest Management policy,

GOB, 2002 and Nobo Jatra project documents.

Field work was also carried out which covered Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with community

people, consultation and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with Upazilla and District level

agricultural related GoB staffs, NJP’s agricultural staffs to explore the crops, IPM technologies

to be promoted by NJP considering the local contexts.

NJP will promote the crops, IPM technologies, which are incorporated with this IPMP through

integrating those in different agricultural technical trainings to be conducted for the beneficiaries.

Furthermore, field level staffs of NJP’s implementing partner will continue to sensitize and

provide technical supports to farmers for adopting the IPM technologies of this IPMP.

2

Focus Crops of the Nobo Jatra Project

The following crops will be promoted by Nobo Jatra project and the detail of pests and diseases

management is presented in the tables for each crops.

Brinjal/Eggplant

Solanum melongena

Family: Solanaceae

Brinjal is locally known as “Begoon” and its early European name is “Egg plant”. In

Bangladesh, brinjal is the second most important vegetable crop after potato in relation to its

total production. It is commercially cultivated throughout the year mainly by small farm families

and is an important source of cash income for many resource-constrained farmers. Additionally,

it is cultivated in homestead gardens and is an important source of nutrition. Supplying about 25

calories per serving with virtually no fat and it is one of the cheapest vegetables to procure by

resource poor communities.

In Bangladesh, brinjal occupy 25.4% of the lands under vegetable cultivation and approximate

cultivated area is 64,208 ha and its total production is 340,000 metric tons. The main brinjal

growing districts in Bangladesh are: Bogra, Chittagong, Comilla, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur,

Jamalpur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rangamati, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Sylhet,

and Tangail. During the preparation of this document, it was also found that brinjal have been

cultivating by the farmers in NJP interventions areas of Satkhira district.

Brinjal production in Bangladesh is affected by many factors. Critical analysis for such low

productivity revealed that major portion of brinjal produced is being damaged by dread insect

pests. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer is the most serious and destructive insect pest, which

cause direct damage to tender shoots and fruits (30-70%). Brinjal shoot and fruit borer starts to

cause damage from seedling stage but severe attack starts soon after transplanting of seedling

and continues until harvest of the fruits. The table 01 represents Pests and Diseases in Brinjal

and Control Methods.

Table 1: Pests and Diseases in Brinjal and Control Methods

Type of

pest/diseases

Damaged Observed Available IPM

Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide Product

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves) Compete for

nutrients and

water

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

None None

Brinjal fruit and

shoot borer

Caterpillar bore

into the shoot,

buds, fruits, and

feed inside

The attacked

shoots are wilted

Cultivation of

tolerant variety

The brinjal field

should be kept

clean of fallen

leaves and debris

Cypermethrin

Malathion

Mazic 10 EC

Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

3

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide Product

and wither

The damaged

fruits are full with

dark excreta and

unfit for

consumption

Collection and

destruction of

larvae-infested

shoots and fruits at

weekly intervals

Crop rotation with

non-host crop

Use of pheromone

trap

Same technology

promoted to other

surrounded crops

plots

Use of insecticides

in case of severe

infestation.

Leaf

hopper/Jassid Suck sap from the

underside of

leaves.

Cultivation of

tolerant varieties

Use of Neem seed

kernel and leaf

extract.

Flinging of ash

Detergent water

spray

Destruction by

hands

Using pepper

powder

None None

Phomopsis

blight/fruit rot

Reduces

photosynthetic

area

Pale to light

brown sunken

spots develop on

the old fruits.

Use healthy seeds

collected from

healthy fruits.

Give hot water

treatment to seeds

at 500C for 30

minutes.

Seed treatment

with fungicide.

Crop rotation is

required with any

non-host crop.

Burn infected crop

residue.

Spray fungicide at

10-15 days

interval.

Bordeaux mixture

spay

Drying of seeds in

sunlight

Destruction of

affected fruits.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

4

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide Product

Leaf/ plant

burned (Blast) -

Spreads to other

plants

Causes loss to

production.

Use tolerant

varieties

Remove burned

leaves/plant when

seen

Treat seed

None None

Leaf blight +Blust Spreads to other

plants

Causes loss to

production.

Use treated seeds

Remove blighted

leaves

Burn crop residues

Mancozeb Dithane M 45

In controlling weeds, NJP is not proposing any chemical herbicide as it will be focused on

promoting the IPM technologies mentioned in the table though USAID/ Bangladesh Mission

PERSUAP approved a herbicide to control weeds. The proposed IPM technologies are the best

options to control weeds. The GoB officials were also suggesting to be focused on the IPM

practices rather promoting chemical herbicides. NJP is also proposing some more IPM

technologies which are not included in the PERSUAP, because these were prescribed by the

Department of Agriculture Extensions(DAE) officials as they are also promoting theses IPM

technologies in NJP interventions areas. On the contrary, NJP is not proposing all the chemical

pesticides which are approved by the PERSUAP for cultivation of brinjal . NJP is proposing only

a few chemical pesticides as it will be more focused on IPM technologies and use of chemical

pesticides will be the least option. The proposed chemical pesticides for brinjal production are

those, which have been used in the interventions areas much and those are also proposed by the

DEA officials. Furthermore, two more diseases were also revealed in the NJP’s intervention

areas which are mentioned in the table above with IPM measures against them including one

chemical pesticide which is approved by PERSUAP for using in agricultural purpose.

Cucurbits (Cucumber, water melon, sponge gourd, ash gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd,

pumpkin, snake gourd, Pointed gourd, sweet gourd)

Family: Cucurbitaceae

The vegetable under the family cucurbitaceae is broadly called cucurbits, which primarily

include 16 crop species. The cucurbits such as cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, bottle

gourd, sweet gourd etc are some of the popular vegetables grown across Bangladesh in both

summer and winter seasons. Cucurbits are important vegetables especially for its leafy vines and

fruits with high nutritious values (β-carotene), long shelf-life and acceptable palatability to all

levels of consumers. Water melon is cultivated throughout the country in summer usually in char

land. All the cucurbits have a good market value which encourages the farmer to cultivate gourds

in large scale. During the summer season, it becomes principal vegetable mostly covering the

market due to the scarcity of other vegetables. Cucurbit contributes to 11% of total vegetable

production in Bangladesh. Cucurbits are infested by various pests such as cucurbit fruit fly,

5

pumpkin beetle, epilachna beetle etc. Among them cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is

the devastating pest and caused significant damage to fruits. Among the cucurbit vegetables,

bitter gourd is highly susceptible and frequently attacked by this insect. Farmers of Bangladesh

are frequently use different chemical insecticide to control cucurbit fruit fly. Table 02 represents

Pests and Diseases in Cucurbits and Control Methods.

Table 2: Pests and Diseases in Cucurbits and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide Product

Weeds (grasses

and broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients.

