USER'S GUIDE

The Performing Arts in Colonial American Newspapers

1690-1783

Text Database and Index

byMary Jane Corry, Kate Van Winkle Keller, and Robert M. Keller

Re-compiled for the Internet by

Robert M Keller

© 2010 The Colonial Music Institute www.colonialmusic.org

Originally published on CD as The Performing Arts in Colonial AmericanNewspapers, 1690-1783 (New York: University Music Editions, 1997), the datawas recompiled for compatibility with the Internet. It is written entirely in HTMLfrom the original data, with several corrections and emendations from laterdiscoveries..

COPYRIGHT AND FAIR USEThese databases are copyright (© 2010) by The Colonial Music Institute.Users may print out selected portions of the files for personal use, as long as theautomatic copyright notices appear. Users may download one copy of selectedportions of files for personal use. Users may not download more than 10% of anydata file without permission from the copyright holder. The entire User's Guidemay be printed out for personal use.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

N.B. Throughout this User's Guide, underlined words are hyperlinks. Click onhyperlink to move directly to that location. Click BACK Arrow on the browser toreturn.

CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................3INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION...................5HYPERLINKS..................................................................................................5

DATA FILES.....................................................................................................5CITATIONSINDEXBIBLIO FIRST LINE INDEX WOODCUTS

THE INDEXING PROCESS..............................................................7No Authority Files Location of events

The Problem of the Long S Problem Words Lyrics

APPENDICESA - Abbreviations ......................................................................................10 B - First Line Index ...................................................................................10C - Biblio Database ...................................................................................11D - Cross-Index of Newspapers Read........................................................12E - Symbols and Generic Titles of Newspapers Read ..............................31F - Symbols of Readers .............................................................................35G - Symbols of Libraries ...........................................................................36H - General Bibliography ..........................................................................38

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CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for the original data collection and indexing was provided by the NationalEndowment for the Humanities and the State University of New York at New Paltzunder the auspices of the Research Foundation of the State University of New York.Other support was provided by Kalamazoo College, Newberry College, the StateUniversity of New York at Oswego, and West Virginia University, with additionalassistance from the Library of Congress and Readex Microprint Corporation

We particularly thank our readers for their efforts in collection of the original sourcedata: Linda Bierling, SUNY at New Paltz; Susan Cifaldi, Company of Fifers andDrummers; John Cuthbert, West Virginia University; David Hildebrand, PeabodyConservatory; Barbara Lambert, Shirley-Eustis House; Rosamond McGuinness,University of London; Sharon McKinley, Library of Congress; Geoffrey Miller,Marbletown School; Zaide Pixley, Kalamazoo College; Susan Pregger, CastletonState College; Arthur F. Schrader, Singing History; Marilyn Smiley, SUNY atOswego; John Wagner, Newberry College; and Edythe Walmer, Historic Inns ofAnnapolis.

Many people helped with access to sources. We thank Robert B. Harriman andJeffrey Field, United States Newspaper Project; Joyce Tracy, American AntiquarianSociety; Virginia M. Matthews, South Carolina Newspaper Project; Catherine E.Sadler and Patricia Glass Bennett, Charleston Library Society; and all the librarieslisted in the Appendix who loaned microfilm to our readers. We thank the staff at thelibraries we visited: Adriance Memorial Library, American Antiquarian Society,American Philosophical Society Library, Beinecke Library at Yale University,Charleston Library Society, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Connecticut StateLibrary, Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Duke University Library, EnochPratt Free Library, Essex Institute, Georgia Historical Society, Library Company ofPhiladelphia, Maryland Hall of Records, Maryland Historical Society, MassachusettsHistorical Society, Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, New HampshireHistorical Society, New Jersey Historical Society, Newport Historical Society,New-York Historical Society, New York Public Library-42nd Street Branch,New-York Society Library, New York State Library, Redwood Library,Schwenkfelder Historical Library, State Library of Pennsylvania, Vassar College,Vermont Historical Society, West Virginia University, State Historical Society ofWisconsin, and University of Maryland.

For their assistance in tracing and gaining access to newspaper issues we thankChuck Barber, University of Georgia; David Bosse, William L. Clements Library;William Copeley, New Hampshire Historical Society; Lenore Coral, CornellUniversity; Philip N. Cronenwett, Dartmouth College Library; Jane F. Cullinane,Connecticut State Library; David J. Franz, New Jersey Historical Society; Lynn

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Harrel and Daniel J. Slive, John Carter Brown Library; Charles LeBlanc, NewHampshire State Library; Lisa Ann Libby, Huntington Library; Valerie McQuillan,Connecticut Valley Historical Museum; Kelly A. Nolin, Connecticut HistoricalSociety; Stephen Z. Nonack, Boston Athenaeum; Francis P. O'Neill, MarylandHistorical Society; Albert K. Sherman, Jr., Newport Daily News; Allen Stokes, SouthCaroliniana Library; Madeleine B. Telfeyan, Rhode Island Historical Society; andCheryl Turkington, Joint Free Public Library of Morris & Morris Township (NJ). Thenames and symbols for the libraries holding the original copies or microfilms of thenewspapers are provided in Appendix G.

For permission to reproduce woodcuts found in the newspapers we thank the theLibrary of Congress, the New Hampshire Historical Society, and NewsBank, Inc.(Readex Microprint Corporation).

We particularly thank Christopher Pavlakis of University Music Editions for his earlysupport, continuing patience, and encouragement during the original project.

Mary Jane Corry, Director Kate Van Winkle Keller, Indexer

Robert M. Keller, Computer Consultant

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THE PERFORMING ARTS IN

COLONIAL AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS 1690-1783

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This publication fills a major gap in access to eighteenth-century Americansources for research in the performing arts and related humanities fields. Itincludes all references to music, poetry (lyrics), dance, and theater found by ourreaders in American newspapers, from the earliest extant copy (1690) through theend of the Revolutionary War (1783), including those in the French and Germanlanguages. The database contains:

Transcriptions of all relevant texts (CITATIONS): General index of all names, genres, subjects, titles, and first lines

(INDEX); Graphic images of 45 unique woodcuts (links within CITATIONS); Index of the first lines of 12,061 poems and songs (FIRST LINE INDEX); Issue-by-issue bibliography of the 50,719 issues

and 4,523 supplements of the 162 titles read (in User’s Guide).

HYPERLINKS WITHIN THE DATA

You can jump from the INDEX entry to its CITATION, by clicking on the BLUEunderlined word, CITATION, and from the CITATION entry to its appropriateBIBLIO entry by clicking on the BLUE underlined word BIBLIO. TheCITATION and BIBLIO links on the FIRST LINE INDEX work in a similarfashion. Click on the BACK button in your browser to return to the page youcame from.

THE DATABASE IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE MAIN PARTS:

CITATIONS

This database includes all references found by our readers to theater, poetry(lyrics), music and dance in full text, and contains 235,916 citations, or 579 MBof data. This file is accessed through the INDEX. Each CITATION links to its appropriate BIBLIO page.

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INDEX

The Index is an analytical index of the collected data, and contains 235,676 linesor 79 MB of data. Each INDEX entry links to its appropriate CITATION page.

BIBLIO

The Bibliography is a detailed inventory of every issue read with its location,whether on microfilm or original issue, and contains 50,938 records, or 111 MBof data. Each GENERIC TITLE has a list of issues read, as well as specificbibliographic information for each issue. The BIBLIO page is linked from itsrespective CITATION pages and FIRST LINE INDEX pages.

FIRST LINE INDEX

The First Line Index includes the first line of all literary texts of at least four linesset in poetic meter and having a rhyming scheme. It contains 12,061 entries. Eachpage links back to its appropriate CITATION page and BIBLIO page.

WOODCUTS

Graphic files of all woodcuts with musical content are collected into this file.They are linked to the CITATION file where they appeared in the newspapers. Foridentical cuts that were repeated many times, a single exemplar was chosen asprinting quality varied from issue to issue. There are 45 unique images that appearin 230 citations.

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THE INDEXING PROCESS

The INDEX file is sorted alphabetically by ENTRY (ignoring punctuation) withsecondary sort by date. An index of 235,676 items presented problems notcommon to normal indexes. Entries were made to be as consistent as possiblegiven the size and variety of the source materials, but it was not possible tocross-check every similar citation as the work progressed. All reports wereindexed at face value; spelled as they appeared, and not brought under a generalheading (i.e., not subject indexed) unless it was absolutely clear that it wasaccurate to do so.

Thus, for instance, every play title mentioned is entered under the generalentry of "play," but entries were made under tragedy, comedy, farce, opera, etc.,only when the play title was specifically described as such. The index reflects andbrings together only the knowledge that the newspaper presented to its readingpublic.

