Using Freescale Microcontrollers and Digital Signal ... · The inverter takes the direct current and runs it through a switching circuit and a ... • True Sine wave mode required

TM

Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarksof Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006.

Using Freescale Microcontrollers and Digital Signal Controllers to implement efficient Solar Inverters

Jose Palazzi – Freescale Semiconductor

TMFreescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarksof Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006. 2

Objective:

Photovoltaic systems consist of solar cells, an inverter, battery charge control, wiring, and safety disconnects,. Key requirements for inverters are high efficiency, long life and low cost.

In this session we will discuss the major requirements of solar inverters and how to implement Power Conversion, Battery Management, and System Management/Connectivity with Freescale Microcontrollers and Digital Signal Controllers.


Agenda

• Types of Solar Cells

• Crystalline Cells in home usage

• Load requirements in homes

• Solar inverters for home usage

• Power conversion with Digital Signal Controllers

• System management and connectivity with Enhanced Microcontrollers

• Putting it all together

• Conclusion


Types of Solar Cells

•Three basic types of cells:• Thin-film – Also known as Amorphous. Film of silicon over a sheet of another

material such as steel. Very low cost, often used in small solar panels such as in garden lamps. Lower power densities.

• Poly-Crystalline - Cut from an ingot made up of many smaller crystals. Typical 0.5to 0.6V per cell. Good power density and longer lifetime.

• Mono-Crystalline - Cut from a silicon ingot grown from a single large crystal of silicon whilst. Higher efficiency.


Crystalline Cells in home usage

•Typical efficiency: 20%• Most sensitive to infrared light. Radiation in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum is

relatively low in energy.• ~0.5V terminal voltage, dependent on light radiation. • Current intensity increases with higher luminosity.

� A 100 cm² silicon cell, for example, reaches a maximum current intensity of approximately 2 A when radiated by 1000 W/m².

•Solutions adopted to improve efficiency• Concentrator cells: Mirrors and lenses concentrating light and improving intensity at the

cell surface with tracking systems positioning the cells to the best direct radiation.• Surface structuring - Pyramidal structure of cells. Incoming light hits the surface several

times reducing reflection losses.• Stacked cells: Improved usage of the wide spectrum of radiation. Semiconductor materials

better suited for different spectral ranges are stacked together.

•R&D• Grätzel cells: Electrochemical liquid cells with titanium dioxide as electrolytes and dye to

improve light absorption. • MIS Inversion Layer cells: the inner electrical field are not produced by a p-n junction, but

by the junction of a thin oxide layer to a semiconductor.


Commercial crystalline cell

•Kyocera KC130TM cell• Efficient voltage generation:

Poly-Crystalline photovoltaic module.

• 18V @ 7A max output

•Target applications• Power source for homes

• Electrification of villages in remote areas

• Pumping systems for irrigation, rural water supplies

• Medical facilities in rural areas

• Emergency communication systems

• Microwave / Radio repeater stations

• Navigation lighthouses, and ocean buoys

• Aviation obstruction lights

• Railroad signals


Load requirements in homes

•Loads usually seen in homes:• Lighting (<50VA per unit)

� Incandescent lamps – almost resistive with power-on inrush and constant current consumption.

� Fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts – very reduced power-on inrush and demanding power factor correction

� LED lamps – very efficient with good power factor and reduced inrush

• Wet (Up to 1KVA)� Washer machines, dishwashers – High peaks of energy consumption on motor start-

ups, reversion. Heaters usually requiring huge currents to operate.

• Cold (Up to 2KVA peak)� Fridges and Freezers – High current peaks on compressors.

– AC motors connected to the AC line (no electronic control) require special attention with the mains frequency!

• Consumer Electronics (Up to 300VA per equipment)� LCD/PLASMA TVs, PVRs, DVDs, Computers – Almost constant load. Often made

with full-range Switched Mode Power Supplys able to deal well with AC voltage variations.


Solar inverters for home usage

•Two basic topologies of solar systems:• Stand-alone: DC energy obtained from solar cells is stored in batteries for local

usage and converted into AC 110-220V @ 50 or 60Hz.

• Grid-connected: Solar array generating energy and connected to the mains. Surplus energy is returned to the electricity company.