Proper land

preparation

Hand weeding

with hoe

Soil treatment by

sun with repeated

& deep ploughing

Mechanical

weeding

Mulching

None None

Cucurbit fruit fly

Damage fruit. Collection and

destruction of

infested fruit with

larvae and egg

from the field

Deep ploughing

for controlling

pupae

Use of light

trap/pheromone

trap/poison bait

(Bait)

Preservation of

beneficial insects(

eg: Lady bird

beetle, bolta )

None None

Red Pumpkin

beetle

Adult beetle feed

the leaves and

reducing

photosynthetic

area

Larvae damage

the fruit.

Covering the

seedlings up to 20-

25 days old with

mosquito net

Deep ploughing

for controlling

larvae

Detaching the fruit

from soil with the

help of rice straw

Use insecticides.

Malathion Fyfenon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

Epilachna beetle

Adult beetle and

larvae scrape the

leaves and reduce

photosynthetic

area.

Dusting of plants

with wood ash

Use of neem seed

kernel and leaf

extracts

Malathion Fyfenon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

6

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide Product

Use of insecticides

if infestation is

severe.

Powdery mildew

Reduce

photosynthetic

areas

Good field

sanitation and

weeding

Crop rotation with

non-host

Bordomixture

Use Fungicides

when disease is

severe.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Goldazim 500SC,

Sinozim 50 WP

Fruit and leaf rot Damage to fruit

and leaf

To remove rotten

leaves/ fruits

Soil and seed

treatment

Destruction of

affected fruit and

leaf with pests

Use bordomixture

None None

NJP is not proposing all the chemical pesticides mentioned by PERSUAP for cucurbits as it will

be more focused on IPM technologies to control the disease and pests. The proposed pesticides

in the table above are mostly used by the framers in the intervention areas, which were also

suggested by the GoB officials. Some of the IPM technologies are proposed in the table above

which are not mentioned in the PERSUAP but those are prescribed by the GoB officials in the

interventions areas which have been showing good results. Furthermore, NJP revealed one more

disease (fruit and leaf rot) for cucurbits in it’s intervention areas, which is mentioned in the table

above with IPM technologies against it.

Tomato

Lycopersicon esculentum

Family: Solanaceae

Tomato is one of the most popular and versatile vegetables in Bangladesh and is cultivated in

almost all parts of the country. Tomatoes are fairly adaptable, but grow well in winter with

optimum temperatures of 15°C -25 °C. High humidity and temperatures reduce fruit set and

yields. Very low temperatures delay color formation and ripening and temperatures above 30°C

inhibit fruit set, lycopene development and flavor. Tomatoes thrive best in low-medium rainfall

with supplementary irrigation during the off-season. Wet conditions increase disease attacks and

affect fruit ripening. Tomatoes grow well in a wide range of soil types, which are high in organic

matter, well-drained and a pH range of 5 - 7.5.

7

The major constraints to tomato production are pests and diseases and poor crop management

practice. Pests and disease infestation occur at every stage of the crop value chain (nursery,

transplantation, field, fruiting, harvesting and after harvest) and proper management is required

for each stage. Major diseases are bacterial wilt, early and late blight, tomato leaf curl/mosaic

virus, leaf blight and powdery mildew while insect pests and other arthropods include aphids,

fruit borer, cutworm, spider mites, and nematodes. Most sap feeding pests are also vectors of

viral diseases e.g. aphids have been reported to transmit the tomato mosaic virus disease, while

the whiteflies are known vectors of potato leaf roll virus which also infects tomato. Proper

identification of the pest and disease is critical in a control strategy.

In general, the following practices can help reduce and/or control the incidence of pests and

diseases in tomatoes:

Avoid sowing seeds densely at nursery stage

Maintain a mixed cropping system which helps maintain natural enemies

Mulching provides an attractive environment for ground living natural enemies

Spray with bio-pesticides and neem products; avoid using broad spectrum pesticides

Practice crop rotation

Use pesticides when necessary while preserving the natural enemies.

NJP is proposing the Pests and Diseases in tomato and Control Methods in Table 03 below.

Table 3: Pests and Diseases in tomato and Control Methods

Type of pest/diseases Damaged Observed Available IPM

Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds

Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Hand weeding

Weeding using

hand hoe

Good seedbed

preparation

Mulching.

None None

Cutworms (Agrotis

spp)

Serious pests of

tomato

seedlings

Cut stems of

newly

transplanted or

emerged plants

at the base

Remove weeds

before

transplanting

Harrow field

before

transplanting to

expose the worms

to natural enemies

Application of

saw dust with

Kerosin around at

the bottom of

plant.

Conserve natural

enemies (parasitic

wasps and ants)

Use pesticides

when attack is

Chlorpyrifos Dursban 20

EC, Classic

20 EC

8


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

severe.

Fruit borers

(Helicoverpa armiguera,

Spodoptera littoralis)

Attack the

developing and

mature fruit of

tomato

Bore into the

fruit from the

stem end, and

feed on the inner

parts of the fruits

causing

extensive

damage

Cause fruit decay

by secondary

infection.

Preserving natural

enemies such as

predatory ants,

spiders, damsel and

robber flies, and

parasitic wasps and

flies

Don’t plant

tomatoes near

maize or cotton

Monitor for eggs

for prompt action

before larvae hatch

and damage fruits

Use bio-pesticides

(neem extracts)

Do not use

Pyrethrin and

rotenone as are

harmful to natural

enemies

Use insecticides, if

necessary.


EC, Classic

20 EC

Aphids (Aphis

gossypii, Myzus

persicae)

Suck plant sap,

which can reduce

plant growth

Secrete

honeydew, on

which sooty

moulds growth

Reduced

marketability of

fruits by sooty

moulds

Aphids may also

transmit virus

diseases such as

the cucumber

mosaic virus.

Conserve natural

enemies

Avoid using broad

spectrum pesticides

which kill natural

enemies

Use pesticides to

bring down

excessive

populations.

Spray detergent &

throw pepper dust.

None None

Spider Mite

Suck sap from

leaf resulting

yellowing,

curling of leaves

and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Introducing

resistant varieties

Removal and

destruction of

alternate wild

hosts.

None None

Root-knot nematodes

(Meloidogyne spp.) Cause small

lumps known as

root knots or

galls on the roots

Heavily infected

Rotate with tomato,

cabbages or

cereals.

Soil treatment (

e.g: dry, seed bed

None None

9


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

roots are severely

distorted and

swollen

Affected plants

are either stunted

or have tendency

to wilt or even

die in hot

weather

Rotting of roots.

with polythin )

Avoid putting

tomatoes near okra,

sweet pepper,

eggplant

Avoid land which

one cultivate

previously with

potato, carrot or

cucurbits

Use

resistant/tolerant

varieties

Use mixed

cropping with

marigolds (Tagetes

spp.)

Use neem cake to

kill the nematodes.

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.) Sunken fruits

Severely affected

fruits drop.

Resistant varieties

Use certified seed

Crop rotation

Destroy infected

residues

Use fungicides.