NO AUTHORITY FILES FOR NAMES OR TITLES

Names like "Chiesa" and "Chresa" were not changed, even though they mightrefer to the same person. There may also be a misreading of a smudged letter,either by the reader or the typesetter.

Spellings often reflect local pronunciation as well, so it was vital that wenot assume any identifications. "Brownell" and "Brownwell, "Foote" and "Foot,"Douglas," "Douglass," and "Doublas," - were all left as they appeared."Franceschini" and "Francischini" are separated by over 100 items. Imaginativesearches and careful reading of the original data will be necessary to find allcitations relating to a particular person. As Gillian Anderson pointed out in herstudy of Rivington's ads, there are two composers named Graf whose works weresold in New York in 1777, and their name was spelled variously Graaf, Graff, andGraffi. Works by Florio Grassi were also advertised - the long s making that nameappear to be Graffi as well. Mahon, Mahan, and Mahoy may or may not be thesame persons. Leadbetter and Leedbetter probably are, but until further research isconducted, that cannot be assumed.

By the same token, the names of plays and titles of books, songs, andpoems were not changed either, but indexed as they appeared. In research of thisperiod, distinct spellings often point to specific editions and are thus valuable asinformation in themselves. The only exception made to this rule was for the worksof Isaac Watts, whose collections of psalms, hymns and divine songs were sold as"Watts," "Watt's," "Watts'," and "Watts's." These were brought into one list as"Watts's" in the Index. The collected data was not so adjusted. Names of placeswere entered as they appeared, with the exception of Charleston, South Carolina.Because the distinction between Charles-town, Massachusetts and Charles-town,South Carolina was usually clear in the newspaper reports and very important for

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the news being reported, Charleston, South Carolina was indexed with its modernspelling, but the collected data was not so adjusted.

Some automatic processes were used to ensure consistent entries. Thesewere of two kinds. One was a "fill in the blanks" program, used chiefly in for-saleand runaway advertisements, lyrics, and theatrical cast lists. The second was a"find and copy" program that located the index items created for previouslyindexed citations and copied them into the index again.

LOCATIONS OF EVENTS

Newspaper editors were usually careful to identify out-of-town items or events,but assumed that all the other information would be understood to be local. Thus,citations concerning local events or sales may have no location reported at the topof the entry in the CITATION file. The actual location of the reported item ISincluded in the LOCATION field in the INDEX file.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LONG S

"By education most men are missed." [VGW(PA.737.084] "By education most men are misled." [AWM.737.014]

Reading colonial newspapers in libraries or on microfilm is difficult at best. Theexamples show the difficulty of determining the difference between an f and along s in 6 point. We were all awed by the ability of early typesetters to set copyaccurately in such small type. There were very few typographical errors in thetexts we read and we actually were able to use a spell-check program to proofread.Occasionally we simply could not tell what a letter was. Some mis-readings didnot become obvious until citations were brought together in the index. Then it waseasy to tell what a fuzzy word actually was, but at that point it was too late toreturn to the data and re-read the passage to be sure.

So, if you meet an odd word, go to the newspaper itself and compare thatcopy with other versions of the same item. The degree of accuracy of the originaltexts was very high as editors usually copied reports verbatim from othernewspapers. Contextual information was occasionally abbreviated or expanded, soseeking out several versions of a story sometimes adds information missing in oneor another of the reports.

PROBLEM WORDS

Bugles, Cornet, Flutes, Lutestrings and Drum Cord These non-musical items are actually beads, a military rank, ships, a lustrousfabric and fishing line. A few citations were collected, but once we caught on totheir meaning, we ignored them, and they were not indexed.

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To Arms, Parley, Dead March, and Chamade These drum calls were not always indexed because they were often useddescriptively.

Instruments as People When a ship's captain advertised that he needed a French horn for his crew, whathe probably wanted was a French horn player. He may already have had the horn!Untangling instruments and players was nearly impossible, particularly in the caseof drums and drummers, fifes and fifers, and fiddles and fiddlers.

LYRICS

Each lyric is entered in the Index under its first line, author, title and any otherrelevant topic within the lines collected by the reader. In addition, the first line ofeach lyric is listed under the general entry of "Lyric." In order to break the list intomanageable sections, we made an entry for every lyric under one of the followingcategories. Since only four lines of each lyric were collected - too small a sampleto determine exactly what kind of poem or song it was - these distinctions must beviewed as superficial.

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APPENDICES

A - ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations are used in the various files as follows:

INDEX and FRSTLINE Files:

[beg] beginning, i.e., first line of poem, song, or theatrical excerpt [fl] first line of poem, song, or theatrical excerpt [t] title of poem, piece of music, dance, play, or book

BIBLIO File:

In the Supplement Field: a - Appendix or Addendum b - Broadside or Beylage [=Supplement(German)] e - Extraordinary p - Postscript s - Supplement

In the Reader Field:

Symbols for the Readers are contained in Appendix F below.

In the Source Field:

This code consists of: A 2 letter code for the state, plus A 1 or 2 letter code for the city of publication, plus :, then the symbol for the generic newspaper title See Appendix E for full titles.

B - FIRST LINE INDEX

This index includes the first line of all literary texts of at least four lines set inpoetic meter and having a rhyming scheme. It does not include epigrams,anagrams, riddles, inscriptions or epitaphs in verse form. It contains 12,061entries.

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C - BIBLIO DATABASE

The BIBLIO FILE is an issue-by-issue inventory of the newspapers read for thispublication. Below is a summary of title and editor changes from that file. Forfurther details of names of editors, printers, title changes, and relationshipsbetween newspaper runs, consult Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliographyof American Newspapers 1690-1820, 1947, with the 1961 additions andcorrections, Reprint. (Hamden: Archon Books, 1962). For Massachusetts papersalso consult Mary Farwell Ayer, "Check-list of Boston Newspapers 1704-1780,"in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. 9, "Collections"(Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1907). For issues in the collection ofthe Library of Congress, consult John Van Ness Ingram, A Check List of AmericanEighteenth Century Newspapers in the Library of Congress, revised and enlargedunder the direction of Henry S. Parsons (Washington: United States GovernmentPrinting Office, 1936). This work has been updated by Travis Westly, seeBibliography.

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D - CROSS-INDEX OF TITLES OF NEWSPAPERS READ

Main entries comprise the generic title and symbol of the newspaper used in thispublication followed by the location and year(s) of publication. Beneath are listedthe publishers' names and date of each publisher's first issue located by thisproject. Appendix E is a cross-reference to the Symbol and Generic Title for eachnewspaper.

Albany Gazette (AG-A). Albany, NY, 1771-1772 Alexander and James Robertson (1771.11.25) Allied Mercury (AM). Philadelphia, PA, 1781 George Kline (1781.10.17) Allied Mercury: or the Independent Intelligencer See Allied Mercury American Chronicle (AC). New York, NY, 1762 Samuel Farley (1762.03.20) American Gazette-Boston (AG-N). Boston, MA, 1778 Humphrey Humbug (1778.04.02) American Gazette-London (AG-L). London, England, 1776 T. W. Shaw (1776.02.20) American Gazette: or, The Constitutional Journal See American Gazette-Salem American Gazette-Salem (AG-S). Salem, MA, 1776 E. Russell (1776.06.12) American Gazette See American Gazette-Boston American Gazette See American Gazette-London American Journal and General Advertiser See American Journal American Journal, and the General Advertiser See American Journal American Journal (AJ). Providence, RI, 1779-1781 Southwick and Wheeler (1779.03.18) [No publisher given] (1779.11.18) Bennett Wheeler (1779.12.02) American Weekly Mercury (AWM). Philadelphia, PA, 1719-1746 Andrew Bradford (1719.12.22) Andrew Bradford and William Bradford (1739.12.13) Andrew Bradford (1740.11.06) Widow [Cornelia] Bradford (1742.12.02) Cornelia Bradford (1743.01.04) Isaiah Warner and Cornelia Bradford (1743.03.01) Cornelia Bradford (1744.10.18) Boston Chronicle (BC). Boston, MA, 1767-1770 Mein and Fleeming (1767.12.21) Boston Evening-Post See Boston Evening Post (Fleet) Boston Evening Post (Fleet) (BEP(F). Boston, MA, 1735-1775 T. Fleet (1735.08.18)