•The efficient transformation of solar energy into electricity in Stand-alone systems demands voltage conversion and smart battery management,requiring electronic circuits to be precise, robust and interconnected.

• Efficient voltage conversion� The inverter takes the direct current and runs it through a switching circuit and a

transformer to generate mains alternate current.

� The highest the efficiency the lower will be the losses and heat dissipation.– Energy generated by solar cells is determined by the amount of light falling on them.

– Sometimes there won’t be good light.

• Battery Management� Battery will be damaged if it is allowed to be overcharged or over discharged.

� Users depend on diagnostics to predict need for battery replacement.


Solar inverters - Typical implementation


Solar inverters – Conversion modes.

The choice of waveform is dependent on the loads and application.

•Stand-Alone types:• Modified sine wave or quasi sine wave:

� Cheaper and efficient� Noisy� Good enough for appliances and lights

• True Sine wave:� More expensive, less efficient� Mains-quality power� Specifically needed for high-quality sound systems

•Grid-connected• True Sine wave mode required.• Synchronous operation:

� Synchronises its output with the incoming mains power, so that power can be fed back into the grid.

� Also include comprehensive safety features to protect anybody working on the electricity cables.

� Must be approved by the electricity company for connection to their network


Solar inverters - Overall requirements

•Power Conversion• Standard system voltage: 12V or 24Vdc.

� Occasionally 48V.

• Max current determined by the qtty and size of solar panels.� Usually 5 Amps for a single solar panel although larger arrays need controllers of 40 Amps or more.

• Sinewave synthesis with high granularity on PWMs implemented with Digital Signal Processors or Microcontrollers specially designed for real time power control.� Load adaptation with variable frequency operation� Cycle by cycle current mode conversion

• Special criterias on devices selection� Low Rds MOSFET Switches with reduced linearity zone� Efficient magnetics and capacitors

•Charge and Battery Management• Adaptive trickle charging in function of

� Battery chemistry, voltage, and # of cells� Load demand

– High duties required at certain hours of the day

• Battery management� Precise floating biasing when Batteries are fully charged.� Individual cell monitoring� Low voltage disconnect

– Load disconnection when battery voltage falls dangerously low


Solar inverter - Block Diagram


Enhanced functionality• Power conversion and Battery management with the same device

• Adaptive to eliminate the effects of parametric drift, aging on batteries,

loads, converter.

• Variable power density

• Better system level integration

• Remote Management

Lower System Cost• Reduced component count and cost

• Shorter R&D cycle, fewer turns of board prototyping

• More project reuse

• IP protection and technology differentiation

Power conversion with Digital Signal Controllers


Digital Signal Controllers from Freescale Semiconductor

• DSC is a specialized processor containing a single core capable of performing microcontroller and digital signal processor functions

• First developed by Freescale Semiconductor and launched in 2000

• Common basic features: • MAC, single instruction cycle allowing several memory accesses, address generation

units, algorithms for efficient looping

• Specialized Low cost, high performance on-board interfaces utilized in implementing embedded control applications :

• PWM; multifunction timer; high speed ADCs; DACs; Comparators; SCIs (UART); SPIs; CANs and I2Cs, etc.

• Embedded nonvolatile memory:• Flash memory and RAM

• Easy to program• CodeWarrior Integrated Design Environment from Freescale

• Instructions Optimized for Controller Code, DSP, Matrix Operations

• Compact Assembly and “C” Compiled Code Size

• Additional MIPS Headroom and extended addressing space


• Designed for controller code• Compact code Size• Easy to program• Inefficient signal processing

• Designed for DSP processing • Designed for matrix operations• Complex programming• Less suitable for control

DSCs: Combining the Best MCU and DSP Capabilities

• Common basic features include MAC, single instruction cycle allowing several memory accesses, address generation units, algorithms for efficient looping

• Specialized on-chip interfaces used in implementing embedded control applications• Embedded nonvolatile memory: Flash, ROM or EEPROM• Instructions optimized for controller code, DSP, matrix operations • Compact assembly and “C” compiled code size• Easy to program, easy-to-use development tools• Additional MIPS headroom and extended addressing space