Carbendazim Genuine 50

WP,

Sinozim 50

WP,

Bencarb 50

WP

Early blight Affects the

leaves and

reduces

photosynthetic

areas

Resistant varieties

Cover with nets

during cold wave

Use certified seed

Hot water

treatment of

homemade seeds

Crop rotation with

non-solanaceous

crops e.g. legumes

Staking and

pruning

indeterminate

varieties

If endemic apply

preventive copper

compounds.

Mancozeb

Dithane M

45

Dampingoff/seedling rot

diseases (Pythium spp.

and Rhizoctonia solani)

Can also be transmitted

through seed

Seedlings die

before they have

pushed through

the soil Seedlings

may emerge but

fall over and die

some time

afterwards.

Use certified seed

Hot water

treatment of home

saved seed

Do not use

previous field of

eggplant, pepper,

potatoes and

tomatoes as seed

Carbendazim Bavistin

DF

10


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

bed

Avoid excessive

watering

Can use fungicide

where necessary.

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium

oxysporum sp.

Lycopersici) Fungus is

both seed and soil borne

Diseased leaves

turn yellow and

readily break

away from the

stem

Use certified see

Dry soil by sun

Plough intensively

and deeply

Avoid locating

seed beds in

previously

Fusarium infected

place

Avoid excessive

Nitrogen

fertilization and

root-knot

nematodes.

None None

Late blight

(Phytophthora infestans) Affected leaves

wither, yet

frequently

remain attached

to the stem

Fruits are also

affected

Use resistant

varieties

Use disease free

seedlings

Pruning and

staking

Do not plant

tomatoes after Irish

potatoes

Use of seeds of

rose apple, garlic.

Mancozeb

Dithane M

45

Powdery mildew

(Leveillula taurica) Leaf blades

collapse and dry

up

Keep fields weed

free

Do not plant

eggplant or

tomatoes

repeatedly

Use fungicides

where necessary

Carbendazim Goldazim

500SC,

Sinozim 50

WP

Tomato leaf roll disease

(virus) Leaf mottling

and crinkling

Reduce

photosynthesis

Kill plants.

Use virus free seed

Rogue diseased

plants

Treat seed

Control aphid

vector with

insecticide if

necessary

Pullout diseased

plants and pit

buried.

None None

11

NJP is not proposing all chemical pesticides mentioned in the PERSUAP, where it is proposing a

few of chemical pesticides for cultivation of tomato. NJP will be stringent to promote IPM

technologies to control diseases and pests. Along with the IPM technologies in the PERSUAP

for tomato cultivation, NJP is proposing a few more IPM technologies which are contextual in

the intervention areas and have been suggested by the DAE officials.

12

Potato

Solanum tuberosum

Family: Solanaceae

Potato is an important cash and food crop grown in the highlands of Bangladesh during winter

season (Rabi season), when the weather is comparatively dry and cool. Potato varieties are

highly heterogeneous and usually vegetative propagated. Propagation usually done by planting

pieces of tubers that bears two or three eyes. Potato can be grown in all types of soil except

saline and alkaline soils. Loamy soil, sandy loamy soil and organic matter enriched soil are the

most suitable for cultivation of potato crop. According to the Department of Agriculture

Extension offices, potato is cultivated under 0.45 million hectares of land and the production of

potato is 86.5 lakh metric tons. Increased input supplies such as seed of high yielding varieties,

fertilizers and pesticides encourages farmer to cultivate more potato. However, the storage

facilities do not develop accordingly. Late blight is the major disease of potatoes which is

epidemic at very low temperature and foggy weather. Early rain also destroy potato crop in the

field. Among the insect pest, Cutworm is a serious pest, while the larvae not only cut the young

plants or shoots at the ground level but also make damage by boring into the tubers. A lot of

potatoes are damaged in the storage due to bacterial diseases like soft rot and due to the attack of

potato tuber moth. Table 4 represents the Pests and Diseases in potato and Control Methods for

NJP.

Table 4: Pests and Diseases in potato and Control Methods

Type of

pest/diseases

Damaged Observed Available IPM Control

Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds Compete with

crop for nutrients

Hand weeding None None

Aphids

Myzus persicae,

Macrosiphum

euphorbiae,

Aulacorthum

solani, Aphis

gossypii

Suck out plant

sap

Conserve natural

enemies

Monitor fields

regularly for aphid

build up

Remove yellow

flowering weeds, the

yellow color attracts

aphid

Use soapy water

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts

Apply insecticide

when severely

attacked.

Cypermethrin Mazic 10 EC

Cutworms

Agrotis spp

Cut sprouts

below ground

level

Use light trap to

collect moth

Spray neem leaf and

seed extract (1 kg/40

l water)


EC, Classic 20

EC

13

Type of

pest/diseases


Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Rice bran bait laced

with insecticide.

Potato tuber moth

Phthorimaea

operculella

Attack stored

potato seed

Earthing up to

exposed tubers

Harvested tubers

should not be left in

the fields overnight

Potatoes should be

kept in cold storage.

None None

Late blight

Phytophthora

infestans

Reduces

photosynthesis in

leaves

Can cause death

of plant.

Early planting

Plant

Tolerant/resistant

variety

Use only certified

disease free seed, do

not plant table

potatoes

Practice rotation

with non-

solanacious crops

Uproot infected

plants

Fungicides but

rotate chemical

family to prevent

resistance.


Virus complex of

Diseases: Potato

Leaf Roll Virus

(PLRV), Potato X

Potexvirus (PVX),

Potato Virus Y

Potyvirus (PVY)

Leaf mottling

and crinkling

Reduce

photosynthesis

Kill plant.

Use virus free seed

tubers

Plant resistant

varieties

Rogue diseased

plants

Do not overlap

potato crops

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts or

soapy water for

aphid vectors

None None

Root-knot

nematodes

Meloidogyne spp.

Reduce nutrient

uptake in roots.

Crop rotation e.g.

potato-brassicas-

cereals

Maintain high levels

of organic matter

Use mixed cropping.

None None

Storage disease

(Bacterial soft rot) Rotting potato

tubers.

Drying land before

harvesting

Postharvest curing

Proper ventilation in

storage

Maintain

temperature in store.

None None

14

NJP is proposing the IPM technologies of PERSUAP against the diseases and pests in potato

cultivation. The project will stringent to promote IPM technologies rather using more chemical

pesticides. For this purpose, NJP is proposing only a few chemical pesticides from the

PERSUAP, which are widely used in the intervention areas and those have been prescribed by

the Upazilla level DAE officials.