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[No publisher given] (1756.01.05) T. Fleet (1756.12.20) Thomas Fleet, Jr. and John Fleet (1758.07.31) Thomas and John Fleet (1759.01.01) T. and J. Fleet (1761.01.05) Boston Evening Post (Powars) (BEP(P). Boston, MA, 1781-1783 Edward E. Powars (1781.10.20) Boston Evening-Post: and The General Advertiser See Boston Evening Post(Powars) Boston-Gazette, and Country Journal See Boston Gazette Boston Gazette, and The Country Journal See Boston Gazette Boston-Gazette, or Country Journal See Boston Gazette Boston Gazette, or New England Weekly Journal See Boston Gazette Boston Gazette, or, Weekly Advertiser See Boston Gazette Boston Gazette, or, Weekly Journal See Boston Gazette Boston Gazette (BG).Boston, MA, 1719-1783 William Brooker (1719.12.21) Samuel Kneeland (1720.08.22) Philip Musgrave (1720.10.03) Thomas Lewis (1725.07.19) Henry Marshall and Thomas Lewis (1726.04.25) Henry Marshall (1727.02.06) John Boydell (1732.11.20) S. Kneeland and T. Green (1741.10.19) S. Kneeland (1753.01.03) Benjamin Edes and John Gill (1755.04.07) Edes and Gill (1756.04.05) Benjamin Edes [at Watertown] (1775.06.05) Benjamin Edes [returned to Boston] (1776.11.04) Benjamin Edes and Sons (1779.04.12) Boston News-Letter, and New-England Chronicle See Boston News Letter Boston News-Letter, and The New-England Chronicle See Boston News Letter Boston News Letter (BNL). Boston, MA, 1704-1776 John Campbell (1704.04.24) B. Green (1723.01.07) John Draper (1733.01.04 ) [Richard] Draper (1762.12.02) Richard and Samuel Draper (1763.01.11) Richard Draper (1767.02.26 ) Richard Draper and John Boyle (1774.05.19) Margaret Draper and John Boyle (1774.06.09) Draper and Boyle (1774.06.30) Draper's (1774.08.11)

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J. Howe (1775.10.13) Boston Post-Boy & Advertiser See Boston Post Boy Boston Post Boy (BPB). Boston, MA, 1734-1775 E. Huske (1735.04.21) Green & Russell (1757.08.22) Green and Russell (1758.05.29) Green & Russell (1758.06.19) J. Green and J. Russell (1758.08.07) Green & Russell (1758.10.09) Green and Russell (1758.11.13) Green & Russell (1769.10.02) Mills and Hicks (1773.04.26 Boston Weekly Advertiser See Boston Post Boy Boston Weekly News Letter See Boston News Letter Boston Weekly Post-Boy See Boston Post Boy Cape Fear Mercury (CFM). Wilmington, NC, 1769-1775 A. Boyd (1769.11.24) Adam Boyd (1773.09.22) Censor (CENSOR). Boston, MA, 1771-1772 E. Russell (1771.11.23) Charlestown Gazette (CG-C). Charleston, SC, 1778-1780 Mary Crouch (1778.11.03) Chronicle of Liberty, or the Republican Intelligencer (CL). Charleston, SC, 1783 Mansfield & Davis (1783.03.25) Connecticut Courant, and Hartford Weekly Intelligencer See ConnecticutCourant Connecticut Courant, and The Weekly Intelligencer See Connecticut Courant Connecticut Courant; and The Weekly Advertiser See Connecticut Courant Connecticut Courant, and Weekly Intelligencer See Connecticut Courant Connecticut Courant (CC-H). Hartford, CT, 1764-1783 Thomas Green (1764.10.29) Green and Watson (1768.04.25) Ebenezer Watson (1771.03.26) [No publisher given] (1777.11.25) Watson and Goodwin (1778.01.06) Hudson & Goodwin (1779.03.02) Connecticut Gazette; and the Universal Intelligencer See ConnecticutGazette-New London Connecticut Gazette-New Haven (CG-NH). New Haven, CT, 1755-1768 James Parker (1755.04.12) James Parker and Co. (1755.12.13) Benjamin Mecom (1765.07.05) Connecticut Gazette-New London (CG-NL). New London, CT, 1763-1783

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Timothy Green (1763.11.18) Connecticut Gazette, with the Freshest Advices Foreign and Domestick SeeConnecticut Gazette-New Haven Connecticut Journal, & New-Haven Post-Boy See Connecticut Journal Connecticut Journal, and New-Haven Post-Boy See Connecticut Journal Connecticut Journal, and the New-Haven Post-Boy See Connecticut Journal Connecticut Journal (CJ-NH). New Haven, CT, 1767-1783 Thomas and Samuel Green (1767.10.23) Constitutional Courant (CC-W). Woodbridge, NJ, 1765 Andrew Marvel [pseud: William Goddard] (1765.09.21) Constitutional Gazette (CG-NY). New York, NY, 1775-1776 John Anderson (1775.08.09) Continental Journal (CJ-B). Boston, MA, 1776-1783 John Gill (1776.05.30) Continental Journal, and Weekly Advertiser See Continental Journal Dresden Mercury, and the Universal Intelligencer See Dresden Mercury Dresden Mercury (DM). Dresden [Hanover], NH, 1779 Judah Padock & Alden Spooner (1779.07.13) Dunlap's Maryland Gazette See Maryland Gazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) Dunlap's Maryland Gazette; Baltimore General Advertiser See MarylandGazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) Dunlap's Maryland Gazette; or the Baltimore General Advertiser See MarylandGazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) Dunlap's Pennsylvania Packet, or, The General Advertiser See PennsylvaniaPacket-Philadelphia East Florida Gazette (EFG). St. Augustine, FL, 1783 John Wells, Jr. (1783.03.01) Essex Gazette (EG). Salem, MA, 1768-1775 Samuel Hall (1768.08.02) Samuel and Ebenezer Hall (1772.01.07) Essex Journal and Merrimack Packet: Or The Massachusetts and New-HampshireGeneral Adverttiser See Essex Journal Essex Journal and New-Hampshire Packet See Essex Journal Essex Journal, or New-Hampshire Packet See Essex Journal Essex Journal: or, The Massachusetts and New-Hampshire General Advertiser,&c., See Essex Journal Essex Journal: or, The New-Hampshire Packet, and The Weekly Advertiser, See Essex Journal Essex Journal (EJMP). Newburyport, MA, 1773-1779 Isaiah Thomas and Henry-Walter Tinges (1773.12.04) Ezra Lunt and Henry-Walter Tinges (1774.08.17) E. Lunt and H. W. Tinges (1774.10.12) John Mycall and Henry-Walter Tinges (1775.07.22)

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John Mycall (1776.01.19) Evening Post; and the General Advertiser (EP). Boston, MA, 1778-1780 White and Adams (1778.10.17) Exeter Journal, or, New-Hampshire Gazette See Exeter Journal Exeter Journal or, The New-Hampshire Gazette, and Tuesday's General Advertiser See Exeter Journal Exeter Journal (EJ). Exeter, NH, 1778-1779 Z. Fowle (1778.02.24) Freeman's Chronicle (FC). Hartford, CT, 1783 Bavil Webster (1783.09.01) Freeman's Chronicle: or, The American Advertiser See Freeman's Chronicle Freeman's Journal, or New-Hampshire Gazette See New HampshireGazette-Portsmouth Freeman's Journal: or, The North-American Intelligencer (FJ). Philadelphia, PA,1781-1783 Francis Bailey (1781.04.25) Freshest Advices See Newport Mercury Gazette See Gazette-Jacksonburgh Gazette Francois (GF). Newport, RI, 1780-1781 Imprimerie Royale de L'Escadre, L' (1780.11.17) Gazette-Jacksonburgh (G-J). Jacksonburgh, SC, 1782 Benjamin F. Dunlap [uncertain] (1782.03.01) Gazette of the State of Georgia (GSG). Savannah, GA, 1783 James Johnston (1783.01.30) Gazette of the State of South Carolina (GSSC). Charleston, SC, 1777-1783 Peter Timothy (1777.04.09) Timothy and Boden (1778.06.24) A. Timothy and E. Walsh (1783.07.16) A. Timothy (1783.08.27) Gemeinnutzige Philadelphische Correspondenz (GPC). Philadelphia, PA,1781-1783 Melchior Steiner (1781.07.18) Georgia Constitutional Gazette (GCG). Savannah, GA, 1777-1778 Lancaster, William (1777.03.31) Georgia Gazette See Georgia Constitutional Gazette Georgia Gazette (Johnston) (GG-J). Savannah, GA, 1763-1776 James Johnston (1763.04.07) Germantowner Wochen-Blat See Germantowner Zeitung Germantowner Zeitung (GZ). Germantown, PA, 1762-1777 Christoph Saur (1763.12.15) Green & Russell's Boston Post-Boy & Advertiser See Boston Post Boy Haswell's Massachusetts Spy or American Oracle of Liberty See MassachusettsSpy-Worcester

