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15.06.2010
Using Bio-Resources Responsibly
The Brave New World of Bio-economy
Summarizing the
„Discourse Book“
developed by eseia WG 1
M. Narodoslawsky, M. Arentsen
15.06.2010
The economy of the 21st
century must re-orient itself
Raw materials
sources
http://www.kulmbach.net/~MGF-Gymnasium/bilderdaten/landwirtschaft/Bilder/felder 1_jpg.jpg
15.06.2010 eseia Secretariat 3
Pulp & Paper Energy
Why the „discourse book?“
THAT must not happen!
Food Chemical Industry
Fuel
15.06.2010
Why the „discourse book“?
Rational use of key resources
Energy and
plastic bags can
be made from
different sources:
Manure
Grass
Straw
(Waste-)
Wood
Pig
Pearls Do not throw
„Pearls to Pigs“
15.06.2010
Human net appropriation
human
appropriation
nature
land use change
40%
fires etc. 7%
plants 8%
feed 23%
wood 22%
105-150 Gt Carbon/y
- 10 % net productivity
by human impact!
15.06.2010
Basic resources
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2014 2050high
2050low
non-cult.land
forest
pasture
crop land
sea
ha/c
ap
15.06.2010
The bio-resource value chain:
8% of European jobs!
Sector Turnover
[bil €/y]
Gross
Added
Value
[bil €/y]
Employes
[1.000]
Business
entities
[1.000]
Agriculture
& Forestry 353 168 12.200 7.300
Food 968 199 4.800 310 Pulp &
Paper 166 41 715 19
Bio-energy n.a. 35 875 n.a.
[1] Agricultural holdings larger than 1 European Size Unit
15.06.2010
The “Logistical Trap”
Conversion Material Humidity
[%w/w]
Energy
content
[MJ/kg]
Density
[kg/m³]
Energy
density
[MJ/m³]
Incineration Straw (grey) 15 15 100-135 1.500-2.025
Wheat 15 15 670-750 10.050-
11.250
Rape seed 9 24.6 700 17.220
Wood chips 40 10.4 235 2.440
Wood pellets 6 14.4 660 9.500
Biogas
production
Grass silage 60-70 3.7 600-700 2.220-2.590
Manure 95 0.7 1000 700
Light fuel oil 0 42.7 840 36.000
15.06.2010
The “Logistical Trap”
taking transport density into account
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Energy density MJ/m³
kJ/M
J k
m
truck
rail 1
rail 2
ship 1
ship 2
tractor
straw Corn, wood pellets
Wood chips
fossil oil
15.06.2010
Understanding
“new” resources
Taking transport density into account…
• …5,7 km transport of manure and
• …12 km transport of straw with tractor…
• …or 40 km transport of wood chips with lorry…
• …or 475 km transport of pellets with train
• …or 7.800 km transport of crude oil with ship or
pipeline consume 1 % of the transported energy
Raw material provision must become
closer!
15.06.2010
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
kWh
/m².
a
Max
Min
The „Centrality trap“ De-central-
heat
transport
limiting
De-central
resource
Central
provision
possible
15.06.2010
The „Centrality trap“
Plant size Upper and
lower land
requirement
in km²
Transport
distance in km
with land use
Logistic consideration
100% 30 % 10 %
Very small
50 t/a
0.125 0.2 0.4 0.6 Tractor transport, low transport energy
.03 0.1 0.2 0.3
Small
5.000 t/a
12.5 1.8 3.6 6.3 Tractor transport, farm site or small community based plant 3.3 1 1.9 3.2
Medium
50.000 t/a
125 6.3 11.5 20 Tractor transport possible for high transport density, regional plant 33 3.2 5.9 10.2
Industrial
500.000 t/a
1,250 20 36 63 Tractor transport only for high transport density and large land cover fraction,
otherwise truck (or rail) transport, large
regional or central plant
333 10.2 18.8 32.6
Upper land requirement calculated with 4 t/ha.a (e.g. wood chips), lower limit with 15 t/ha.a
(e.g. corn or miscanthus)
15.06.2010
The „competition trap“:
everone wants them! Bio-resource Origin Yield
[tFM/(ha.y)]*
Main
content
Yield for main
comp.