Crucifer vegetables (Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Kohlrabi, Radish)

Order/Family: Cruciferae/Brassicaceae

The main crucifer vegetables grown in Bangladesh include: Cabbage, Cauliflower, broccoli,

Kohlrabi, and radish. These vegetables are grown mainly for the local market and are valuable as

sources of vitamins and minerals, as well as a source of cash for small holder farmers in rural

and peri-urban areas. Crucifer vegetables prefer cool weather and full sunlight. In Bangladesh it

is grown in winter (Rabi) season. The optimum mean temperature for growth and quality head

development is 15-18°C, with a minimum temperature of 4°C and a maximum 24°C. Crucifer

vegetables grow well on a wide range of soils with adequate moisture and fertility. Cabbage is a

heavy feeder, so to get good yields, proper fertilization is necessary.

Production of cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables is often constrained by damage caused

by a range of pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Major insect pests include the

diamondback moth, cabbage aphids, cabbage web worm, cabbage butterfly, and cutworms. The

most important diseases are Alternaria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot and damping-off/seedling

rot. Weeds also compete for nutrients and moisture and can be a refuge for some pests and

diseases. Following table 5 represents Pests and Diseases in Crucifer vegetables and Control

Methods for NJP.

Table 5: Pests and Diseases in Crucifer vegetables and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds

Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Weeding using

hand hoe

Good seedbed

preparation

Mulching.

None None

Aphids-

Cabbage aphid

(Brevicoryne

brassicae), Mustard

aphid (Lipaphis

erysimi), Green

peach aphid (Myzus

persicae)

Suck sap from

plants, distort

and curl leaves

Large numbers

can kill young

plants

Transmit viruses.

Natural enemies

but not effective

in heavy aphid

populations

Use of sticky

yellow cloth or

paper

Use insecticidal

soap

Malathion Fyfanon 57 EC,

Malataf 57 EC

15

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Use of Neem

seed kernel

extract

Application of

insecticides.

The cabbage looper

(Trichoplusia ni)

Larvae chew

holes in leaves

reducing

photosynthetic

area

Eat into the

heads, reducing

the marketability

of produce.

Conserve natural

enemies by

avoiding broad

spectrum

pesticides

Use botanicals

(Neem based

products)

Use of

insecticides.

Spinosad Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

The cabbage

webworm (Hellula

undalis)

Larvae feed on

leaves, petioles,

growing points,

and stems.

Spray with Neem

extracts

Use insecticides

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Cutworms (Agrotis

spp.) Cut the stem of

plants below the

soil surface

Wilting,

withering and

plant death.

Minor pest,

cutworm can be

extracted by hand

and destroyed

Use pesticide

when severe

attack.

Chlorpyrifos Dursban 20 EC

Classic 20 EC

Diamondback moth

(Plutella xylostella) Serious pest of

all Brassicas

Chews numerous

holes into leaves

and heads

reducing

photosynthetic

areas.

Intercrop

Brassicas with

trap crop like

tomato to repel

pest.

Use botanicals

(Neem based

products)

Use of

insecticides.

Cypermethrin

Thunder 10 EC

Cabbage white

butterfly (Pieris

rapae)

The larvae make

round holes in

leaves, bore into

the center of

head

Early cropping

Use of tolerant

varieties

Use insecticides.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Basathrin 10 EC,

Thunder 10 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Alternaria leaf spot

(Alternaria

brassicicola)

Leaf spot first

develop on

young plants in

seedbeds, where

leaf spots,

stunting, or

damping off may

occur

Dark brown to

Use disease free

seed and

seedlings

Hot water

treatment of seeds

Remove and

destroy infected

plant debris of

previous season

Carbendazim Bavistin DF

16

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

black leaf spots

may appear on

tissues of any

age and vary in

size from

pinpoint to 2

inches in

diameter

Reduce the

photosynthetic

area.

Crop rotation

reduces severity

of disease

Use Fungicides if

necessary.

Cercospora leafspots

(Cercospora

brassicicola)

Brown colour

spots with

concentric curves

Reduce the

photosynthetic

area.

Use healthy plant

Proper spacing

Remove infected

plants

Use

Baurdomixture

None None

Damping-off

diseases/seedling rot

(Pythium spp.,

Rhizoctonia solani,

Fusarium spp.)

Wire stem of

seedlings in seed

bed

Bottom and head

rot in the field

and storage

Favored by cool

wet soils.

Use certified seed

Hot water

treatment of seed

Avoid planting in

wet cold soils

Use raised seed

beds

Crop rotation

Transplant

healthy seedlings

Avoid

contaminating the

heads with soil

during weeding.


NJP proposes a few of the chemical pesticides rather proposing all the pesticides mentioned in

the PERSUAP for cultivation of crucifer. NJP is preferring promotion for less use of chemical

pesticides and prioritizing the IPM technologies of the PESRUAP to be promoted against the

pests and diseases for the cultivation of crucifer.

Legumes (Beans, cowpea, lentil, peas)

Legumes are important source of plant proteins in the human diet and considered as the ‘meat of

the poor’. The important legume crop in Bangladesh are country bean, yard long bean, cowpea,

lentil and peas, and they are grown very profitably all over the country in high flat land

particularly in dry season. In the farming system, legumes are planted in crop rotations to

improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, breaking pest cycles, controlling soil

erosion, and producing livestock fodder. The legumes crops are consumed in many ways. The

green pods are eaten as vegetable, but the mature grains are used as dhal. Production constraints

17

of legumes center on fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, insect pests, weeds and soil fertility

problems. The legume crops share a common pest complex. Farmers rely almost exclusively on

the application of chemical pesticides. In Bangladesh, the country bean is being sprayed at

weekly or biweekly intervals—sometimes every day—to control Maruca vitrata. The overuse of

pesticide causes the destruction of indigenous biodiversity as well as increases production costs,

thus reducing profits for farmers. Pesticide residues hamper the export market potential for

vegetable legumes. NJP is proposing the following Table 6 as pests and diseases in legumes and

their control measures.

Table 6: Pests and Diseases in legume crops and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grass and

broad leaf) Compete for

Nutrients, water

and light, may

harbor pests and

diseases.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand hoe

weeding.

None None

Aphids

Aphis fabae

Aphis craccivora

Aphids suck sap

on stems,

terminal shoots

and petioles of

seedlings, and

on pods and

flowers of

mature plants

Vectors of viral

diseases.

Use resistant

varieties if

available

Monitor buildup

of aphids and

natural enemies

Use wood ashes

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts

Use detergent

spray

Fix Yellow

cloth/board with

glue to catch

these

Remove and

destruct

Monitor crop

regularly.

None None

Epilachna beetle

Rasping leaves

and eliminate

photosynthetic

tissue

Plant dusting with

Use wood ashes

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts

Use insecticides.


Malataf 57 EC

Defoliating

caterpillars

Spodoptera are

sporadic cowpea

pests.

Remove

photosynthetic

tissue

Monitor

caterpillars and

hand pick when

few

Use neem extract

Use insecticide.

Cypermethrin Ripcord 10 EC

Pod borer

Maruca vitrata

Feed on

developing

flowers and pod

seeds

Eradicate the

weed host

Sesbania spp.

from cropping

Spinosad Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

18

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

areas

Use pheromone

traps

Use neem

products

Use insecticides if

infestation is

severe.