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Henrich Millers Pennsylvanischer Staatsbote See Wochentliche PhiladelphischeStaatsbote Hoch-Deutsch Pensylvanische Berichte See Pensylvanische Berichte Hoch-Deutsch Pensylvanische Geschicht-Schreiber, Der See PensylvanischeBerichte Hoch Teusche und Englische Zeitung. The High-Dutch and English Gazette(HTEZ). Philadelphia, PA, 1751-1752, Benjamin Franklin (1752.01.01) Independent Advertiser (IA). Boston, MA, 1748-1749 Rogers and Fowle (1748.01.04) Independent Chronicle. And The Universal Advertiser See IndependentChronicle Independent Chronicle (IC). Boston, MA, 1776-1783 Powars and Willis (1776.09.19) Nathaniel Willis (1779.03.04) Independent Gazette; or The New-York Journal Revived See Independent NewYork Gazette Independent Gazetteer or, the Chronicle of Freedom (IG). Philadelphia, PA,1782-1783 E[leazer] Oswald (1782.04.13) E. Oswald and D. Humphreys (1783.04.05) Independent Journal (IJ). New York, NY. 1783 Webster and M'Lean (1783.11.17) Independent Journal: or, The General Advertiser See Independent Journal Independent Ledger, and American Advertiser See Independent Ledger Independent Ledger, and The American Advertiser See Independent Ledger Independent Ledger (IL). Boston, MA, 1778-1783 Draper and Folsom (1778.06.15) John W. Folsom (1783.11.03) Independent New York Gazette (INYG). New York, NY, 1783 John Holt (1783.11.22) Independent Reflector (IR). New York, NY, 1752-1753 James Parker (1752.11.30) Instructor (INST). New York, NY, 1755 J. Parker and W. Weyman (1755.03.06) John Englishman (JE). New York, NY, 1755 J. Parker and W. Weyman (1755.04.09) John Englishman, In Defence of the English Constitution See John Englishman John Englishman's True Notion of Sister-Churches See John Englishman Lancaster Gazette See Lancastersche Zeitung Lancaster Mercury (LM). Lancaster, PA, 1778-1779 Francis Bailey (1779.04.01) Lancastersche Zeitung (LZ). Lancaster, PA, 1752-1753

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H. Muller and S. Holland (1752.01.29) Maryland Gazette, An Apparition of the late See Maryland Gazette-Annapolis(Green) Maryland Gazette, and Annapolis Advertiser See Maryland Gazette-Annapolis(Hayes) Maryland Gazette, and Baltimore General Advertiser See MarylandGazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green) (MG-A(G). Annapolis, MD, 1745-1783 Jonas Green (1745.01.17) Jonas Green and William Rind (1758.10.26) Jonas Green (1765.10.17) Anne Catherine Green (1767.04.16) Anne Catherine and William Green (1768.01.07) Anne Catharine and William Green (1768.01.28) Anne Catharine Green (1770.08.23) Anne Catharine Green and Son [Frederick Green] (1772.01.02) Frederick Green (1775.03.30) Frederick and Samuel Green (1779.04.30) F. and S. Green (1782.03.14) Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Hayes) (MG-A(H). Annapolis, MD, 1779 James Hayes, Junior (1779.07.09) Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Parks) (MG-A(P). Annapolis, MD, 1727-1734 William Parks (1728.12.10) William Parks, E. Hall (1733.02.02) William Parks (1733.12.28) Maryland Gazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) (MG-B(D). Baltimore, MD, 1775-1779 John Dunlap (1775.05.02) James Hayes, Junior (1778.09.15) Maryland Gazette-Baltimore (Hayes) (MG-B(H). Baltimore, MD, 1783 John Hayes (1783.05.16) J. Hayes and J. A. Killen (1783.10.31) Maryland Gazette, Expiring: In Uncertain Hopes of a Resurrection to Life AgainSee Maryland Gazette Annapolis (Green) Maryland Gazette, of last week, A Supplement to the, See MarylandGazette-Annapolis (Green) Maryland Gazette, of the Tenth Instant, Third and Last Supplement to the, SeeMaryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green) Maryland Gazette, of the Week before last, A Second Supplement to the, SeeMaryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green) Maryland Gazette: or, The Baltimore General Advertiser See MarylandGazette-Baltimore (Hayes) Maryland Gazette Reviv'd See Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Parks) Maryland Gazette, Revived See Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green)

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Maryland Gazette, Reviving See Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green) Maryland Journal, and Baltimore Advertiser See Maryland Journal Maryland Journal, and the Baltimore Advertiser See Maryland Journal Maryland Journal (MJ). Baltimore, MD, 1773-1783 William Goddard (1773.08.20) [No publisher given] (1775.02.13) M. K. Goddard (1775.05.10) Massachusetts Gazette. And Boston News-Letter See Boston News Letter Massachusetts Gazette, and The Boston-Post Boy and Advertiser, The SeeBoston Post Boy Massachusetts Gazette: and The Boston Weekly News-Letter See Boston NewsLetter Massachusetts Gazette, or General Advertiser See MassachusettsGazette-Springfield Massachusetts Gazette, or The General Advertiser See MassachusettsGazette-Springfield Massachusetts Gazette, or The Springfield and Northampton Weekly Advertiser See Massachusetts Gazette-Springfield Massachusetts Gazette: Published Occasionally See Boston News Letter Massachusetts Gazette-Springfield (MG-S). Springfield, MA, 1782-1783 Babcock and Haswell (1782.05.14) Elisha Babcock (1783.05.13) Massachusetts Gazette See Boston News Letter Massachusetts Herald: Or, Worcester Journal See Massachusetts Herald Massachusetts Herald (MH). Worcester, MA, 1783 Isaiah Thomas (1783.09.20) Massachusetts Spy-Boston (MS-B). Boston, MA, 1770-1775 Z. Fowle and I. Thomas (1770.07.17) [No publisher given] (1770.10.13) I. Thomas (1770.10.30) Massachusetts Spy or, American Oracle of Liberty See MassachusettsSpy-Worcester Massachusetts Spy or Thomas's Boston Journal See Massachusetts Spy-Boston Massachusetts Spy See Massachusetts Spy-Boston Massachusetts Spy-Worcester (MS-W). Worcester, MA, 1775-1783 Isaiah Thomas (1775.05.03) W. Stearns and D. Bigelow (1776.06.21) Anthony Haswell (1777.08.14) Isaiah Thomas (1778.06.25) Morning Chronicle; and the General Advertiser See Evening Post New-England Chronicle: or, The Essex Gazette See New EnglandChronicle-Cambridge New-England Chronicle See New England Chronicle-Boston

19

New England Chronicle-Boston (NECH-B). Boston, MA, 1776 Samuel Hall (1776.04.25) Powars and Willis (1776.06.13) New England Chronicle-Cambridge (NECH-C). Cambridge, MA, 1775-1776 Samuel and Ebenezer Hall (1775.05.12) Samuel Hall (1776.02.22) New England Courant (NECO). Boston, MA, 1721-1727 James Franklin (1721.08.07) Benjamin Franklin (1723.02.11) New England Weekly Journal (NEWJ). Boston, MA, 1727-1741 S. Kneeland (1727.03.20) S. Kneeland & T. Green (1727.07.03) New-Hampshire Gazette, and General Advertiser See New HampshireGazette-Portsmouth New Hampshire Gazette, and Historical Chronicle See New HampshireGazette-Portsmouth New Hampshire Gazette-Exeter (NHG-E). Exeter, NH, 1776-1777 Robert Fowle (1776.06.01) New-Hampshire Gazette, or, Exeter Morning Chronicle See New HampshireGazette-Exeter New-Hampshire Gazette, Or, State Journal, and General Advertiser See NewHampshire Gazette-Portsmouth New-Hampshire Gazette, or, State Journal, and General Advertiser See ExeterJournal New-Hampshire Gazette, or the Exeter Morning Chronicle See New HampshireGazette-Exeter New Hampshire Gazette-Portsmouth (NHG-P). Portsmouth, NH, 1756-1783 Daniel Fowle (1756.10.07) Daniel & Robert Fowle (1764.09.07) Daniel Fowle (1773.04.23) Benjamin Dearborn (1776.05.25) Daniel Fowle (1776.12.31) New-Hampshire (State) Gazette, or, Exeter Circulating Morning Chronicle SeeNew Hampshire Gazette-Exeter New Jersey Gazette-Burlington (NJG-B). Burlington, NJ, 1777-1778 Isaac Collins (1777.11.14) New Jersey Gazette-Trenton (NJG-T). Trenton, NJ, 1778-1783 Isaac Collins (1778.03.04) New Jersey Journal (NJJ). Chatham, NJ, 1779-1783 Shephard Kollock (1779.02.16) New-London Gazette See Connecticut Gazette-New London New-London Summary, or, The Weekly Advertiser See New London Summary New London Summary (NLS). New London, CT, 1758-1763