Traditional

MicrocontrollerTraditional DSP

Engine

DSC

3


56800E Core Architecture

DATAALU

ABCD

Y0Y1X0

MAC and ALU

Multi-bitShifter

R 0R 1R 2R 3R 4R 5N

S P

R 0R 1R 2R 3R 4R 5N

S P

AGU A L U 1 A L U 2A L U 1 A L U 2

M 01M 01

BITMANIPULATION

UNIT

EOnCE/JTAG TAP

XAB1XAB1

XAB2XAB2

PABPAB

PDBPDB

CDBWCDBW

CDBRCDBR

XDB2XDB2

ProgramMemory

ProgramMemory

DataMemory

DataMemory

IP-BusInterface

IP-BusInterface

ExternalBus

Interface

ExternalBus

Interface

Instruction Fetch:

PAB - 21 bitsPDB - 16 bits

1st Data Access:

XAB1 - 24 bitsCDBR - 32 bits

CDBW - 32 bits

2nd Data Access:

XAB2 - 24 bitsXDB2 - 16 bits

Operations Performed:

1st - PAB / PDB

2nd - XAB1 /CDBR-CDBW

3rd - XAB2 / XDB2

N 3N 3

PROGRAMCONTROLLER

INSTRUCTIONDECODER

INSTRUCTIONDECODER

LOOPINGUNIT

LOOPINGUNIT

INTERRUPTUNIT

INTERRUPTUNIT

PCPC

LALA

LA2LA2

HWSHWS

FIRAFIRA

FISRFISR

LCLC

LC2LC2

SRSR

OMROMR


56800E Core/32MIPS JTAG/EOnCE™

ProgrammableDelay Block (PDB)SPIVoltage Regulators

6 Output PWMIICInterrupt Controller

2 12-bit ADCsHigh Speed SCIFlash/RAM

1 16-bit PeriodicInterval Timer

COP2 2X-16X

Wideband PGAs

2 16-bit TimersPower SuperVisor3 Analog

Comparators

Memory Options

16K BytesFlash

12K BytesFlash

2KBSRAM

2KBSRAM

System Integration Module(SIM)

System Clock Control�PLL, SIM, Osc)

Core• 32 MHz/32MIPS 56F800E core• 1.8V to 3.6V operating rangeMemory• Up to 16KB flash with Flash security, 2KB SRAMFeatures

• Low power stop modes• Up to 96 MHz peripherals – timers, PWM & SCI• 6 output PWM module with up to 4

programmable fault inputs• Two wideband clocked programmable gain

amplifiers• 10/12-bit conversion done in 3.03us @32MHz

SysClk (8-bit conversion done in 2.65us @32MHz SysClk )

• Up to three analog comparators• Custom timer for precise control of ADC/PGA

sample times relative to PWM reload cycles• 2 multiple function programmable timers• One Periodic Interval Timer (PIT)• Computer Operating Properly timer• SCI, SPI, and I2C communications interfaces• Up to 40 GPIOs – Versatile pin usage• JTAG/EOnCE debug port

MC56F8006/2 DSC

Part Number Package

Sugg Resale

10K - 25K

MC56F8006VLF 48LQFP 1.70$

MC56F8006VLC 32LQFP 1.60$

MC56F8006VWL 28SOIC 1.55$

MC56F8002VWL 28SOIC 1.50$


MC56F8006: Break New Ground in Your Designs

Motor ControlMotor Control

Advanced Power ConversionAdvanced Power Conversion

Power-Sensitive ApplicationsPower-Sensitive Applications

PerformancePerformance

• 96 MHz for key peripherals (timers, SCI and PWM) –twice the module maximum operating frequency compared to competitive DSCs.

• Dual Harvard Architecture + MAC and high operating frequency enable outstanding performance in single-cycle

• 2 x high speed 12bit x 24 channel ADC module with integrated temperature sensor – more resolution and channels than the competition.

• Programmable gain amplifier increases the ADC input dynamic range. Shielded inputs in ADC reduce noise in conversion.

• Three analog comparators – more than any competitive offering.

• Lowest power stop modes of any DSC in the market.