Bollworm

Heliocoverpa

armigera

Feed on flowers

and young pods

and seeds in

pods.

Use neem seed

kernel or leaf

extracts

Use trap crops

such as Okra

Use insecticide

when 3 larvae/20

plants.


Aphid borne Mosaic

Virus disease Causes leaf

mottling,

cholorosis and

reduced

photosynthetic

area.

Use tolerant

varieties

Timely planting

and weeding

Crop rotation

with non-

legumes.

None None

Leaf spots

Phaeoisariopsis

griseola, Alternaria

spp.

Reduces

photosynthetic

area.

Use certified

disease free seed

Practice crop

rotation with non-

legumes

Use pesticide

when it could not

be controlled.


Bean rust Uromyces

appendiculatus,

Uromyces vignae

Reduce

photosynthetic

areas

Severe leaf

damage and

defoliation.

Resistant/tolerant

varieties

Use sulphur based

Fungicides


Powdery mildew Reduce

photosynthetic

areas

Resistant/tolerant

varieties if

available

Good field

sanitation and

weeding

Avoid close

spacing

Use Fungicides

when severe.

Carbendazim Goldazim

500SC, Sinozim

50 WP

Anthracnose Damage pods Plant resistant

varieties

Use certified

disease free seed

None None

19

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Plow bean crop

debris into soil.

Bacterial blight

Xanthomonas

axonopodis pv.

Vignicola

Seed-borne

Cause whole

plant to wilt

Early blight can

destroy whole

fields.

Use certified

disease free seed

Avoid working in

fields when it is

wet

Practice good

field sanitation

Uproot infected

plants when first

noticed.

None None

Fusarium wilt F.

oxysporum Seedlings

infected with

Fusarium are

often yellow,

later turning

necrotic and

finally wilt and

die

Use

resistant/tolerant

variety

Crop rotation

without legumes

Plant beans in

hills or ridges in

heavy soils

Seed treatment

with hot water

Use fungicide.


Damping off,

seedling blight

Rhizoctonia sp.

Kill off seedlings and

reduce plant

population

Using certified

seed

Have crop residue

thoroughly

decomposed

Crop rotation

Seed treatment

with fungicide.


NJP is going to be more focused on IPM technologies and less focused on using chemical

pesticides to control diseases and pests in legumes cultivation. For this motive, it has only chosen

a few of chemical pesticides (not all of pesticides in PERSUAP) from the PERSUAP which are

widely used and suggested by DAE to promote in the NJP interventions areas. Along with

technologies in the PERSUAP, some of the IPM technologies have been incorporated in the table

above which have been suggested by DAE in the interventions areas and those have already

shown good results.

Chili

Capsicum spp.

Family: Solanaceae

Among spices and condiments, chili is the most important and widely grown spices crop in

Bangladesh. The fruits are consumed fresh, dried or processed as a spice. It is one of the

20

important cash crop in certain districts such as Jamalpur, Shirajgonj, Bogra and Jessore. Chilli

usually commercially cultivate in high land during Rabi season. However, it grows round the

year in kitchen garden and small scale farm lands. Farmers in NJP’s interventions areas have

been also found to cultivate chili in homestead and commercial plots. Mealybug and mite

infestations are two constrain to chili cultivation. Among the diseases, anthracnose caused severe

damage to plants and fruits. Table 7 below represents the disease and pests in chili and their

control methods

Table 7: Pests and Diseases in Chili and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients and

water.

Thorough land

preparation

Hoe and hand

weeding.

None None

Mealybug

Suck sap from

leaves and

terminal shoots

Clean cultivation

to remove

alternate host

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts

Monitor crop

regularly and

Apply insecticide

if infestation is

severe.


Malataf 57 EC

Yellow mite

Polyphagotarsonem

us latus

Suck sap from

leaves and cause

curl.

Removal and

destruction of

alternate wild

hosts

None None

Anthracnose

Reduces

photosynthetic

area

Rotting of fruits.

Pathogen-free

chili seed should

be planted

Eliminate weeds

and volunteer

chilli plants

Crop rotation for

at least 2 years

Infected plant

debris from the

field must be

removed or deep

ploughed

Use fungicide

when necessary.

Carbendazim

Genuine 50 WP,

Sinozim 50 WP,

Bencarb 50 WP

For cultivation of chili, NJP is only proposing some of the chemical pesticides from PERSUAP,

which have been using in the NJP’s areas and DAE officials have been promoting among the

farmers. To avoid much use of chemical pesticides, NJP is proposing all the IPM technologies of

PERSUAP for cultivation of chili. These IPM technologies will be promoted among the farmers

in the NJP’s interventions areas continuously by the NJP’s staffs.

21

Taro

Colocasia esculenta

Family: Araceae

Taro is thought to be native to Southern India and Southeast Asia including Bangladesh. It is a

popular summer vegetable contain considerable amount of iron and vitamin-A and C. All plant

parts such as leaf, leaf-stems, corm and stolon are used as vegetable. Taro can be grown in paddy

fields where water is abundant or in upland situations where water is supplied by rainfall or

supplemental irrigation. Taro can be grown under flooded conditions in medium low land.

However, warm, stagnant water sometimes causes basal rotting.

The crop attains maturity within six to twelve months after planting in dry-land cultivation and

after twelve to fifteen months in wetland cultivation. The crop is harvested when the plant height

decreases and the leaves turn yellow. These signals are usually less distinct in flooded taro

cultivation. Harvesting is usually done by hand tools. The stolon are harvested by cutting at the

base periodically. To harvest the corm, first the soil around the corm is loosened, and then, the

corm is pulled up by grabbing the base of the petioles. Both the stolon (kochur loti) and corm

(mukhi) is usually cooked with small prawns or the ilish fish into a curry, but some dishes are

cooked with dried fish. Taro is normally attacked by some diseases and pests. Table 8 presents

the diseases and pests in taro and their control measures proposed by NJP.

Table 8: Pests and Diseases in Taro and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds

Compete for

nutrients, water

and sunlight.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding.

None None

Common cutworm,

Spodoptera littoralis

Damage leaves

and stolons.

Collection and

destruction of

larvae when they

are at extroverted

stage

Use insecticides

when severe

Chlorpyrifos Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Taro hornworm or

taro hawkmoth

Eat the leaves

and and reduce

photosynthetic

area

Hand-picking and

destruction of

larvae

Use of insecticide

if attack is severe

and cannot be

controllable.


Classic 20 EC

Red spider Mite

Tetranychus

cinnabarinus

Suck sap from

leaf resulting

yellowing of

leaves and

Use mite free

seedlings

Crop rotation

with non-host

None None

22

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

reduce

photosynthesis.

crop

Taro leaf blight

(Phytophthora

colocasiae)

Affects the

leaves and

reduces

photosynthetic

areas.

