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The Spanish American War A Splendid Little War

Chapter10,Sec0on2

The Monroe Doctrine

•  The United States began aggressively flexing its muscle in South America in the 1890’s. –  Forcing Chile to pay

reparations for the death of two sailors (1891).

–  Helping to end a rebellion in Brazil to protect American business interests(1893).

–  Enforcing the Monroe Doctrine by arbitrating a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana(1895).

The Cuban Rebellion

•  Cuban’srebelledagainstSpanishrulein1895.

•  SpainsentValerianoWeylerand150,000troopstoputdowntherebellion.

•  Inordertodenytherebelssupportfromthecivilianpopula0on,hebeganforcingcivilianstoliveincampsbehindbarbedwire,whereasmanyas200,000diedfromdiseaseandstarva0on.

•  FrustratedintheireffortstowinU.S.support,CubanrebelsbegantodestroyU.S.ownedsugarplanta0ons.

YellowJournalism•  NewspaperslikeJosephPulitzer’sNewYorkWorld,andWilliamRandolphHearst’sNewYorkJournalbeganprin0ngsensa0onalstoriesaboutSpanishtac0cstogeneratepublicsupportforaidingtherebellion.

"Thereisnowar,requesttoberecalled.”

‐FredericRemingtontoWilliamRandolphHearst

"PleaseRemain.Youfurnishthepictures,I'llfurnishthewar.”

‐WilliamRandolphHearsttoFredericRemington

The Road to War

•  The battleship U.S.S. Maine is sent to Havana to protect American citizens and property in the wake of riots that erupted in early 1898.

, A letter from the Spanish Ambassador to the U.S., Dupuy de Lome, calling President William McKinley “weak and bidder for the admiration of the crowd” is intercepted in February 1898 and released to the American press.

•  On February 15th, the U.S.S. Maine is destroyed by an explosion, killing more than 250 American sailors.

•  Assuming the Maine was destroyed by sabotage, the calls for war with Spain increase in the United States.

•  On February 25th, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt prepares the United States navy to attack the Spanish fleet in the Pacific.

•  On April 11, President McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain.

RemembertheMaine!

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A Splendid Little War

•  War started with the destruction of Spain’s fleet in Manila. –  U.S. forces lay siege to San Juan,

Cuba. –  They also seize Puerto Rico, Guam,

and Manila in the Philippines.

•  A second Spanish fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, leaving Spanish forces in Cuba isolated.

•  Spain sues for peace. •  In all, 2500 Americans died

during the war – 400 from wounds, the rest from disease and inadequate medical care.

TheTreatyofParis

•  TheUnitedStatespaidSpain$20million.

•  SpaingavetheUnitedStatesCuba,PuertoRicoandthePhilippinesas“unincorporatedterritories.”–  Thismeantthattheseterritorieswouldnotbecomestates.

ThePhilippines•  FilipinorebelsagainstSpanishrulehadhelpedU.S.forcesdrivetheSpanishoutofthePhilippines.

•  WhenthePhilippineswerenotallowedtobecomeindependent,therebelswagedaguerillawaragainsttheUnitedStatesforthreeyears.

•  Therebellionwassuppressedatthecostof4,000Americanskilledand3,000wounded.–  Rebelshad16,000killed.Approximately•  200,000Filipinociviliansdiedasaresultofthefigh0ng.

•  ThePhilippinesreceiveditsindependencein1946.

Cuba•  Cubawasplacedunderamilitarygovernmentun0l1900,whentheywereallowedtowriteacons0tu0on.

•  ThemilitarygovernmentwasonlywithdrawnwhentheCubansagreedtothecondi0onsofthePla8Amendment.–  TheUnitedStateshadcontroloverCubanforeignpolicy,

–  couldestablishnavalbasesonCuba,

–  andhadtherighttointerveneinCubanaffairswheneveritwasnecessary.

•  ThePlabAmendmentremainedinforceun0l1934.

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PuertoRico•  PuertoRicoalsohadamilitarygovernmentun0l1900.

•  TheForakerActestablishedacivilgovernmentunderU.S.controlin1900.

•  TheJonesActgrantedPuertoRicansAmericanci0zenshipin1917.

TheAccomplishmentsofMilitaryGovernment•  Inallthreeformer

Spanishterritories,themilitaryini0atedsomeposi0vereforms.–  Theyimprovedandextendedtransporta0onandcommunica0oninfrastructure.

–  Theyimprovedpublichealthbybuildingfacili0estoprovidesafedrinkingwaterandbystar0ngcampaignstoeliminatemosquitoes.

–  Theybuiltandstaffedschools.

Hawaii •  TheKingdomofHawaiiwasoverthrownbywhite,Hawaiianbornplantersin1893.

•  ThePineappleplanter,SanfordDoledeclaredHawaiiaRepublicandaskedtheUnitedStatestoannexit.

•  TheUnitedStatesresistedannexa0onun0l1898.–  Bythen,theSpanishAmericanwarhadmadecleartheUnitedStatesNavy’sneedforanavalbaseatPearlHarbor.

Samoa •  SamoawasadministeredbyathreewayprotectoratebetweenGermany,GreatBritainandtheUnitedStates.–  Abadstormpreventedconflictbetweennavalsquadronsfromthethreecountries.

•  GreatBritainwithdrewin1899andleiSamoatobedividedbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.

•  TheUnitedStatesgotwhatitwanted–theharboratPagoPago.

•  Thenext0meyouhaveanicetunamelt,rememberAmericanimperialism.

TheOpenDoorPolicy•  Russian,Germany,GreatBritain,

France,andJapanhadbeendividingChinaupinto“spheresofinfluence”orareasofpoli0calandeconomiccontrol.

•  AmericanSecretaryofStateissuedtheOpenDoorPolicyin1899.–  ItstatedthatChinesemarkets

shouldopentofreeandfaircompe00onbetweenallcountries.

•  ItbecamethebasisforAmericanforeignpolicytowardChinaun0ltheSecondWorldWar.