Peripheral setPeripheral set

Power consumptionPower consumption


Power converter with the MC56F8006

•Solar inverters require high efficiency on power conversion with speed capture, analysis of analog input, and feedback.

•Freescale DSCs are able to provide:• High speed sophisticated (96Mhz)

PWMs able to operate center aligned or edge aligned with high granularity.

• High processing performance (32-60 MIPS) to run complex algorithms for more responsive control and often, system cost reduction.

• Flexibility to be used in multiple systems or to adapt within a system to environmental changes (compared to fixed analog-based control)

• High speed/performance 750ns/12 bit ADC for fast dynamic response required in current mode conversions

• Safety features (fault inputs, loss of clock…) to prevent catastrophic failures


R

C

REF

SCALE

AnalogCompensator

Network

AnalogCompensator

Network

Voltage

Current

PowerSwitches

XFRMR

PWMGenerator

C

DC InputAC Output

FanVoltage

SCALE

PowerSwitches

XFRMR

DC InputAC Output

SCALE

DigitalPWM

Generator

A to D Converter

Current

Serial Interface

Freescale DSC

Temp

Fan

GPIO

Fully Digital Power ConversionMCU assisted convertion

A to D Converter

Voltage

Current

Temperature

Serial Interface

GPIO

ShutDown

Microcontroller


Primary side control with DSCs

•Characteristics:• Higher PWM frequency:

� DSC and gate drivers working closer.

• Primary current sensing using internal voltage comparators.

• Isolation required on voltage feedback.

• Communication link also requiring isolation


Secondary side control with DSCs

•Characteristics:•DSC at secondary side

•Improved load control•PWM frequency limited by isolation link.•Primary current sensing with current transformer•Auxiliar supply and startup circuitry required.


• Up to 96Mhz Pulse Width Modulator• Three complementary signal pairs or six independent signals or combinations

• Deadtime insertions for rising and falling edge• Separate top and bottom polarity control• Edge-aligned or center-aligned signals• 15-bits of resolution• Asymmetric mode of operation (for phase shifting)• Programmable integral reload rates (half to 16)

• ADC synchronization• PWM compare output polarity control• Output Polarity Control• Double-buffered PWM register• Selectable PWM supply source for each complementary PWM signal pair

• PWM Generator• External GPIO• Internal timer channel• ADC conversion result, taking into account values set ting ADC high and

low limit register

MC56F8006 PWM


Solutions for “Deadtime” – PWM

Freescale DSC PWM automatically inserts deadtime

Separate deadtime insertion for rising and falling edges

Automatic deadtime insertion correction via current sense

Voltage with Correction Disabled Voltage with Correction Enabled

Less harmonic losses

Conv Voltage


ADC synchronization

56800/E ADC is synchronized to PWM output• Provides timing control for ADC -> Reduces samples noise

Samples will be noisy

Desirable acquisition time

ADC acquisitionAdjustabledelay

PWM synch pulse


MC56F8006 Analog Comparators

• Up to Two continuous-time differential-input analog

comparator modules

• Internal switching matrix supports the independent

connection of the analog inputs to the positive or

negative input of the analog comparator and to the

comparator’s export output for another Comparator

module.

• 5 selectable Input sources:

• Three GPIO Pins.

• One DAC output,

• One import input from another comparator module

• Programmable comparator output polarity

• Comparator output edge indicator

• Interrupt can be generated by comparator output rising

edge, or falling edge, or both edges

• Comparator output can be fed to timer input, PWM faults

input, PWM source, external pin output.

• Software controlled power down mode


MC56F8006 Serial Communication

• QSCI (UART)• Full duplex operation provides simultaneous data transmit and receive• Half duplex operation allows data transmit and receive via single wire.• Separately enabled transmitter and receiver• 13-bit baud rate selection• Support LIN Slave Mode• Four-bytes-deep FIFOs on both TX and RX

• QSPI• Supports inter-processor communications in a multiple master system• Full-Duplex Operation• Double-buffered Operation with separate transmit and receive registers• Programmable length transmissions, 2 to 16 bits• Programmable transmit and receive shift order, MSB or LSB transmitted• Four-Words-deep FIFOs on both TX and RX

