USING ANALGESICS, ANESTHETICS, AND SEDATIVES · Flecknell, P.A. (2009). Laboratory animal anesthesia, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, London. 11. Contact Information . Direct questions

Iowa State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Effective Date: 4-9-2014 SOP ID Number: 211.03 Approved Date: 4-9-2014 Revised Date: 7-5-2017 SOP Title: Using Analgesics, Anesthetics

and Sedatives Last Reviewed: 7-5-2017

Office for Responsible Research Page 1 of 31 Iowa State University

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Standard Operating Procedure

USING ANALGESICS, ANESTHETICS, AND SEDATIVES

1. Purpose

This procedure describes the recommended use of analgesics, anesthetics, and sedatives in animals used for research and teaching on approved Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocols. Federal regulations mandate that animals undergoing potentially painful procedures be given anesthesia and/or analgesia to minimize their pain and distress. Exceptions to this are only permitted when scientific justification is included in the IACUC protocol and is approved by the ISU IACUC.

2. Scope

This SOP is applicable to all ISU staff, research investigators, and technicians who provide care and/or use animals that will receive any analgesics, anesthetics, or sedatives. ISU staff, research investigators, and technicians are expected to understand the content of SOPs related to their work responsibilities.

This policy is applicable to individuals from all colleges performing research-related procedures on animals. Veterinary medical and animal care procedures are outside the scope of this policy when they are unrelated to the research project and when they are performed to improve animal health or well-being or to treat an illness or injury under the direction of the Attending Veterinarian or designee.

3. General Requirements

The Attending Veterinarian (AV) has the authority to ensure the provision of adequate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia as mandated by the Animal Welfare Act and related animal care regulations. The AV or designee should therefore be directly involved in the selection of appropriate agents during protocol development. The procedures within this SOP for using analgesics, anesthetics, and sedatives are intended to assist investigators in their use of animals for research or teaching. Experimental design or special circumstances may dictate modification of dose levels or agents/methods


outlined herein. We strongly encourage the use of pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative analgesics in ALL recovery surgical procedures. The ISU Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee will rely on the procedures outlined in this SOP when reviewing animal protocols and may request explanations or justifications for substantial deviations. Intravenous barbiturates (i.e., thiopental, pentobarbital) for use as an anesthetic should be administered by giving 1/3–1/2 of the total calculated dose as a bolus, followed by titration of the remaining volume to effect, if needed. Special considerations apply to late term fetal and neonatal altricial rodents (e.g., rats and mice between E15 and P7). Dosage intervals listed on tables are single doses unless otherwise noted. A veterinarian should be consulted to assist in determining the frequency and amount of drug needed for repeated dosing. Investigators who use controlled anesthetic or analgesic agents must comply with the special storage and record keeping requirements. When issued a controlled substance as defined by the U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, the PI responsibilities are to • keep the substance in a secure, locked location when not in use; • record usage of the substance (see Table below); • maintain the record of usage for 3 years from the date that a substance is completely used or returned to LAR; • return outdated substances and Records of Usage to LAR. The ISU IACUC has a controlled substance record template available. Environmental Health and Safety is available for consultation about safety of the agent prior to use. Investigators who use anesthetic gases must follow the IACUC SOP ‘Anesthetic Gas Usage Safety Precaution’

4. Procedure

A. Follow the analgesia regimens in Appendix 1 for commonly used species at Iowa State University.

B. For species or agents not listed please contact LAR at [email protected] for a consultation to identify the appropriate analgesics and anesthetics.

mailto:[email protected]


5. Roles and Responsibilities

ISU Attending Veterinarian or Designee

Be involved in the selection of appropriate agents during protocol development.

Investigators If the anesthetic or analgesic used is a controlled substance, follow the required special procedures for storage and record keeping—see the IACUC Controlled Substance Record Template for details. Review proper handling procedures with Environmental Health and Safety prior to the use of specific agents. Responsible for following the procedures described in this guide and the final approved IACUC protocol.