20

Timothy Green (1758.08.18) New York Chronicle (NYC). New York, NY, 1769-1770 Alexander and James Robertson (1769.05.08) New York Evening-Post See New York Evening Post (DeForeest) New-York Evening Post See New York Morning Post New York Evening Post (DeForeest) (NYEP(D). New York, NY, 1744-1753 Henry DeForeest (1744.12.17) New York Gazeteer-Albany (NYG-A). Albany, NY, 1782-1783 Balentine and Webster (1782.07.15) Solomon Balentine (1783.08.04) New-York Gazeteer, and Country Journal See New York Gazeteer-New York New York Gazeteer-New York (NYG-NY). New York, NY, 1783 Shephard Kollock (1783.12.03) New-York Gazeteer, or, Northern Intelligencer See New York Gazeteer-Albany New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury See New York Mercury (Gaine) New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury See New York Mercury-Newark New York Gazette & Weekly Post Boy (NYGWPB). New York, NY, 1743-1773 James Parker (1743.01.03) J. Parker and W. Weyman (1753.01.01) James Parker (1759.02.05) Parker, Samuel (1759.02.12) [No publisher given] (1759.12.10) James Parker & Company (1760.07.31) Holt, John (1762.05.06) James Parker (1766.10.16) [No publisher given] 1770.07.09 Inslee, Samuel, and Anthony Car (1770.08.06) New York Gazette (Bradford) (NYG(B). New York, NY, 1725-1744 William Bradford (1726.03.07) William Bradford & Henry DeForeest (1744.07.02) New-York Gazette; or, The Weekly Post-Boy See New York Gazette &Weekly Post Boy New-York Gazette revived in the Weekly Post-Boy See New York Gazette &Weekly Post Boy New York Gazette See New York Gazette & Weekly Post Boy New-York Gazette See New York Gazette (Bradford) New-York Gazette See New York Gazette (Weyman) New York Gazette (Weyman) (NYG(W). New York, NY, 1759-1767 William Weyman (1759.02.16) New-York Journal, and the General Advertiser See New YorkJournal-Poughkeepsie New York Journal-New York (NYJ-N). New York, NY, 1766-1776 John Holt (1766.10.16)

21

New-York Journal, or General Advertiser See New York Gazette & WeeklyPost Boy New-York Journal, or General Advertiser See New York Journal-New York New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser See New York Journal-NewYork New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser See New YorkJournal-Poughkeepsie New-York Journal-Poughkeepsie (NYJ-P). Poughkeepsie, NY, 1777-1782 John Holt (1777.07.07) New York Mercury (Gaine) (NYM(G). New York, NY, 1752-1783 Hugh Gaine (1752.08.31) H. Gaine (1754.01.28) [No publisher given] (1757.02.14) Hugh Gaine (1757.12.12) Ambrose Serle (1776.09.30) Hugh Gaine (1776.11.11) New York Mercury (Lewis) (NYM(L). New York, NY, 1779-1783 William Lewis (1779.09.03) Lewis and Horner (1782.03.01) William Lewis (1782.12.20) William Lewis and John Ryan (1783.01.03) New York Mercury-Newark (NYM-NE). Newark, NJ, 1776 Hugh Gaine (1776.09.21) New-York Mercury; or, General Advertiser See New York Mercury (Lewis) New-York Mercury See New York Mercury (Gaine) New York Morning Post (NYMP). New York, NY, 1783 Christopher Sower, Jr; William Morton and Samuel Horner (1782.10.25) William Morton and Samuel Horner (1783.06.02) New-York Packet, and the American Advertiser See New York Packet-Fishkill New York Packet. And The American Advertiser See New York Packet-NewYork New York Packet-Fishkill (NYP-F). Fishkill, NY, 1777-1783 Samuel Loudon (1777.02.06) New York Packet-New York (NYP-N). New York, NY, 1776, 1783 Samuel Loudon (1776.01.04) New York Pacquet (NYPACQ). New York, NY, 1763 Benjamin Mecom (1763.07.11) New York Weekly Journal (NYWJ). New York, NY, 1733-1751 John Peter Zenger (1733.11.05) Catherine Zenger (1746.09.29) John Zenger (1748.12.12) New-York Weekly Post-Boy See New York Gazette & Weekly Post Boy Newport Gazette (NG). Newport, RI, 1777-1779

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John Howe (1777.01.16) Newport Mercury, or, the Weekly Advertiser See Newport Mercury Newport Mercury (NM). Newport, RI, 1758-1783 James Franklin (1758.06.19) Franklin, Ann (1762.05.11) Franklin, A. and Hall, S. (1762.08.17) Hall, Samuel (1763.04.25) Southwick, Solomon (1768.04.18) Barber, Henry (1780.01.05) No Stamped Paper to be had See New York Mercury (Gaine) No Stamped Paper to Be Had See Pennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia North-Carolina Gazette, Continuation of See North Carolina Gazette (Steuart) North-Carolina Gazette, or Impartial Intelligencer, and Weekly Advertiser SeeNorth Carolina Gazette (Keith) North Carolina Gazette (Davis)(NCG(D). New Bern, NC, 1751-1778 James Davis (1751.11.15) North Carolina Gazette (Keith) (NCG(K). New Bern, NC, 1783, R[obert] Keith and Company (1783.08.28) North Carolina Gazette, or Impartial Intelligencer, and WeeklyGeneral Advertiser See North Carolina Gazette (Keith) North-Carolina Gazette (Steuart) (NCG(S). Wilmington, NC, 1764-1766 Andrew Steuart (1765.07.10) North Carolina Magazine or, Universal Intelligencer (NCM). New Bern, NC,1764-1768 James Davis (1764.07.06) Norwich Packet. And the Connecticut, Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, andRhode Island Weekly Advertiser See Norwich Packet Norwich Packet, and the Weekly Advertiser See Norwich Packet Norwich Packet; or, the Chronicle of Freedom See Norwich Packet Norwich Packet (NP). Norwich, CT, 1773-1783 Alexander and James Robertson and John Trumbull (1773.11.04) John Trumbull (1776.05.20) Noth. Carolina Gazette See North Carolina Gazette (Davis) Occasional Paper, An See Newport Mercury Occasional Reverberator (OR). New York, NY, 1753 James Parker (1753.09.07) Parker's New-York Gazette; or, The Weekly Post-Boy See New York Gazette& Weekly Post Boy Pennsylvania Chronicle, and Universal Advertiser See Pennsylvania Chronicle Pennsylvania Chronicle (PC). Philadelphia, PA, 1767-1774 William Goddard (1767.01.26) William Goddard and Benjamin Towne (1769.11.20) W. Goddard and B. Towne (1770.03.05)

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William Goddard (1770.07.16) Pennsylvania Evening Post, and Daily Advertiser See Pennsylvania Evening Post Pennsylvania Evening Post, and Public Advertiser See Pennsylvania Evening Post Pennsylvania Evening Post (PEP). Philadelphia, PA, 1775-1783 Benjamin Towne (1775.01.24) Pennsylvania Gazette, and Weekly Advertiser See PennsylvaniaGazette-Philadelphia Pennsylvania Gazette, and Weekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Gazette-York Pennsylvania Gazette See Pennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia Pennsylvania Gazette See Pennsylvania Gazette-York Pennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia (PG-P). Philadelphia, PA, 1728-1783 Samuel Keimer (1728.12.24) B. Franklin and H. Meredith (1729.10.02) B. Franklin (1732.05.11) B. Franklin and D. Hall (1748.01.12) [No publisher given] 1765.11.07 David Hall (1766.02.06) David Hall and William Sellers (1766.05.08) Hall and Sellers (1772.12.30) Pennsylvania Gazette-York (PG-Y). York, PA, (1777-1778) Hall and Sellers (1777.12.20) Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Journal Pennsylvania Journal, and The Weekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Journal Pennsylvania Journal, or Weekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Journal Pennsylvania Journal (PJ). Philadelphia, PA, 1742-1783 William Bradford (1742.12.02) William and Thomas Bradford (1766.09.04) Thomas Bradford (1778.12.30) T. Bradford and P. Hall (1781.05.02) Thomas Bradford (1782.06.12) Pennsylvania Ledger (PL). Philadelphia, PA, 1775-1778 James Humphreys, Jr (1775-1778) Pennsylvania Ledger: or the Philadelphia Market-Day Advertiser SeePennsylvania Ledger Pennsylvania Ledger: or the Weekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Ledger Pennsylvania Ledger: or the Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania & New-JerseyWeekly Advertiser See Pennsylvania Ledger Pennsylvania Mercury, and Universal Advertiser See Story & Humphrey'sPennsylvania Mercury Pennsylvania Packet, and General Advertiser See PennsylvaniaPacket-Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet; and the General Advertiser See PennsylvaniaPacket-Philadelphia