• IIC• Compatible with I2C Bus standard• Software programmable for one of 256 different serial clock frequencies• Arbitration lost interrupt with automatic mode switching from master to slave• Calling address identification interrupt• Start and stop signal generation/detection• Repeated start signal generation• Bus busy detection• Supports both 10-bit address mode and broadcasting mode


• ALL pins (except power and ground) are muxed with GPIO including ADC inputs and

JTAG pins

• Individual control for each pin to be in either Peripheral or GPIO mode

• 5 V tolerant

• Individual input or output direction control

• Two output modes

• Push-Pull mode

• Open Drain mode

• Individual pull-up enable control

• Optimised for use with the keypad interface with push-pull I/O

• Can monitor pad logic value even when GPIO is not enabled using the RAWDATA register

• Edge Sensitive Interrupt Assert Capability

• Interrupts can be generated by hardware or software

• Two output current drive modes: 4mA or 8mA

MC56F8006 GPIO


MC56F8006 JTAG and Enhanced On-Chip Emulation (EOnCE)

• Accessed through a common IEEE JTAG interface

• EOnCE allows access to registers, memories and on-chip peripherals

• Retains debug control in target system

• System Level Debugging at one of 3 levels:

• Non-intrusive Real-time Debug

• Minimally Intrusive Real-time Debug

• Breakpoint and Step Mode - Core is halted

• Data Upload / Download through the JTAG port

• Advanced Breakpoint Capability

• Trace one or more Instructions

• Change of Flow Buffer

• Event Viewing through a terminal

• Resources accessible through JTAG or through the Core

• All JTAG Pins are muxed wit GPIOs


Development tools

CodeWarrior™ for 56800/ECodeWarrior™ for Freescale 56800/E is a windows based visual IDE that includes an optimizing C compiler, assembler, linker, project management system, editor and code navigation system, debugger, simulator, scripting, source control, and third party plug in interface.

Processor Expert™Processor Expert™ (PE) provides a Rapid Application Design (RAD) tool, combining easy-to-use component-based software application creation with an expert knowledge system. PE is fully integrated with the CodeWarrior™ for 56800/E.

Hardware ToolsThe 56800/E solutions are supported with a complete set of evaluation modules which supply all required items for rapid evaluation and software and hardware development. In addition several command converter options exist for customer target system debugger connection.


Demos & Reference Designs

Industrial

• UPS Reference Design

• Powerline Modem

� Switch Mode Power Supply

• Motor Control Demos

� BLDC

� Switch Reluctance

� Sensorless ACIM

� Stepper Motors

Auto

• EPAS Demo

• Hybrid Braking Demo

• FlexRay Demo

Voice

• Speaker Feature Phone

• Hands-free (AEC/NS)

• Voice Recognition

• Single Channel VoIP

TM

Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarksof Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006.

System management and connectivity with Enhanced Microcontrollers


•Enhanced functionality• Low-power Ethernet MCU for industrial applications.

• Ultra-low-power modes allow deep sleep options, one of which allows limited use of

peripherals, perfect for remote battery backed- up networks and POE devices• In reduced-power wait mode, Ethernet can continue DMA transfers to RAM and wake up the

CPU upon completion.

• External bus interface allows designers to expand the memory to serve multiple web

pages or collect data, as well as connect to custom interfaces via programmable logic

•Lower System Cost• Reduced component count and cost. Provides an external PHY clock output, reducing

components, BOM cost and offering low-cost connectivity for any application

• Shorter R&D cycle, fewer turns of board prototyping


• IP protection and technology differentiation

•Reduced design time

• With Freescale MQX, CodeWarrior and world-class resources, the MCF51CN offers one

connectivity solution to help you develop quickly and easily.