6. Definitions

A. Analgesia: loss of sensitivity to painful stimulation without loss of consciousness. B. Anesthesia: loss of feeling or sensation, which is often accompanied by loss of

consciousness. C. Local anesthesia: the loss of sensation to a section of the body. D. General Anesthesia: unconsciousness with adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation to

allow for surgery. E. Sedation: a mild degree of central depression in a conscious but calm animal also

referred to as tranquilization. F. Common Abbreviations

1. IM: intramuscular 2. IP: intraperitoneal 3. IV: intravenous 4. SQ or SC: subcutaneous 5. PO: per os – means to be given by mouth or orally 6. q: every 7. bid: give medication twice a day 8. sid: give medication once a day 9. qxh or qxd: once every x hours or once every x days


7. Health and Safety Information

Follow SDS sheets for specific drugs for hazard control, PPE, and waste disposal. Include this information in the usage SOP.

8. Appendices

Appendix 1 – Analgesia Regimens

9. Forms and Templates

N/A

10. References

1. Fish R.E., Brown M.J., Danneman P.J., Karas A.Z., editors. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 2nd Ed. New York: Academic Press; 2008.

2. Plumb D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook: Pocket Edition. 8th Ed. Ames: Iowa State Press.; 2014.

3. University of British Columbia IACUC. Local Analgesia/Anesthesia for Rodents: Lidocaine/Bupivacaine/Ropivacaine. [PDF] Last‐Updated: 2014, Downloaded: 10-13-17; Available from: https://animalcare.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/TECH%2016%20-%20Local%20Anesthetic%20SOP%20%282014%29.pdf

4. Carpenter J.W., editor. Exotic Animal Formulary. 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.

5. Boston University IACUC. Anesthesia of the Neonatal Mice and Rats. [Web Page] LastUpdated: 1‐7‐2012, Downloaded: 1‐11‐2012; Available from: http://www.bu.edu/orccommittees/iacuc/policies‐and‐guidelines/anesthesia‐of‐theneonatalmice‐and‐rats/

6. Swindle M.M. Swine in the Laboratory. 2nd Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007. 7. Colditz I., Dart C. The Sheep. ANZCCART Fact Sheet [PDF] Last‐Updated: 2009,

Downloaded: 412‐2012; Available from: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/publications/A9_SheepFactSheet.pdf

8. Flecknell PA. Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia, 3rd Ed. London: Academic Press; 2009.

9. Carbone ET, Lindstrom KE, Diep S, Carbone L. 2012. Duration of action of sustained-release buprenorphine in 2 strains of mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 51:815–819.

10. Clark TS, Clark DD, Hoyt RF, 2014. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sustained-release and standard buprenorphine in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 53:387-391.

11. Chum HH, Jampachairsri K, McKeon GP, Yeomans DC, Pascharinsak C, Felt SA. 2014 Antinociceptive effects of sustained-release buprenorphine in a model of incisional pain in rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 53:193-197.

https://animalcare.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/TECH%2016%20-%20Local%20Anesthetic%20SOP%20%282014%29.pdf

https://animalcare.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/TECH%2016%20-%20Local%20Anesthetic%20SOP%20%282014%29.pdf


12. Foely OL, Liang H, Crichlow AR. 2011. Evaluation of a sustained-released and standard buprenorphine for analgesia in rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 50:198-204.

13. Wren, Geri. January 2008. Options in pain management. Bovine Veterinarian Downloaded 2-23-17; Available from: https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/programs/NYSCHAP/docs/BovineVetpain01-08.pdf

14. Danneman, P.J., & Mandrell, T. D. (1997). Evaluation of five agents/methods for anesthesia of neonatal rats. Lab Anim. Sci. 47(4):286–395.

15. Flecknell, P.A. (2009). Laboratory animal anesthesia, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, London.

11. Contact Information

Direct questions about this document to: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Iowa State University, 515-294-1516, [email protected]

Direct questions to the Attending Veterinarian, Dr. Mary Sauer, VMD, 515-294-0266. [email protected]

https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/programs/NYSCHAP/docs/BovineVetpain01-08.pdf




Appendix 1 – Analgesia Regimens

Amphibians

Amphibians - Anesthesia

Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)

MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate)

Immersion in MS- 222 at .1–.5% Induction 5 min. Recovery 15–30 min.


