Upload
mops11
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
1/32
Presented by :
YURIY SHEVCHUK2nd Years FWR Student
David J. Mattson
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
2/32
IntroductionOutline:
Purpose of the study1. What? Why?
Location and features of interest1. Geographical location and landscape
2. General Characteristics Inventory
1. Data collection techniques
2. Structure of study
3. How were things done
Discovery1. Findings
2. Determinations
Conclusion
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
3/32
The Purpose:
The primary purpose of the study was to estimatevariance of ungulate use by grizzly bears, as well as, todetermine how grizzlies use ungulates throughouttime.
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
4/32
The Purpose (ctd.):
To determine relationships between the grizzly bearsand ungulates that are found within the YNP;
To collect enough data to analyze and evaluate keypoints from ungulate management perspective.
To understand grizzlys overall consumption ofungulates;
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
5/32
Purpose (ctd):
To determine whether annual consumption ofungulates and relative frequency of predation on elkcalf were greater in 1984-1992, or 1977-1983; and
Whether use of ungulates was associated with use ofwhite-bark pine (Pinus albicaulis) seeds.
David J. Matson
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
6/32
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
7/32
Use of ungulates and use of refuse
Where dumpswere accessible,bears got used tofeeding ongarbage, and losttheir naturalinstincts ofhunting.
Even scavengingdecreased becauseof availablegarbage
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
8/32
1988 fire affects on Yellowstone
grizzly bears
in greater Yellowstone,1988 fire directly killed345 elk, 12 moose, 36deer, 9 bison, and 6 black
bears
Many grizzlies werefound scavenging on
carcasses of animals thatsuffered death from fire
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
9/32
Alaska and Canada study
In parts of Alaska and Canada
ungulate were kept at low by heavypredation on ungulate calves bygrizzly bears .
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
10/32
White-bark pine seeds vs.ungulates
Grizzlybears
White-bark pine
seedsungulates
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
11/32
Location:
Yellowstone NationalPark (entire park area),
including six nationalforests in states of
1. Wyoming;
2. Idaho; and
3. Montana.
Area = 23,300 km
During 1977 -1992
(15 years)
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
12/32
Location (ctd.):
!
0 70 140 210 28035Kilometers
1:1,505,936
!
0 70 140 210 28035Kilometers
1:1,505,936
>75% Coniferous forests >2100 m plateaus among highermountains
Cold winters vs. warm summers Mean annual temperature 0 C
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
13/32
Methods:
Hypothesizing Capturing
Taking body
measurements
Air relocating
Radio tagging
Sub sampling
Investigating
Identifying
Comparing
Knight and Eberhardt (1985) & Blanchard and Knight (1991)
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
14/32
Bear Capturing
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
15/32
Measurements takingand identifying
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
16/32
Relocating
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
17/32
Radio tagging andapplying other
tagging methodsfor easieridentification and
to facilitate futuredata collection
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
18/32
Releasing
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
19/32
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
20/32
Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations were
focused on ungulates, rather than bears
Ungulates
Bears
FOCUS
Less
More
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
21/32
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
22/32
Tracking
What was inferred about bear numbers and identities was based oncorrespondence of radio-tagged bears to bear signs found around carcasses.
track sizing droppings/feces
diggings beds
Predation indicators were signs of struggling, such as:
broken branches broken gouges internal hemorrhaging broken vertebra diagnostic claw marks
on hide disarticulation
hide manipulation bone fracturing relative locations of
hair, rumen and skeletalremains
Mattson & Knight (1982).
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
23/32
Calculations total energy expenditures
total energetic cost per bear (EC, in KJ day^-1, whee 1 KJ = 0.239 kcal)
were estimated as: EC=AC(287 BM^0.712), where AC=2.7 for malesand 1.4 for females
basal metabolic rate
total energy derived from meat =0.88(22.8MT), where 0.88 ismetabolized energy as a proportion from gross energy, 22.8=KJ grossenergy available from 1 g. of meat, and MT=gram of meat estimated tohave been used by an average bear. EA/(EDEC) gave total activeactivity cost giving by meat, where AC is number of days between last
and first ratio-relocations at den sites (224 days for adult males and188 days for adult females)
Unbalanced ANOVA test was used to address hypotheses employingparametric techniques where data were normal or could be
normalized by transformations
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
24/32
Total and monthly consumption
53%
24%
18%
4%
1%
Elk Bison Moose Domestic stock. Mule deer
Results
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
25/32
Elk calf and domestic livestock
Scavenged elk
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
26/32
Use of ungulates throughout seasons ofthe year
June-July
September-October
April-May
Ungulate consumption
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
27/32
July-October (32%)
October (58% of total ungulate meat)
Other two seasons (2% and 5%, April-May, and June)
Both scavenging and predation on adult male ungulatesincreased from April-June (11%) to July and after (47%).
Predation on elk calves were most common in June, calvingseason (71%), followed by July-October (24%), and April-May (3%)
Predation contributed relatively little(9%) of total meat consumed in April-May
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
28/32
Using ungulatesadult female elk were used less than expected and elk
calves were used more than expected by relative
availability during all seasons.Bison yearlings were underused during Jun-October
Edibles consumed from moose (46%) and elk
(43%)were obtained by predation
Highest LowestAdult moose Elk >6 months old
Elk
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
29/32
Year differences
Consumption:
Greatest: Smallest:
1980 1981
1989 1986
1990
1991
Relative Frequency of Total Consumption:
Early years: Late years:
40% 27%
Elk calf predation:
23% 17%
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
30/32
Pine seeds vs. ungulatesAnnual consumption of white-bark pine seeds was eitherhigh, or low because of the abrupt inflection inrelationship between bear use and seed crop size (Matson
and Reinhart, 1994).
Years were also classified as use, or non use based on a cutpoint of 20% frequency of pine seeds in grizzly bear feces(Mattson at al. 1992).
If years wee also classified by frequency of ungulate useduring June-October, with a cut point 8, then high level ofungulate and white-bark pine seed are mutually exclusive.
Similarly, frequency of ungulate use was 2.1x greaterduring years when grizzlies didnt use pine seedscompared to years when they did.
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
31/32
8/14/2019 Use of Angulates by Yellow Stone Grizzly Bears
32/32
References sited: Chapman. D. G.. and D. S. Robson. 1960. The analysis of
a catch curve. Biometrics 16:354-368.
Craighead. J. J.. F. C. Craighead. Jr.. and J. Summner. 1976.Reproductive cycles and rates in the grizzly bear. I'rsirs
arctos horribilis, of the Yellowstone ecosystem. Pages 337-
356 in M. R. Pelton. J. W. Lentfer. and G. E. Folk. Jr..
editors. Bears-their biology and management. International
Union for Conservation of Natural Resources Publication
New Series 40.
Craighead, J. J., J. R. Varney, and F. C. Craighead, Jr. 1974.
A population analysis ofthe Yellowstone grizzly bears. Bulletin
40. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment
Station. University of Montana, Missoula. Montana. USA.
Eberhardt, L. L. 1977. Optimal policies for conservation oflarge mammals. with special reference to marine ecosystems.
Environmental Conservation 4(3):205-2 12.
Eberhardt, L. L.. and D. B. Siniff. 1977. Population dynamics
and marine mammal management. Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada 34: 183-1 90.