Use healthy

planting material

Intercropping taro

with other crops

rather than

growing it as a

sole crop

Crop rotation

If endemic apply

fungicide

Mancozeb Diathane M 45

NJP will be more focused to promote IPM technologies to control diseases and pests by it’s

beneficiaries for cultivation of taro. So, it is proposing all the IPM technologies which are

prescribed by the mission PERSUAP. Furthermore, NJP is also proposing 2 pesticides from 4 of

different pesticides mentioned in the mission’s PERSUAP. The pesticide will be considered as

least option by NJP when pests and diseases will not be controlled by other measures. These 2

pesticides have been proposed as these are being used by the farmers in NJP’s areas and DAE in

Upazilla level also suggest to be focused on these two pesticides.

Carrot

Daucus carota

Family: Apiaceae

Carrot is a very important root crop has high nutritional value due to high carotene content.

Carrot is a cool season crop and grown during the winter in tropical and subtropical countries

like Bangladesh. Carrot is grown successfully in Bangladesh in Rabi season and mid-November

to Early December is the best sowing time for its satisfactory yield. Farmers of Bangladesh face

very few problems of pests and diseases for the cultivation of carrots. Table 9 describe the pests

and diseases in carrot and their control methods.

Table 9: Pests and Diseases in Carrot and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grasses)

Compete for

nutrients and

water.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding.

None None

Cutworm

Cut seedlings

below ground

level

Collect the larvae

from the soil and

destroy it

Use tight trap to

collect moth

None None

23

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Scab of carrot

Streptomyces sp

Raised and

sunken, dry,

corky lesions on

the carrot root

Damage roots.

Avoid land which

one is alkaline

Use sufficient

amount of organic

manures

Crop rotation

with cereals.

None None

Black root rot (black

mold) Chalara

elegans

It is a

postharvest

disease

Dark, irregular

lesions will

develop on the

surface of the

root.

Careful harvest

handling and

storage at proper

temperatures

(below 25 ⁰ C)

from harvest to

sale

None None

NJP’s promotion for carrot cultivation will not include use of chemical pesticides. As part of the

developing this document, during field visit and consultation with DAE Upazilla level officials it

was found that carrot is possible to be cultivated without using chemical pesticides through

promotion of the IPM technologies of the PERSUAP which are mentioned in the table 09. So,

considering the suggestion of DAE and environmental consequences of chemical pesticides, NJP

will give full attention to promote IPM technologies to control pests and disease in carrot

cultivation as best option.

Red amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus)

Stem amaranth (Amaranthus tristis)

Family: Amaranthaceae

Red amaranth (Lal shak) and stem amaranth (Data) are popular leafy vegetables grown in

Bangladesh round the year in high flat land. Usually red- and stem-amaranth is cultivate in the

home stead for family level consumptions. However, these two vegetables are also cultivated

commercially in many part of the country, especially peri-urban areas. In the amaranth crop,

problem with insect pest is very few however, they are mainly leaf feeder. Damping-off is the

serious disease caused significant damage of amaranth seedlings, particularly in wet soil. Table

10 below represents the diseases and pests in amaranth and their control methods proposed by

NJP.

Table 10: Pests and Diseases in Amaranth and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grass and

broad leaf)

Compete for

nutrients, water

and light, may

Thorough land

preparation

Hand hoe

None None

24

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

harbor pests and

disease.

weeding.

Leaf eating beetle

Create hole in

leaves and

photosynthetic

area is reduced.

Plant dusting with

wood ashes

Use neem seed or

leaf extracts.

None None

Defoliating

caterpillars

Spodoptera are

sporadic pests.

Pull

photosynthetic

tissue.

Intensive

monitoring and

hand picking of

pests followed by

destruction

Use of neem

extract.

None None

Damping off,

Rhizoctonia sp.

Pythium sp.

Destroy

seedlings and

reduce the

number of plants

Using certified

seed

Have crop residue

thoroughly

decomposed

Crop rotation

Seed treatment

with fungicide.


NJP is also going to avoid promotion of chemical pesticides except one case in the table above.

The field study found, it is feasible to control the pests and diseases in red/stem amaranth

cultivation through stringent application of the IPM technologies of the PERSUAP which are

proposed in the Table 10.

Okra/Lady’s finger

Abelmoschus esculentus

Family: Malvaceae

Okra is one of the most common summer vegetable grown in Bangladesh and it is locally known

as “Dharos” or “Vendi”. Okra contributes greatly in filling up the gaps when the market suffers

from adequate supply of both winter and summer vegetables. In Bangladesh, about 42 thousand

metric tons of okra is produced and the average yield is about 3.93 t/ha. Both the area and

production of okra are gradually expanding. Okra is mainly cultivated for edible fruits but other

parts like leaves, stem along with roots are also being used as fuel. Okra fruit has nutritious as

well as dietary value.

Okra is susceptible to the attack of various pests from seedling to fruiting stage. This crop is

infested by many insect species, of which okra shoot and fruit borer, okra jassid and cutworm are

main. Among the diseases, okra mosaic disease caused significant damage to the crop. Table 11

represents the pests and diseases in okra and their control measures proposed by NJP.

Table 11: Pests and Diseases in Okra and Control Methods.

25

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grasses,

broadleaves)

Compete for

nutrients and

water

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

None None

Okra shoot and fruit

borer

Earias vittella

Caterpillar bore

into the shoot,

fruits, and feed

inside

The attacked

shoots are bendy

and fade

The damaged

fruits are full

with dark excreta

and unfit for

consumption.

Collection and

destruction of

affected shoots

and fruits at

weekly intervals

or when observed

Crop rotation

with non-host

crop

Use of

insecticides in

case of severe

infestation.

Cypermethrin

Spinosad

Ripcord 10 EC,

Basathrin 10 EC

Tracer 45 SC

Leaf hopper/Jassid

Suck sap from

the underside of

leaves.

Cultivation of

tolerant variety

Use of Neem

seed kernel and

leaf extract.

None None

Mosaic disease

(virus)

Leaf yellowing

and crinkling

Reduce

photosynthesis

Kill plants.

Use virus free

seed.

Seed treatment,

Pullout diseased

plants

Burial disposal of

affected plant

(suggested by

DAE).

None None

NJP will be mostly focused on the IPM technologies which are in PERSUAP for cultivation of

okra. A few of the chemical pesticides (widely used in the interventions areas and been

prescribed by DAE) of the PERSUAP will be promoted by NJP as least option to control

diseases and pests when it will not be feasible to control the diseases and pests by the IPM

technologies merely. NJP’s proposed chemical pesticides are listed in the table 11.