Cattle

Cattle - Injectable Anesthesia

Agent Dose (mg/kg) Comments/Reference(s)

Xylazine 0.1-0.3 mg/kg IM

0.05-0.15mg/kg IV

Unpredictable in cattle, may have short duration of analgesia (30 minutes) (2)

Ketamine

Butorphanol

Xylazine

0.3-0.5 IV or 0.1 IM or SQ

0.05-0.1 IV or 0.025 IM or SQ

0.025-0.05 IV or 0.05 IM or SQ

For recumbent procedures; IM dosages will give longer, less intense sedation (2)

Ketamine

Butorphanol

Xylazine

0.05-0.1 IV or 0.04 IM or SQ

0.02-0.05 IV or 0.01 IM or SQ

0.02-0.0275 IV or 0.02 IM or SQ

For standing procedures

Give Xylazine first to sedate

(2)

Cattle - Analgesia


Acetylsalicylic Acid 100mg/kg PO q12hr (aspirin)

Flunixin 1.1-2.2mg/kg IV q24hr Slow (2)

Phenylbutazone 5mg/kg PO q24-48hr (2)

Lidocaine 1-5 ml as caudal epidural Dose based on size


Dog

Dog - Pre-Medications


Atropine 0.02-0.04mg/kg IM,SC,IV Reduces bradycardia and hypersalivation (2)

Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02mg/kg SC,IM Reduces bradycardia and hypersalivation (2)

Acepromazine 0.01-0.2mg/kg IM,SC,IV Use lowest dose possible (2)

Dog - Inhalant Anesthesia


Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen

Dog - Injectable Sedatives and Anesthetics


Acempromazine 0.01-0.2mg/kg IM,SC,IV Use lowest dose possible (2)

Midazolam 0.1-0.3mg/kg SC,IM,IV Combine with other premeds (2)

Diazepam 0.5-1mg/kg IV bolus (2)

Dexmedetomidine 375mcg/m2 body surface area IV or 500mcg/m2 IM

See dosing table in drug package. Mcg/kg decreases as BW increases (2)

Xylazine 1.1-2.2mg/kg IM,IV (2)

Propofol 5-6mg/kg IV induction Give to effect, slowly (2)


0.1mg/kg/min maintenance of sedation

Tiletamine/zolazepam 6.6-9.9mg/kg IM (diagnostics)

9.9-13.2mg/kg IM (minor procedures)

Similar to ketamine/valium

Use with atropine 0.04mg/kg to control hypersalivation.(2)

Acepromazine

Butorphanol

0.02-0.05mg/kg IM

0.2mg/kg IM

(1)

Butorphanol

Dexmedetomidine

0.2mg/kg IM

5-7.5ug/kg IM

(1)

Pentobarbitol 1-3mg/kg/hr IV slowly Chemical restraint, mechanical ventilation advised (2)

Dog - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.005-0.03mg/kg IM,IV,SC q 6-12 hr

(2)

Butorphanol 0.1-0.5mg/kg IM,IV,SC q 2-4 hr

(2)

Tramadol (synthetic opiate-like drug)

4-10 mg/kg PO q 8-24 (2)

NSAID

Carprofen 2.2 (q12hr)-4.4 (q24hr)mg/kg PO

(2)

Meloxicam 0.2mg/kg PO,SC q24hr, subsequent dosing at 0.1mg/kg PO,SC

(2)


Ferret

Ferret - Pre Medications

Agents Dose Comments/Reference(s)

Atropine 0.04mg/kg IM (1)

Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg IM (1)

Ferret - Inhalant Anesthesia



Ferret - Injectable Anesthesia


Acepromazine 0.1-0.3mg/kg IM (1)

Xylazine 2mg/kg IM, SC (1)

Ketamine

Xylazine

30mg/kg IM

3mg/kg IM

(1)

Ketamine

Xylazine

Butorphanol

35mg/kg IM

5mg/kg IM

1.0mg/kg IM

(1)

Tiletamine/zolazepam

Xylazine

3mg/kg IM

3mg/kg IM

(1)


Ferret - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.1-0.02mg/kg SC, IV, IM q6-8hr

(1)

NSAID

Carprofen 1 mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr (1,4)

Meloxicam 0.2mg/mg SC,PO,IM q24 hr (1,4)


Gerbil

Gerbil - Inhalant Anesthesia


Isoflurane 3-5% induction

1-3% maintenance

Administer via precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen or drop method

Gerbil - Injectable Anesthesia


Xylazine 5-10mg/kg SC,IM (4)

Diazepam 3-5mg/kg SC,IM (4)

Midazolam 1-2mg/kg SC,IM (4)


Ketamine

Xylazine

50-70mg/kg IP

2-3mg/kg IP

(4)

Ketamine

Diazepam

40-150mg/kg IP

3-5mg/kg IP

(4)

Tiletamine/Zolazepam 50-80mg/kg IP (4)