MCF51CN Microcontroller


MCF51CN Microcontroller

$3.21-6383861248 QFNMCF51CN128CLH

$2.99-631654121264 LQFPMCF51CN128CGT

$3.3120 / 8 / 2631670161280 LQFPMCF51CN128CLK

10KuRef Price

Ext Bus linesaddr/data/chip

select TPMCh

SCI(UART)

Rapid GPIO

Port I/OKBI

ADCChPackagePart #

68K/68K/ColdColdFireFire®® V1 Core • Up to 46 Dhrystone 2.1 MIPS @ 50 MHz• Mini Flexbus support up to 1MB external memory (80LQFP) support

2 Devices

Memory• 128K bytes flash• 24K bytes SRAM

Features• Ethernet:

• 10/100 FEC – Fast Ethernet Controller with DMA• MII Interface with Output Clock for PHY• Support Half/Full Duplex

• Low power mode – Ethernet operation supported at 3V and above• Ultra-small (7x7mm) 48-pin package • 12-Ch, 12-Bit ADC• 3x UARTs (2 on 48 pin, 3 on 64/80 pin)• 2x SPI• 2x I2C bus interface• Real Time Counter• Up to 70 General-Purpose I/O• System Integration(PLL, SW Watchdog)

• Single Voltage Supply 1.8-3.6V


MCF51CN - FEC

• The FEC supports 10/100 Mbps Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks

• IEEE 802.3 full duplex flow control• Support for full-duplex operation

(200Mbps throughput) with a minimum system clock rate of 50MHz

• Support for half-duplex operation (100Mbps throughput) with a minimum system clock rate of 25MHz


MCF51CN - Ethernet PHY and RJ45 connector


MCF51CN - Development tools

TWR-MCF51CN-KIT• Integrated Fast Ethernet Controller

(FEC)

• Mini-FlexBus External Bus Interface

• 10/100 baseT Ethernet with DMA

• Integrated, Open-Source BDM

• Small form factor (59mm x 90mm) standard with Freescale Tower System

• Small form factor (59mm x 90mm) standard with Freescale Tower System

• Module: $39.00• Kit: $99.00


MCF51CN - Development tools

CodeWarrior Development Studio for Microcontrollers v6.2• Part number: CWX-HXX-SE• Complimentary Special Edition with compiler sizes of 32K• Single tool suite that supports software development for future migration

opportunities for both 8-bit or 32-bit and includes rapid application development tool, Processor Expert

• Free version for download – up to 32Kbyte code size.

CodeWarrior Patch 6.2.2 for MCF51CN128• Pls install v6.2 prior to v6.2.2 patch.


64K

128K

256K

512K

1M

Package

48 64 80 100 112 121BGA 144QFP/BGA 160QFP 196BGA

Lasko10/100

MCF5120x

MCF51CN - Low-end Ethernet Roadmap

MPU

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x

Genesis90USB/CAN/ 10/100

MCF5285x

Kirin310/100,USB/CAN

MCF5225x

MiniMeMCF5208

MiniMeMCF5208

• Fills low end of portfolio with price leading Ethernet conversion products• Launch with Genesis 90 to provide high-end and low-end solutions simultaneously

More MPU

Lasko10/100

MCF5120x

Lasko10/100

MCF5120x

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x

Kirin2e10/100 + PHY

MCF5223x


MCF5225x


MCF5225x


MCF5225x


MCF5285x


MCF5285x


MCF5285x


Putting it all together

Solar Inverters implemented with the MCF51CN128 Enhanced Microcontroller and the MC56F8006 Digital Signal Controller offer extreme robustness, much greater product flexibility, easily customized in software.


More information:

•Freescale solutions for power conversion in photovoltaic applications:

•www.freescale.com/files/pr/energy.html

•On line course showing how solar power works, its benefits and drawbacks:

http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/training_information.jsp?code=WB

NR_FTF2008_SOLARPOWER_101&fsrch=1

•Freescale's Solar Power Conversion Technology Breakthrough. Freescale

demonstrates an ultra-low-voltage DC-to-DC converter IC designed to enable

industry-leading efficiency for single-cell photovoltaic chargers:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7p9p2ySdcdM


Solar energy as one of the most abundant renewable sources of energy require

the usage of efficient and managed inverters.

Solar inverters with Freescale DSCs and Microcontrollers offer enhanced

functionality and Reduced System Cost with:• Greater product flexibility,

• Software customization

• Diagnostic, connectivity, and record keeping

• Shorter R&D cycle


• IP protection

Conclusion

THANK YOU!!!


TM

Documents

Using Freescale Microcontrollers and Digital Signal ... · The inverter takes the direct current and runs it through a switching circuit and a ... • True Sine wave mode required