Rice

Oryza sativa

Family: Poaceae

Rice is the staple food of about 160 million people of Bangladesh and it provides about two-

third of total calorie supply and about one-half of the total protein intake of an average person in

the country. Rice is grown on about 10.5 million hectares which has remained almost stable over

the past three decades. About 75% of the total cropped area and over 80% of the total irrigated

area is planted to rice. In Bangladesh rice is grown round the year in Aus, Aman, and Boro

season. Generally, rice is grown throughout the country in upland and low wet land. Upland rice

26

cultivations are mainly rainfed. Rice production in Bangladesh is increased three folds in the past

three decades. In the year 1971 total rice production was about 10.59 million tons, while the

country is now producing about 25.0 million tons. This increased rice production has been

possible largely due to the adoption of modern rice varieties on around 66% of the rice land,

availability of inputs and use of improved pest and nutrient management practices. Until now

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) developed 62 HYV rice varieties of which some are

pest and disease tolerant, some varieties are rich with micro nutrient like Fe and Zn. Major pests

are weeds and insects including stem borers, plant suckers and leaf feeders. Rats also concentrate

on fields near bushy areas causing localized but severe damage. Bad agronomic practices have

also led to some diseases attacking rice. Table 12 represents the pests and diseases in rice and

their control methods which are proposed by NJP.

Table 12: Pests and Diseases in Rice and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds (grasses,

sedges, broadleaves) Compete for

nutrients.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding

Mechanical

weeding

None None

Rice leaf folder

(Lepidoptera) Lava scrape

leaves and folds

them together

Reduced

photosynthetic

area.

Keeps the field

free from weed

Fix sticks in the

fields for birds to

perch

Set up light traps

in the evening

near the fields to

collect the moths

Use bio-pesticides

when necessary

Insecticide spray

if severe

infestation

Chlorpyrifos

Spinosad

Dursban 20 EC,

Classic 20 EC

Tracer 45 SC,

Conserve 45 SC

Stem borers

(Lepidoptera) Lavae bore

through stem eat

up plant tissue

giving dead heart

or white head

panicles

Burn or feed crop

residue to

livestock after

harvest

Plough down

straw after harvest

Practice early and

synchronized

planting

Conserve natural

enemies such as

wasps, predators

like ants,

dragonflies,

assassin bugs,


Classic 20 EC

27

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

carabid beetles

and spiders

Cultivate resistant

varieties

Apply insecticide

when necessary.

Brown planthopper,

Green leafhopper

(Hemiptera)

Suck plant sap

and cause hopper

burn.

Use tolerant

varieties (BR1,

BR2, BR3, BR10,

BRRI dhan 26)

Destruction of

volunteer plant

(weeds) or ratoon

Removing excess

water from field

Avoid excess

nitrogenous

fertilizer

Maintain optimum

plant spacing

Use insecticides in

case of severe

infestation.


Classic 20 EC

Rice bug

(Hemiptera) Bugs suck the

milky juice from

young panicles

Unfilled or

damaged and

stained grains.

Remove grasses

from the field and

field bounds

Use light traps for

attracting and

killing the bugs

Use insecticides

when necessary.


Classic 20 EC

Rice hispa

(Coleoptera) Larvae bore into

leaf and feed

internal tissue,

adult scrape

leaves

Reduced

photosynthetic

area.

Transplant clean

seedlings which

are free from eggs

and grubs

Clipping infested

leaf to remove

grubs

Ratoon crops

should not be

allowed to grow

Discourage the

use of urea in an

infested field

Conserve

parasitoid

(Trichogramma

zahiri) and spiders

as natural enemies

Use insecticides

when necessary.


Classic 20 EC

28

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Rice tungro disease

(Virus Causes leaf

discoloration,

stunted growth,

reduced tiller

numbers and

sterile or partly

filled grains.

No chemical cure

Grow tungro or

leafhopper

resistant varieties.

Practice

synchronous

planting with

surrounding

farms.

Rouging infected

plants only when

diseases incidence

is low

Plow infected

stubbles

immediately after

harvest to reduce

inoculum source.

None None

Rice blast –Leaf and

Neck blast

Pyricularia oryzae

(Fungus)

Most destructive

Removes

photosynthetic

tissue from

leaves, stems and

gains

Infects grains

Reduces yield by

up to 50% or

more.

Use resistant

varieties

Avoid excess

nitrogen fertilizer.

None None

Sheath Blight

(Fungus) Reduced

photosynthetic

areas

Leaves die

Yield reduction

by 20-25%.

No variety has a

high level of

resistance

Do not apply

excessive

nitrogen.

Carbendazim

Bavistin DF

Brown spot

(Fungus) Reduced

photosynthetic

area

Reduced grain

weight and

quality.

Provide adequate

fertilizer Use

resistant varieties

Hot water

treatment of seed.

None None

Brown field rats Cut tillers and feed

on grains Clear bushes

around the fields

Destroy burrows

Preserve predators

of rats e.g. owls

Use traps set

carefully in the

field

In severe case use

rodenticide.

None None

29

NJP proposing all the IPM technologies of mission’s PERSUAP for cultivation of rice in the

Table 12. These IPM technologies will be promoted strictly by NJP which will reduce the use of

chemical pesticides. NJP is proposing some of the pesticides in the table above which are

approved by mission’s PERSUAP.

30

Papaya

Carica papaya

Family: Caricaceae

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a soft-wooded perennial plant grown in all tropical countries and

many subtropical regions of the world. Economically, C. papaya is the most important species

within the Caricaceae family, being cultivated widely for consumption as a fresh fruit and for use

in drinks, jams candies and as dried and crystallized fruit. Green fruit and the leaves and flowers

may also be used as a cooked vegetable. Nutritionally, papaya is a good source of calcium and an

excellent source of vitamins A and C. In Bangladesh, millions of family farms cultivated papaya

not only for their own consumption but also for sale on local markets as a side cash crop. Papaya

is attacked by a few diseases and pests which are mentioned in the Table 13 with the proposed

controlling methods.

Table 13: Pests and Diseases in Papaya and Control Methods.

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds Compete for

nutrients and

water

Harbor pests and

diseases.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding.

None None

Papaya mealybug,

Paracoccus

marginatus

Feed sap from

leaves, flower

bud, fruits

The leaves

become crinkled,

yellowish and

wither

The honey dew

excreted by the

bug help to grow

black sooty

mould that

impairs

photosynthetic

efficiency.

Clean cultivation,

particularly the

removal of grass,

weeds from

plantations

Use of neem seed

kernel extract

Crop rotation

with non-host

must be followed.

None None

Papaya mosaic

diseases (Virus Curling,

crinkling

distortion of

leaves

accompanied by

vein clearing

Reduction in leaf

size and reduces

the

photosynthetic

area.

Use healthy seeds

and seedlings

Removal and

destruction of

affected plants

Control insect

vector (white fly).

None None

31

NJP is not proposing any chemical pesticide which will be promoted for cultivation of papaya.

Project will be strictly promoting all the IPM measures (from the mission’s PERSUAP) in the

table 13 and these will be able to control the pests and diseases which were also suggested by the

DAE.

Mango

Mangifera indica L.