Pentobarbitol 50-90mg/kg IP (4)

Gerbil - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.1-0.2mg/kg SC q8 hr (4)

NSAID


Carprofen 5mg/kg SC q24 hr (4)

Meloxicam 0.5/kg SC,PO q24 hr (8)


Hamster

Hamster - Inhalant Anesthesia



1-3% maintenance


Hamster - Injectable Anesthesia



Ketamine 20-40mg/kg IM

50-100 IP

Light/moderate sedation (4)

Deep sedation (8)

Xylazine 1-5mg/kg IM, IP (8)

Ketamine

Xylazine

60-80mg/kg IM,IP (4)

Titelamine/Zolazepam 50-80mg/kg IP (8)

Hamster - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.5mg/kg SC q8-12 hr (4,8)

NSAID

Carprofen 5mg/kg SC (4)

Meloxicam 1-2mg/kg SC,PO q24 hr (8)


Horse

Horse - Pre-Anesthetic

Agent Dose Comments

Atropine 0.01-0.02mg/kg IV For treatment of bradyarrhythmias (2)

Horse - Inhalant Anesthesia


Isoflurane 3-5% Induction

1-3% Maintenance

Administer via precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen.

Horse - Injectable Anesthesia


Acepromazine 0.044-0.088mg/kg IM,IV Relaxation, not full sedation; caution with use in stallions (2)

Xylazine 1.1mg/kg IV

2.2mg/kg IM

Standing sedation ~ 30 minutes (2)

Xylazine

Ketamine

1mg/kg IV

2mg/kg IV

30-45 minutes; administer ketamine after relaxed from Xylazine; for recumbent procedures

Guaifenesin (5%)

Ketamine

Xylazine

2ml/kg/hour CRI 1 liter guaifenesin + 1000mg ketamine + 500mg Xylazine, maintenance is to effect

Acepromazine 0.044-0.044 mg/kg IV Caution with use of Acepromazine in stallions


Romifidine 0.02-0.12 mg/kg IV (slowly) Sedation 45-60 minutes

Detomidine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV or IM Sedation 90-120 minutes

Horse - Analgesics


Opioid

Butorphanol 0.1mg/kg IV q3-4hrs (2)

NSAIDs

Flunixin 1.1mg/kg IV,IM,PO q24hr

(2)

Phenylbutazone 2.2-4.4mg/kg PO q12hr

2.2-4.4mg/kg IV q12hr

Reduce dose when possible to lowest effective dose (2)

Firocoxib 0.1 mg/kg PO q24hr (or 57 mg tablet)

0.09 mg/kg IV q24 hr

Label says oral up to 14 days; IV up to 5 days, followed by 9 days oral (2)


Mouse

Mouse - Inhalant Anesthesia



1-3% maintenance


Mouse - Injectable Anesthesia


Ketamine

Xylazine

100 mg/kg

10 mg/kg

Surgical anesthesia (8)

Ketamine

Acepromazine

100mg/kg IP

5mg/kg IP

Immobilization/anesthesia (8)

Ketamine

Midazolam

100mg/kg IP

5mg/kg IP


Ketamine

Xylazine

Acepromazine

80-100mg/kg IP

10-20mg/kg IP

2-3mg/kg IP


Pentobarbital 40-60mg/kg IP Considerable dose variation. Start at low end of dose range. Note: euthanasia dose is 90-100mg/kg or greater (8)

Mouse - Analgesia


OPIOID


Buprenorphine 0.05-1.0mg/kg SC,IP q6-12 hr

Preferred analgesic for rodents (1)

Buprenorphine SR 1.0mg/kg SC q 48 hr Extended release buprenorphine (9,10)

NSAID

Carprofen 4-5mg/kg SC,IP q24 hr For optimal analgesia, give NSAID and buprenorphine



Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat (E15-P14)

Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Analgesia


Buprenorphine 0.05-0.1mg/kg SC (14,15)

Morphine 10mg/kg SC (14,15)

Bupivicaine Local infiltration 14,15

Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Anesthesia


Isoflurane Inhalant 5% Induction, 0.25–2.5% maintenance

0.25–2.5% maintenance

Vaporizers should be calibrated yearly (14,15)

Pentobarbitol 30mg/kg IP Higher doses may result in significant mortality. Pentobarbital given to pregnant dams may anesthetize the fetuses. (14,15)