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Pennsylvania Packet-Lancaster (PP-L). Lancaster, PA, 1777-1778 John Dunlap (1777.11.29) Pennsylvania Packet or The General Advertiser See PennsylvaniaPacket-Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet, or the General Advertiser See PennsylvaniaPacket-Lancaster Pennsylvania Packet-Philadelphia (PP-P). Philadelphia, PA, 1771-1783 John Dunlap (1771.10.28) John Dunlap and David C. Claypoole (1780.10.17) David C. Claypoole (1781.01.02) Pennsylvanische Fama, oder, Ordenlicher relation derer einlauffenden neuigkeiten(PF). Philadelphia, PA, 1748-1751, Fraenklin & Boehm (1750.03.10) Pennsylvanische Gazette, oder der Allgemeine Americanische Zeitungs-Schreiber(PG(D). Philadelphia, PA, 1779, John Dunlap (1779.02.03) Pennsylvanische Staats-Courier, oder Einlaufende Wochentliche Nachrichten(PSC). Philadelphia, PA, 1777-1778, Christopher Sower, Jun. and Peter Sower (1778.02.11) Pennsylvanische Zeitungs-Blat (PZB). Lancaster, PA, 1778 Frantz Bailey (1778.02.04) Penny Post (PPOST). Philadelphia, PA, 1769 Benjamin Mecom (1769.01.09) Pensylvanische Berichte (PB). Germantown, PA, 1739-1762 Christoph Saur (1739.08.20) Philadelphia Price Current See Price Current Philadelphische Zeitung See Philadelphische Zeitung (Armbruster) Philadelphische Zeitung See Philadelphische Zeitung (Timothèe) Philadelphische Zeitung, und allerhand Auswartigund einheimischenmerckwurdigen Sachen See Philadelphische Zeitung (Franklin) Philadelphische Zeitung (Armbruster) (PZ(A). Philadelphia, PA, 1748-??? Godhart Armbruster (1748.02.02) Philadelphische Zeitung (Franklin) (PZ(F). Philadelphia, PA, 1755-1757 B. Franklin and Anton Armbruster (1755.09.06) Philadelphische Zeitung (Timoth?e) (PZ(T). Philadelphia, PA, 1732 L. Timoth?e (1732.05.06) Philadelphisches Staatsregister (PSR). Philadelphia, PA, 1779-1781 Steiner and Cist (1779.07.21) Plain Dealer (PD). Bridgeton, NJ, 1775-1776 Thomas Harris (1775.12.25) Plebeian (PLEB). New York, NY, 1763 Hugh Gaine (1754.08.14) Political Intelligencer. And New-Jersey Advertiser (PI). New Brunswick, NJ,

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1783 Kollock and Arnett (1783.10.14) Portsmouth Mercury, and Weekly Advertiser (PM). Portsmouth, NH, 1765-1767 Thomas Furber (1765.01.21) Furber & Russell (1765.04.08) Present State of the New-English Affairs (PSNE). Boston, MA, 1689 Samuel Green (1689.09.03) Price Current (PPC). Philadelphia, PA, 1783 John McPherson (1783.08.26) Providence Gazette; and Country Journal (PGCJ). Providence, RI, 1762-1783 William Goddard (1762.08.31) S. & W. Goddard (1765.08.24) William Goddard (1766.03.12) Sarah Goddard and Company (1766.08.09) Sarah Goddard, and John Carter (1767.09.19) John Carter (1768.11.12) Providence Gazette, Extraordinary, A See Providence Gazette Publick Occurrences (PO). Boston, MA, 1690 Benjamin Harris (1690.09.25) Remarkable Occurrences See Pennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia Rhode-Island Gazette (RIG). Newport, RI, 1732-1733 James Franklin (1732.10.04) Rind's Virginia Gazette See Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (Ri) Rivington's New-York Gazette (RNYG). New York, NY, 1773-1783 James Rivington (1773.04.22) [No publisher given] (1774.05.05) James Rivington (1777.10.04) Rivington's New-York Gazette, and Universal Advertiser See Rivington'sNew-York Gazette Rivington's New-York Gazette: or The Connecticut, Hudson's-River, SeeRivington's New-Jersey, and Quebec weekly advertiser New-York Gazette Rivington's New-York Gazetteer; or, The Connecticut, Hudson's-River,New-Jersey, and Quebec weekly advertiser See Rivington's New-York Gazette Rivington's New-York Gazetteer; or The Connecticut, New-Jersey,Hudson's-River, and Quebec weekly advertiser See Rivington's New-YorkGazette Rivington's New-York Loyal Gazette See Rivington's New-York Gazette Royal American Gazette (RAG) New York, NY, 1777-1783 James Robertson (1777.01.16) Alexander Robertson (1778.01.15) Alexander and James Robertson (1778.10.06) Alexander Robertson (1780.06.27) Robertsons, Mills and Hicks (1782.01.01)

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Royal Gazette See Rivington's New-York Gazette Royal Gazette See Royal Gazette-Charleston Royal Gazette-Charleston (RG-C). Charleston, SC, 1781-1782 R. Wells (1781.03.07) Royal Georgia Gazette (RGG). Savannah, GA, 1779-1782 John Daniel Hammerer (1779.02.11) James Johnston (1779.08.12) Royal Pennsylvania Gazette (RPG). Philadelphia, PA, 1778 James Robertson (1778.03.03) Royal South-Carolina Gazette (RSCG). Charleston, SC, 1780-1782 Robertson, Macdonald & Cameron (1780.06.08) James Robertson (1782.03.05) Salem Gazette, and General Advertiser See Salem Gazette (Crouch) Salem Gazette, and Newbury and Marblehead Advertiser See Salem Gazette(Russell) Salem Gazette (Crouch) (SG(C). Salem, MA, 1781 Mary Crouch and Company (1781.01.02) Salem Gazette (Hall) (SG(H). Salem, MA, 1781-1783 Samuel Hall (1781.10.18) Salem Gazette, or Newbury and Marblehead Advertiser See Salem Gazette(Russell) Salem Gazette (Russell) (SG(R). Salem, MA, 1774-1775 E. Russell (1774.06.24) South Carolina and American General Gazette (SCAGG). Charleston, SC,1764-1781 R. Wells and D. Bruce (1764.04.18) Wells, Robert (1765.10.31) R. Wells and Son (1775.05.12) John Wells, Jun (1777.11.20) South-Carolina Gazette and General Advertiser See South Carolina Gazette(Miller) South-Carolina Gazette; and Country Journal See South Carolina Gazette(Crouch) South Carolina Gazette-Charleston (SCG-C). Charleston, SC, 1732-1775 T. Whitmarsh (1732.01.08) L. Timoth?e (1734.02.02) Lewis Timothy (1734.04.06) Elizabeth Timothy (1739.01.04) Peter Timothy (1740.01.05) Powell, Hughes & Co. (1772.05.07) T. Powell & Co. (1772.08.06) Peter Timothy ( 1773.11.08) South Carolina Gazette (Crouch) (SCG(C). Charleston, SC, 1765-1775

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Charles Crouch (1765.12.17) South Carolina Gazette (Miller) (SCG(M). Charleston, SC, 1783 J. Miller (1783.03.15) South Carolina Gazette-Parkers Ferry (SCG-P). Parkers Ferry, SC, 1782 Benjamin F. Dunlap (1782.05.15) South Carolina Gazette See South Carolina Gazette-Parkers Frry South-Carolina Gazetteer; and Country Journal See South Carolina Gazette(Crouch) South Carolina Weekly Advertiser (SCWA). Charleston, SC, 1783 Elizabeth Boden (1783.02.19) South Carolina Weekly Gazette (Childs) (SCWG(C). Charleston, SC, 1783 Nathan Childs (1783.02.15) Nathan Childs & Company (1783.03.29) South Carolina Weekly Gazette (Wells) (SCWG(W). Charleston, SC, 1758-1764 Robert Wells (1759.10.31) South Carolina Weekly Journal (SCWJ). Charleston, SC, 1732 Eleazer Phillips, Sr. (1732) State Journal, or, The New-Hampshire Gazette, and Tuesday's Liberty Advertiser See New Hampshire Gazette-Exeter Story & Humphreys's Pennsylvania Mercury, and Universal Advertiser (SHPM). Philadelphia, PA, 1775 Story & Humphreys (1775.04.07) Thomas's Massachusetts Spy or, American Oracle of Liberty See MassachusettsSpy-Worcester Thomas's Massachusetts Spy or, The Worcester Gazette See MassachusettsSpy-Worcester Town and Country Journal (TCJ). New York, NY, 1783 W. Ross (1783.10.02) Town and Country Journal; or, The American Advertiser See Town and CountryJournal United States Chronicle: Political, Commercial, and Historical (USC).Providence, RI, 1783 Bennett Wheeler (1783.11.26) Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences: and Pennsylvania Gazette SeePennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia Vermont Gazette, and Green Mountain Post-Boy See VermontGazette-Westminster Vermont Gazette-Bennington (VTG-B). Bennington, VT, 1783 Haswell & Russell (1783.06.05) Vermont Gazette-Westminster (VTG-W). Westminster, VT, 1781 Judah P. Spooner and Timothy Green (1781.04.02) Vermont Gazette, or Freemen's Depository See Vermont Gazette-Bennington Vermont Journal, and The Universal Advertiser (VTJ). Windsor, VT, 1783