Family: Anacardiaceae

Mango, locally called “Amm” is a delicious fruit have characteristic taste, flavour and fragrance.

Mango is rich with carbohydrate and vitamin A. It is cultivated throughout Bangladesh. The

major mango growing areas are Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabgonj, Bogra, Rangpur, Dinajpur,

Jessore, Chuadanga, Meherpur, and Kustia. Along with these areas, it is also cultivated in the

NJP’s intervention areas. A home garden without a mango tree is very rare in the country. As a

fresh fruit mango has high demand in local market. Mango trees as well as fruits are attacked by

a number of insect pest and diseases. Major insect pests are mango leaf cutting weevil, mango

defoliator, mango stone weevil and mango hopper. Anthracnose is the most destructive diseases

caused significant damage to mango fruits. Following Table 14 represents the pests and

diseases with their control methods proposed by NJP.

Table 14: Pests and Diseases in Mango and Control Methods

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds Compete for

nutrients and

water

Harbor pests and

diseases.

Thorough land

preparation

Hand weeding.

None None

Mango hopper Suck sap from

tender leaves,

inflorescence and

peduncle of

young fruits

Caused fruit

drop.

Clean cultivation,

particularly the

removal of grass,

weeds from

plantations

Use of neem seed

kernel extract

Crop rotation

with non-host

must be followed

Use of

insecticides.


Mango leaf cutting

weevil Cut the leaf at

base.

Covering tender

leaf with

mosquito net or

perforated

polythene bag

Collection and


32

Type of

pest/diseases


Control Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

destruction of

fallen tender cut

leaves as larvae

grow there

Application of

insecticides

Mango defoliator Defoliate the

leaves and

reduces the

photosynthetic

area

Collection and

destruction of egg

masses and newly

hatched larvae

Use insecticides.


Classic 20 EC

Mango stone weevil Larva and adult

feed on pulp and

damage the fruit

The damaged

fruits are full

with dark excreta

and unfit for

consumption.


Classic 20 EC

Fruit fly Maggot feed on

pulp and damage

the fruit

Use pheromone

trap.

Cuelure Bactro-D (80

Lures/ha)

Anthracnose of

mango Greyish-brown

spot on leaves,

reduce

photosynthetic

area

Rotting of fruits.

Disease twigs

should be pruned

and burnt

Use of fungicide.

Carbendazim

Mancozeb

Bavistin DF

Dithane M 45

Table 14 represents the control methods of pests and diseases in mango cultivation. All the IPM

methods are taken from the mission’s PERSUAP. NJP will strictly promote the IPM

technologies, which will reduce the use of chemical pesticides. On the contrary, NJP is also

proposing some of the pesticides from the mission PERSUAP which will be promoted when

other technologies will not be able to control the pests and diseases in mango cultivation as least

option.

Banana

Musa spp.

Family: Musaceae

Banana is a familiar fruit of Bangladesh and cultivated throughout the country either in

homestead or in high flat land. Banana occupies an important position among the fruits of

Bangladesh not only for its highest production among the fruits but also for its increasing

popularity to many farmers as an economic crop. Among the fruit crops grown in Bangladesh,

banana ranks first in terms of production comprising nearly 42% of the total. Varieties of banana

33

grown in Bangladesh are Amritasagar, Mehersagar, Sabri, Champa, Chini Champa, Kabuli,

Jahaji, Agnishwar, Basrai, Seeded banana, and Anaji or Kancha Kola.

Temperature is a major factor; the optimum for growth is about 27°C and the maximum 38°C.

Bananas are propagated by vegetative means. Banana may be intercropped sparsely with potato,

turmeric, zinger, maize, beans, and some vegetables. Farmers use very little purchased inputs. In

drier zones mulch is placed around the banana pseudo stems to reduce moisture loss. The crop is

normally not fertilized when grown in the homestead. But in commercial cultivation, the plants

are properly fertilized and the leaves are pruned and used as mulch. Crop residue is often spread

in plantations to increase mulch load. Desuckering is done leaving a mother plant and 1-2

suckers. Excess suckers are used to establish new plantings. Weeds are controlled by hand until

the plantation shades the inter-row areas. Pseudo stems are chopped as mulch for moisture

retention as well as weed control. Crop rotation is practiced and new areas are selected for

planting.

The crop is attacked by some diseases and pests and disease pressure is much reduced in the

highlands. Local varieties are comparatively tolerant to insect and diseases. However,

commercially cultivated two varieties the Amritasagor and Sabri are susceptible to diseases and

insect attack. Major disease is Sigatoka of Banana. Other important pests of banana include the

banana weevil, and banana leaf and fruit beetle. Following Table 15 represents the pests and

diseases in banana and their control methods.

Table 15: Pests and Diseases in Banana and Control Methods

Type of

pest/diseases


Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Weeds Compete for

nutrients and

water

Harbor pests and

diseases.

Heavy mulching

Hand hoe weeding

Crop rotation

Intercropping with

short crops like

beans and

groundnuts

Use herbicides.

None None

Banana leaf and

fruit beetle,

Nodostoma

viridipennis

Feed on

chlorophyllus

tissues of leaves

and young fruits

by scraping.

Use resistant

varieties

Clean cultivation,

particularly the

removal of grass,

weeds from

plantations

Crop rotation must

be followed. More

than two years ratoon

crop should not be

encouraged in the

same land

Cover the bunch with

polythene bag

Chlorpyrifos

Dursban 20

EC, Classic

20 EC

34

Type of

pest/diseases


Measures

Recommended

Pesticides, when

needed

Pesticide

Product

Use of insecticides.

Banana weevils

Cosmopolites

sordidus

Larvae and

adults tunnel into

the corm

destroying

nutrient uptake,

weakening and

causing plants to

fall with strong

winds.

Using tolerant

varieties

Using insect free

planting material

Trimming sucker or

corm to remove

eggs/larvae/adults

before planting

Pre-plant insecticide

dip

Dipping suckers in a

20% neem seed

solution at planting

protects the young

suckers from weevil

attack by repelling

adult weevils thus

preventing egg

laying

Boost tolerance with

good fertility

management and

good hygiene around

the plants

Chopping up pseudo

stem residues to

hasten

decomposition.


EC, Classic

20 EC

Sigatoka of Banana

Micosphaerella

figiensis,

Mycosphaerella

musicola

Reduces the

photosynthetic

area of the

leaves.

Resistant cultivars

Avoid overcrowding

of plants, reduce

plant density

Keeping plantations

clean of Weeds

Well drained fields

Maintaining soil

fertility for good

plant vigor

Removing infected

leaves

Use of fungicide.


NJP is proposing all the IPM technologies of mission’s PERSUAP which will be promoted

among it’s beneficiaries. Considering the context (effectiveness of pesticides in the interventions

areas, DAE’s recommendations in the Upazilla, less use of chemical pesticides etc.), NJP is

proposing some of the pesticides from mission’s PERSUAP for cultivation of banana.

Documents

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