Rabbit

Rabbit - Pre-Medications

Agent Dose Comments/References

Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg IV

0.1mg/kg SC, IM

Anticholinergic of choice to use as pre-anesthetic (4,8)

Acepromazine 0.5-1.0mg/kg IM Moderate sedation (1,8)

Diazepam 0.5-2mg/kg IV Light to moderate sedation (8)

Midazolam 0..5-2mg/kg IM, IV Light to moderate sedation (8)

Rabbit - Inhalant Anesthesia


Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen; not recommended for sole agent of induction due to potential for breath holding and distress (1)

Rabbit - Injectable Anesthesia


Ketamine

Acepromazine

50mg/kg IM

1mg/kg IM

Surgical Anesthesia (8)

Ketamine

Xylazine

35mg/kg IM

5mg/kg IM



Ketamine

Xylazine

Acepromazine

35mg/kg IM

5mg/kg IM

1.0mg/kg IM


Ketamine

Dexmedetomidine

15mg/kg IM

0.12mg/kg IM


Pentobarbitol 20-60mg/kg IV (1)

Propofol 10mg/kg IV slowly over 60-90 seconds.

Induction/light anesthesia only. Less effective in rabbits, higher doses (15-20mg/kg) may result in respiratory arrest (8)

Rabbit - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.1-0.05mg/kg SC, IV q8 -12 hr

(1,8)

NSAID

Carprofen 1.5mg/kg PO q24 hr

2-4mg/kg SC q 24 hr

(8)

Meloxicam 0.2-0.3mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr

0.6-1mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr

(4)

(8)

Rabbit - Local Block Analgesics


Lidocaine (1-2%) 2-4mg/kg SC Onset 5-10 min, duration 0.5-1 hr (3)


Bupivicaine (0.5%) 1-2mg/kg SC Onset 15-30 min, duration 4-8 hr (3)


Rat

Rat - Inhalant Anesthesia



1-3% maintenance


Rat - Injectable Anesthesia


Ketamine

Xylazine

75-100mg/kg IP

5-10mg/kg IP

Provides a good surgical plane of anesthesia for most procedures.(5,8)

Ketamine

Acepromazine

75mg/kg IP

1-2.5mg/kg IP


Ketamine

Midazolam

75-100mg/kg IP

4-5mg/kg IP


Ketamine

Xylazine

Acepromazine

40mg/kg IP

5mg/kg IP

1mg/kg IP


Pentobarbital 40-50mg/kg IP Considerable dose variation and narrow safety margin. Start at low end of dose range.

Rat - Analgesia


OPIOID


Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg SC,IP q6-12 hr

Preferred analgesic for rodents (1,8)

Buprenorphine SR 1.2mg/kg SC q 48 hr Extended release buprenorphine (11,12)

NSAID

Carprofen 5-10/kg SC,PO q24 hr For optimal analgesia, give NSAID and buprenorphine (1,4)



Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat (E15-P14)

Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Analgesia


Buprenorphine 0.05-0.1mg/kg SC (14,15)

Morphine 10mg/kg SC (14,15)

Bupivicaine Local infiltration 14,15

Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Anesthesia


Isoflurane Inhalant 5% Induction, 0.25–2.5% maintenance

0.25–2.5% maintenance

Vaporizers should be calibrated yearly (14,15)

Pentobarbitol 30mg/kg IP Higher doses may result in significant mortality. Pentobarbital given to pregnant dams may anesthetize the fetuses. (14,15)


Reptile

Reptile - Inhalant Anesthetic



1-3% maintenance

Standard agent for reptiles but may hold their breath and resist effects of exposure to high concentrations of agent. In anesthetic chamber +/- intubated after induction. Recover in room air (not pure O2) because reptiles are stimulated to breathe by decreasing O2 levels, not increasing CO2 levels

Reptile - Injectable Anesthetic


Diazepam 0.2-2mg/kg IM,IV Lizards and Snakes

Ketamine 5-20mg/kg IM (lizards)

10-60mg/kg IM (snakes)

Sedation and anesthesia is species and dose dependent. May have prolonged recovery (1-4 days)

Medetomidine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM(lizard)

0.1-0.15 mg/kg IM,IV (snake)

Propofol 3-5mg/kg IV Lizards and Snakes

Reptile - Analgesia

Dose Agent Comments/Reference(s)

Buprenorphine 0.02 – 0.2 mg/kg SQ,IM q12-24hr

Lizards and snakes, for post-op analgesia


Carprofen 2-4mg/kg IM,IV,SQ,PO q24-72hr

Lizards and snakes

Meloxicam 0.1-0.2mg/kg PO q24h Lizards and snakes


Sheep and Goats

Sheep & Goats - Inhalant Anesthesia


Isoflurane 3-5% Induction

1-3% Maintenance

Administer via precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen.