[t /(ha.y)]
Current
competition:
f= food; b =bio-
fuel;
c= chemicals;
e= energy;
p= pulp&paper
corn fields 10-15 starch 6-9.5 f/b /c
wheat fields 8 starch 4.5 f/b /c
potatoes fields 30-50 starch 5-8.5 f/b /c
rape fields 2-4 oil/protein 0.9-1.8/0.5-1 f/b /c
sun flower fields 2.6-3.6 oil/protein 1.3-1.8/0.5-0.7 f/b /c
jatropha** fields 4 oil 1.2 b/c
palm fruits** plantation 15-22 oil 4-6 f/b /c
sugar beet fields 70-95 sugar 10-16 f/b /c
sugar cane** plantation 40-100 sugar/cell. 6-15/6-15 f/b /c
grass grass land 6-12 cellulose 2.5-5 f/e
miscanthus fields 12-28 cellulose 5-13 e/(c/p)
wood forest 3.5-6 cellulose 1.3-2 c/e/p
short rotation
wood
fields/grass
land
10-18 cellulose 3-6 e/(c/p)
15.06.2010
Trying to avoid
the„competition trap“: Raw material
category Origin Material (examples)
Secondary Agricultural wastes Manure Residues from industries Slaughterhouse residues
Tallow Oil seed cake Glycerol from bio-diesel prod. Dried distillers grain Black liquor from pulping Sugar beet chips Pomace Tanning residues
Residues from energy
provision CO2 Ashes
Harvest residues from
agriculture/forestry Low quality forest residues Straw from corn, cereals, oil seeds, …
Leafs from beets, potatoes, … Cuttings from wine yards, orchards, …
Tertiary Residues from society Waste paper Waste plastic
Organic municipal waste Garden cuttings Used vegetable oil Waste water
Additional Underutilised bio-resources Grass currently uncultivated land Micro algae
15.06.2010
Resources with long legs…
• Fossil resources
• High value renewable resources
• Liquid energy carriers
• Methane
• Electricity
• Base chemicals
…and with short legs
• Low grade bio-resources (Grass, …)!
• Biogenic by-products (straw, …)
• Waste (manure, …)
• Heat
Resources…
15.06.2010
…shape the “economic
topography”
• Resources with long legs are in
global competition
• Resource with short legs
provide major potential for
development in the 21st century
• These resources will put the
economic topography
on its head!!
15.06.2010
The
„Intermittency trap“
• Many renewable
(energy-)
sources are
intermittent
• How to aligne
provision with
demand?
15.06.2010
Storage is a
possible
application
for bio-
resources
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Li-Ion Batt. Methane Hydrogen CAES PSP Biogas
€ct/
kW
h s
tore
d e
nerg
y
Max
Min
The
„Intermittency trap“
15.06.2010
The bio-resource service challenge
Type of service Service Possible other resources
Social Nutrition None
Jobs and development for rural regions None
Social stability for rural regions None
Economic Stability for energy distribution grids Smart grids, hydro power, pumped
hydro power, hydrogen, compressed
air energy storage, (fossil resources)
Transport fuel Electricity (using battery storage),
hydrogen, synthetic fuels, (fossil
resources)
High temperature industrial heat (fossil fuels), H2 from excess electricity
Feedstock for synthetic materials and
plastics
(fossil resources), sequestered CO2 plus H2 from excess electricity
Feedstock for conventional bio-based
products
None
Environmental Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Wind and hydro power, solar thermal
systems, photovoltaic, oceanic power,
geothermal energy
Preserving soil fertility None
Preserving water and nutrient cycles None
Preserving bio-diversity None
15.06.2010
In times of change we
see…
• Strategic confusion
• Science and technology preferences
• “Pseudo-activity”
• Decision avoidance
15.06.2010
…and must beware
of…
15.06.2010
The complex bio-resource
value chain…
…requires non-technical innovation
15.06.2010
The Problem
We have many actors How to make them see
a bright common future?
15.06.2010
Technical challenges
Learn your „old dogs“ new tricks!
• Increase raw material flexibility of existing technologies
• Increase tolerance for lower grade resources
• Increase range of useful products from current
technologies
15.06.2010
Technical challenges
re-use waste
provide energy centrally
provide energy decentrally
http://www.kulmbach.net/~MGF-Gymnasium/bilderdaten/landwirtschaft/Bilder/felder 1_jpg.jpghttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.htmlhttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.htmlhttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.html
15.06.2010
Pilot plant parks…
• …to shorten idea2market time
• …to optimise complex technologies
• …to increase confidence in technologies
• …to improve praxis-relevant education
15.06.2010
The end of autarky:
regions as active links between
resources and grids
Resources
Gri
ds
15.06.2010
General rules
• high efficiency
• complex technology
systems (e.g.
biorefineries)
• cascading utilisation of
bio-resources,
• utilising every by-product
and organic waste along
the life cycle
• whole pathway of bio-
resources through society
must be managed…
• …in a way that preserves
ecosystem functions
• …from cultivating plants
to the safe return of
residues to nature…
• …while providing optimal
societal benefit
Life cycle wide
responsibility Use bio-resources fully
15.06.2010
Frame regional resource plans
• Modernise existing bio-resource utilisation sectors (e.g. food
industry, pulp & paper industry, timber industry) to become
versatile bio-refineries
• Favour pathways leading to material products, establishing
longer value chains and generating more social benefit from
bio-resources.
• Keep as much material close to the place where bio-resources
are grown thus closing material cycles with least transport
effort and retaining valuable nutrients for preserving eco-
system functions.
• Use intersections of energy distribution grids for bio-refineries
based on secondary bio-resources (residues from agriculture)
and tertiary bio-resources (wastes from industry and society)
in order to contribute to stabilising grids
15.06.2010
And if you want to evaluate yourself or your process ecologically or optimise your regional energy system, visit
www.fussabdrucksrechner.at