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Hough and Spooner (1783.08.07) Virginia Gazette, and Weekly Advertiser See Virginia Gazette-Richmond (N&P) Virginia Gazette-Norfolk (Dunmore) (VGN(DE). Norfolk, VA, 1775-1776 John, Earl of Dunmore (1775.11.25) Virginia Gazette-Norfolk (Duncan) (VGN(DN). Norfolk, VA, 1774-1775 William Duncan and Co. (1774.06.09) The Proprietors [Holliday, George] (1775.02.16) John H. Holt & Co. (1775.04.20) Virginia Gazette or, Norfolk Intelligencer See Virginia Gazette-Norfolk(Duncan) Virginia Gazette, or, the American Advertiser See Virginia Gazette-Richmond(Hayes) Virginia Gazette or the Independent Chronicle See Virginia Gazette-Richmond(D&H) Virginia Gazette, or The Norfolk Intelligencer See Virginia Gazette-Norfolk(Duncan) Virginia Gazette, or Weekly Advertiser See Virginia Gazette-Richmond (N&P) Virginia Gazette-Richmond (D&H) (VGR(DH). Richmond, VA, 1783 J. Dixon & J. H. Holt (1783.11.15) Virginia Gazette-Richmond (D&N) (VGR(DN). Richmond, VA, 1780-1781 Dixon & Nicolson (1780.05.09) Virginia Gazette-Richmond (Hayes) (VGR(HA). Richmond, VA, 1781-1783 James Hayes, (1781.12.22) Virginia Gazette-Richmond (N&P) (VGR(NP). Richmond, VA, 1781-1783 Nicolson & Prentice (1782.01.05) Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (D&N) (VGW(DN). Williamsburg, VA,1779-1780 John Dixon and Thomas Nicolson (1779.02.12) Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (Hu) (VGW(HU). Williamsburg, VA, 1751-1778 William Hunter (1751.01.10) Joseph Royle and Company (1762.02.12) Alex. Purdie and Company (1766.03.07) Alex. Purdie and John Dixon (1766.06.20) John Dixon and Wm. Hunter (1775.01.07) John Dixon and William Hunter (1776.01.06) Dixon & Hunter (1777.01.03) Dixon and Hunter (1778.10.16) Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (Pa) (VGW(PA). Williamsburg, VA, 1736-1750 William Parks (1736.09.10) W. Parks (1736.12.31) Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (Pu) (VGW(PU). Williamsburg, VA, 1775-1780 Alexander Purdie (1775.02.03) John Clarkson & Augustine Davis (1779.05.15)

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Virginia Gazette-Williamsburg (Ri) (VGW(RI). Williamsburg, VA, 1766-1776 William Rind (1766.05.16) Clementina Rind (1773.08.26) John Pinkney, for the Benefit of Christina Rind's Estate (1774.09.29) John Pinkney, for the Benefit of Christina Rind's Children (1774.10.06) John Pinkney (1775.04.06) Vox Populi, Vox Dei. A Providence Gazette Extraordinary See ProvidenceGazette Wahre und Wahrscheinliche Begebenheiten (WWB). Germantown, PA, 1766 [Saur, Christoph] (1766.02.24) Weekly Rehearsal (WR). Boston, MA, 1731-1735 J. Gridley (1731.09.27) Thomas Fleet (1733.04.02) Weekly Advertiser, or Pennsylvania Journal See Pennsylvania Journal Weekly News-Letter See Boston News Letter Weyman's New-York Gazette See New York Gazette (Weyman) Wochentliche Pennsylvanische Staatsbote, Der, See WochentlichePhiladelphische Staatsbote Wochentliche Philadelphische Staatsbote (WPSB). Philadelphia, PA, 1762-1779 Henrich Miller (1762.01.18) Zeitung, Die See Philadelphische Zeitung

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E - SYMBOLS AND GENERIC TITLES OF NEWSPAPERSREAD

AC - American Chronicle AG-A - Albany Gazette AG-B - American Gazette-Boston AG-L - American Gazette-London AG-S - American Gazette-Salem AJ - American Journal AWM - American Weekly Mercury BC - Boston Chronicle BEP(F - Boston Evening Post (Fleet) BEP(P - Boston Eve Post (Powars) BG - Boston Gazette BNL - Boston News Letter BPB - Boston Post Boy CC-H - Connecticut Courant CC-W - Constitutional Courant CENSOR - Censor CFM - Cape Fear Mercury CG-C - Charlestown Gazette CG-NH - Connecticut Gazette-New Haven CG-NL - Connecticut Gazette-New London CG-NY - Constitutional Gazette CJ-B - Continental Journal CJ-NH - Connecticut Journal CL - Chronicle of Liberty DM - Dresden Mercury EFG - East Florida Gazette EG - Essex Gazette EJMP - Essex Journal EJ - Exeter Journal EP - Evening Post FC - Freeman's Chronicle FJ - Freeman's Journal G-J - Gazette-Jacksonburg GCG - Georgia Constitutional Gazette GF - Gazette Francoise GG(J - Georgia Gazette (Johnston) GPC - Gemeinnuetzige Philadelphische Correspondenz GSG - Gazette of the State of Georgia GSSC - Gazette of State of South Carolina GZ - Germantowner Zeitung

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HTEZ - Hoch Teutsche und Englische Zeitung IA - Independent Advertiser IC - Independent Chronicle IG - Independent Gazeteer IJ - Independent Journal IL - Independent Ledger INST - Instructor INYG - Independent New York Gazette (Holt) IR - Independent Reflector JE - John Englishman LM - Lancaster Mercury LZ - Lancaster Zeitung MG-A(G - Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Green) MG-A(H - Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Hayes) MG-A(P - Maryland Gazette-Annapolis (Parks) MG-B(D - Maryland Gazette-Baltimore (Dunlap) MG-B(H - Maryland Gazette-Baltimore (Hayes) MG-S - Massachusetts Gazette-Springfield MH - Massachusetts Herald MJ - Maryland Journal MS-B - Massachusetts Spy-Boston MS-W - Massachusetts Spy-Worcester NCGN(D - North Carolina Gazette (Davis) NCGN(K - North Carolina Gazette (Keith) NCGW(S - North Carolina Gazette (Steuart) NCM - North Carolina Magazine NECH-B - New England Chronicle-Boston NECH-C - New England Chronicle-Cambridge NECO - New England Courant NEWJ - New England Weekly Journal NG - Newport Gazette NHG-E - New Hampshire Gazette-Exeter NHG-P - New Hampshire Gazette-Portsmth NJG-B - New Jersey Gazette-Burlington NJG-T - New Jersey Gazette-Trenton NJJ - New Jersey Journal NLS - New London Summary NM - Newport Mercury NP - Norwich Packet NYC - New York Chronicle NYEP(D - New York Evening Post (Deforeest) NYG(B - New York Gazette (Bradford) NYG(W - New York Gazette (Weyman)

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NYG-A - New York Gazetteer-Albany NYM-NE - New York Gazette & Weekly Mercury-Newark NYG-NY - New York Gazetteer-New York NYGWPB - New York Gazette & Weekly Postboy NYJ-N - New York Journal- New York NYJ-P - New York Journal-Poughkeepsie NYM(G - New York Mercury (Gaine) NYM(L - New York Mercury (Lewis) NYMP - New York Morning Post NYP-F - New York Packet-Fishkill NYP-N - New York Packet-New York NYPACQ - New York Pacquet NYWJ - New York Weekly Journal OR - Occasional Reverberator PB - Pensylvanische Berichte PC - Pennsylvania Chronicle PD - Plain Dealer PEP - Pennsylvania Eve Post PF - Pennsylvanische Fama PG(D - Pennsylvanische Gazette (Dunlap) PG-P - Pennsylvania Gazette-Philadelphia PG-Y - Pennsylvania Gazette-York PGCJ - Providence Gazette & Country Journal PI - Political Intelligencer PJ - Pennsylvania Journal PL - Pennsylvania Ledger PLEB - Plebeian PM - Portsmouth Mercury PO - Publick Occurances PP-L - Pennsylvania Packet-Lancaster PP-P - Pennsylvania Packet-Philadelphia PPC - Philadelphia Price Current PPOST - Penny Post PSC - Pennsylvanische Staats-Courier PSNE - Present State of New England PSR - Philadelphisches Staatsregister PZ(F - Philadelphische Zeitung (Franklin) PZ(T - Philadelphische Zeitung (Timoth?e) PZB - Pennsylvanische Zeitungs-Blat RAG - Royal American Gazette RG-C - Royal Gazette-Charleston RGG - Royal Georgia Gazette RIG - Rhode Island Gazette