Sheep & Goats - Injectable Anesthesia


Acepromazine 0.02mg/kg IM Pre-anesthetic/sedative. Long duration of action. Will prolong anesthesia recovery. Not an analgesic. (1)

Acepromazine

Buprenorphine

0.05-0.1mg/kg IM

0.005-0.01mg/kg IM

Pre-anesthetic/sedative (1,7)

Xylazine 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV,IM Pre-anesthetic/sedative (1,7)

Ketamine

Diazepam

4-5mg/kg IV

0.4-0.5mg/kg IV

Induction, rapid onset, duration of effect 15 to 20 minutes allow intubation minimum regurgitation, little cardiopulmonary dysfunction (1,7)

Propofol 3-5mg/kg induction

0.4-0.5mg/kg/min CRI

Supplementation with local anesthesia or other systemic analgesic is surgery performed (1,7,8)

Sheep & Goats - Analgesia



OPIOID

Butorphanol 0.1-0.5mg/kg IM q2-4 hr (1)

Buprenorphine 0.005-0.01mg/kg IV, IM, SC q4-6 hr

(1)

NSAID

Carprofen 2-4mg/kg SC q24 hr (1,2,7)

Flunixin 1.1-2.2mg/kg IV, IM, q 8-24 hr

(2)

Phenylbutazone 2-6mg/kg IV, PO q 24 hr (2)

Meloxicam 0.5 mg/kg IV q 12 hrs (sheep) or q 8 hrs (goats); 2 mg/kg PO on day 1, 1 mg/kg PO on subsequent days (sheep); 0.5 mg/kg PO q24 hrs (goats)

(2)


Swine

Swine - Pre Medications


Atropine 0.02-0.05mg/kg SC,IM,IV Give 10-15 minutes prior to intubation. Reduces bradycardia and hypersalivation (4)

Glycopyrrolate 0.005-0.01mg/kg SC,IM Reduces bradycardia and hypersalivation (4)

Swine - Inhalant Anesthesia



Swine - Injectable Anesthesia


Acepromazine 0.2-1.1mg/kg IM,IV,SC Sedation only (1) (variable results)

Ketamine

Xylazine

10-20mg/kg IM,SC,IV

1-2.0mg/kg IM,SC,IV

(1,6)

Ketamine

Acepromazine

33mg/kg IM,SC (1,6)

Ketamine

Dexmedetomidine

10mg/kg IM,SC,IV

0.1mg/kg IM,SC,IV

(1,6)

Tiletamine-Zolazepam 2-8.8mg/kg IM,SC,IV Cardiovascular and respiratory depressive effects


last longer than anesthesia affects following administration (6)

Tiletamine-Zolazepam

Xylazine

4-6mg/kg IM, SC

2.2mg/kg IM, SC

Cardiovascular and respiratory depressive effects last longer than anesthesia affects following administration (6)

Tiletamine-Zolazepam

Ketamine

Xylazine

4.4mg/kg IM,SC

2.2mg/kg IM, SC

2.2mg/kg IM,SC

Mixture: 0.02-0.04 ml/kg

Same as above, less volume to inject, useful in pigs >50kgs. (6)

Mix by adding 2.5 ml Ketamine and 2.5 ml 100 mg/ml xylaxine to telazol powder

Detomidine

Butorphanol

Ketamine

0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM

0.2 mg/kg IM

3-5 mg/kg IM

Give detomidine and butorphanol; Give Ketamine 5-10 minutes later; may reverse with 50 mg/kg atipamizole (6)

Propofol 0.83-1.66mg/kg IV

12-20mg/kg/hr CRI

(6)

Swine - Analgesia


OPIOID

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg IM, SC (6,8)

NSAID

Meloxicam 0.1-0.3mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr (6)

Flunixin 2.2 mg/kg IM (2)

Documents

USING ANALGESICS, ANESTHETICS, AND SEDATIVES · Flecknell, P.A. (2009). Laboratory animal anesthesia, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, London. 11. Contact Information . Direct questions