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RNYG - Rivington's New York Gazette RPG - Royal Pennsylvania Gazette RSCG - Royal South Carolina Gazette SCAGG - South Carolina & American General Gazette SCG-C - South Carolina Gazette-Charleston SCG-P - South Carolina Gazette-Parkers Ferry SCGCJ - South Carolina Gazette & Country Journal SCGGA - South Carolina Gazette & General Advertiser SCWA - South Carolina Weekly Advertiser SCWG(C - South Carolina Weekly Gazette (Crouch) SCWG(W - South Carolina Weekly Gazette (Wells) SCWJ - South Carolina Weekly Journal SG(C - Salem Gazette (Crouch) SG(H - Salem Gazette (Hall) SG(R - Salem Gazette (Russell) SHPM - Story and Humphreys's Pennsylvania Mercury TCJ - Town and Country Journal USC - United States Chronicle VGN(DE - Virginia Gazette-N (Dunmore) VGN(DN - Virginia Gazette-N (Duncan) VGR(DH - Virginia Gazette-R (Dixon and Holt) VGR(DN - Virginia Gazette-R (Dixon and Nicolson) VGR(HA - Virginia Gazette-R (Hayes) VGR(NP - Virginia Gazette-R (Nicolson and Prentice) VGW(DN - Virginia Gazette-W (Dixon and Nicolson) VGW(HU - Virginia Gazette-W (Hunter) VGW(PA - Virginia Gazette-W (Parks) VGW(PU - Virginia Gazette-W (Purdie / Clarkson) VGW(RI - Virginia Gazette-W (Rind / Pinkney) VTG-B - Vermont Gazette-Bennington VTG-W - Vermont Gazette-Westminster VTJ - Vermont Journal and Universal Advertiser WPSB - Wochentliche Philadelphische Staatsbote WR - Weekly Rehearsal WWB - Wahre und Wahrschein

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F - SYMBOLS OF READERSA number of scholars active in research on the performing arts in the colonialperiod collected the data for this project. As seen above, a field in the BIBLIOindicates the initials of the person responsible for reading and collecting data fromthe issue cited.

as - Arthur F. Schrader, Singing History bl - Barbara Lambert, Shirley-Eustis House dh - David Hildebrand, Peabody Conservatory ew - Edythe Walmer, Historic Inns of Annapolis gm - Geoffrey Miller, Marbletown School, Accord, New York jc - John Cuthbert, West Virginia University jw - John Wagner, Newberry College kk - Kate Van Winkle Keller, National Tune Index lb - Linda Bierling, SUNY at New Paltz mc - Mary Jane Corry, SUNY at New Paltz ms - Marilyn Smiley, SUNY at Oswego rk - Robert M. Keller, Computer Consultant rm - Rosamond McGuinness, University of London sc - Susan Cifaldi, Company of Fifers and Drummers sm - Sharon McKinley, Library of Congress sp - Susan Pregger, Castleton State College zp - Zaide Pixley, Kalamazoo College

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G - SYMBOLS OF LIBRARIES

The symbols of the libraries holding sources, facsimiles, or microfilm/cards usedin this project were taken from Symbols of American Libraries, 14th ed.(Washington: Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service, 1992).

AAP - Auburn University, Auburn AL CU - University of California, Berkeley CU-Riv - University of California-Riverside, Riverside Ct - Connecticut State Library, Hartford CtHi - Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford CtU - University of Connecticut, Storrs CtY - Yale University, New Haven CT CtY-BR - Yale University, Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, NewHaven CT DLC - Library of Congress, Washington DC GHi - Georgia Historical Society, Savannah GU - University of Georgia, Athens InNd - University of Notre Dame, South Bend IL MB - Boston Public Library MBAt - Boston Athenaeum MHi - Massachusetts Historical Society MSCV - Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, Springfield MA MU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst MWA - American Antiquarian Society, Worcester MA MSaE - Essex Institute, Salem MA MdAA - Hall of Records Commission, Annapolis MD MdBP - Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore MD MdHi - Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore MdRMC - Montgomery County Department of Public Libraries, Rockville MD MdU - University of Maryland, College Park MeAU - University of Maine, Augusta N - New York State Library, Albany NBiSU - State University of New York at Binghamton NCaS - Saint Lawrence University, Canton NY NFQC - Queens College, Flushing NY NFredU - State University of New York, College at Fredonia NGenoU - State University of New York, College at Geneseo NHi - New York Historical Society, New York NIC - Cornell University, Ithaca NY NN - New York Public Library NNF - Fordham University, New York NNepaSU - State University of New York, College at New Paltz

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NNYSL - New York Society Library, New York NOneoU - State University of New York, College at Oneonta NP - Adriance Memorial Library, Poughkeepsie NY Nc - North Carolina State Library, Raleigh NcD - Duke University, Durham NC NcWsMES - Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (MESDA),Winston-Salem NC Nh - New Hampshire State Library, Concord NhHi - New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord NjHi - New Jersey Historical Society, Newark NjR - Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick NJ OKentU - Kent State University, Kent OH P - Pennsylvania State Library, Harrisburg PHi - Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PPAmP - American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia PA PPL - Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA PPeSchw - Schwenkfelder Historical Library, Pennsburg PA PPiU - University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA RNR - Redwood Library and Atheneum, Newport RI RNHi - Newport Historical Society, Newport RI RPJCB - John Carter Brown Library, Providence RI Readex - Readex Microprint Corporation, New Canaan CT ScC - Charleston Library Society, Charleston SC ScU - University of South Caroliona, Columbia Uk - British Library, London UK UkLPR - Public Records Office, London UK ViU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville ViWC - Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg VA ViWI - Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg VA Vt - State of Vermont Department of Libraries, Montpelier VtHi - Vermont Historical Society, Montpelier VtU - University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington WHi - State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison WMM - Marquette University Library, Milwaukee WI WaBeW - Western Washington State College, Bellingham WA WvU - West Virginia University, Morgantown

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H - GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, Gillian B. Music in New York during the American Revolution: AnInventory of Musical References in Rivington's New York Gazette. MLAIndex and Bibliography Series, Number 24. Boston: Music LibraryAssociation, 1987.

Ayer, Mary Farwell. "Check-list of Boston Newspapers 1704-1780," inPublications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. 9,"Collections." Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1907.

Bourassa-Trépanier, Juliette, and Lucien Poirier. Répértoire des donnéesmusicales de la presse québécoise. Québec: Les Presses de l’UniversitéLaval, 1990.

Brigham, Clarence S. History and Bibliography of American Newspapers,1690-1820. 1947, with the 1961 additions and corrections. Reprint.Hamden: Archon Books, 1962.

Green, Karen Mauer. The Maryland Gazette 1727-1761, Genealogical andHistorical Abstracts. Galveston: Frontier Press, 1989.

Ingram, John Van Ness. A Check List of American Eighteenth CenturyNewspapers in the Library of Congress. Revised and enlarged under thedirection of Henry S. Parsons. Washington: United States GovernmentPrinting Office, 1936.

Jenkins, William Sumner. A Guide to the Microfilm Collection of Early StateRecords Supplement. Washington: Library of Congress, 1951.

LaBrew, Arthur R. Black Musicians of the Colonial Period 1700-1800. Detroit,Michigan, 1976.

Lathem, Edward Connery. Chronological Tables of American Newspapers1690-1820. Barre, Massachusetts: American Antiquarian Society, 1972.

Maryland Newspaper Project. A Guide to Newspapers and Newspaper Holdingsin Maryland. Baltimore: Maryland State Department of Education, 1991.

Moore, John Hammond. South Carolina Newspapers. Columbia: University ofSouth Carolina Press, 1988.

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Otto, Calvin P. Public Occurrences both Forreign and Domestick. Boston,Thursday Sept. 25th 1690. The First American Newspaper. Bennington,Vermont: Americana Classics, 1975.

United States Newspaper Program National Union List. 4th ed. [microfiche].Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, 1993.

Westly, Travis. American Eighteenth Century Newspapers. Washington: Libraryof Congress, 1996.

Windley, Lathan A. Runaway Slave Advertisements: A Documentary History fromthe 1730s to 1790. 4 vols. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983.

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