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1
Using lichen as bioindicator of air pollution
Presented atJFY 2003
Acid deposition Monitoring and AssessmentThird country Training
by :Dr. Kansri BoonpragobDepartment of Biology
Ramkhamhaeng UniversityBangkok, Thailand
Path way of pollutants in the atmosphere
O2
O2
O2
SourceTransport & Transform Sink
Ecosystem
Plant
Animal
Human
SO2
SO2
H2O H2ONOx
NOx
H2SO4HNO3 etc.
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Brief history of using lichens as bioindicator of air pollution
Other air pollutants, NOx, O3 , heavy metals, HF, organic pollutants, caused disappearance of lichens from cities & industrial areas.
In 1866 it was noted that lichens disappeared from Jardin de Luxembourg near Paris.
* Smoke from burning of coal was the course.
* SO2 from burning coal damaged to lichens.
* Lichens have been used as bioindicatorof air pollution world wide
Background : What are lichens ?• Lichens are epiphyte • They live on surfaces of bark,
rock, soil and several substrates
3
* Lichens depend on atmospheric moisture : rain , fog & dew for growth
* Lichens are sensitive to air pollution
* Pollutants in the air dissolved in atmospheric water are damaged to lichens
Ramalina farinacea
Lichens are differently sensitivity to air pollution
Fruticose:
The most sensitive
Foliose:
The second
Crustose:The most resistance
4
* Fruticose lichens are the most sensitive:
Lichens are differently sensitive to air pollution
* They are the first group to disappear from polluted areas
Lichens are differently sensitive to air pollution
* Foliose lichens are the second group to disappear from polluted area
5
• Some of them thrive well in the polluted citiesThese are
Lichens are differently sensitive to air pollution
Crustose lichens are the most resistance to air pollution
* In Bangkok : 7 species have been recorded
* In Europe : Lecanora conizoides
How to use lichens as bioindicator of air pollution & acid deposition
2. Physiology changes: changes in chlorophyll content & photosynthesis at various air qualities
fast response
There are two alternative methods:
1. Community changes: changes in species composition at different levels of pollution
slow response
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Lichen Community changes
* Identify species of the lichens
* Change in species composition of lichens at different levels of pollution
* Explore lichens at various distances i.e. 1 km, 5 km, 20 km, 50, 100, 300 etc km around sources of pollution : cities, industrial plants
Transect showing that the number of lichens growing on the tops of sandstone walls, on asbestos roofs, and on ash trees decline as
New Castle is approached from the west (From Gilbert 1965)
Sand stone
RoofAsh tree
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Relative cover and biomass of two lichen species on ash trees along an east –west transect to the west of New Castle, England (From Gilbert, 1969)
biomass
cover
Evernia punestriLecanora conizaoeidescover
Lichen desert:Map of the Tyne Valley showing the concentric lichen deserts:
on asbestos, on sandstone, and
on ash trees.
Ash trees
Sand stone
Roof
8
00000000112232554576666%
coversensiti
ve lichen
4.03.03.63.43.93.43.63.33.63.94.44.44.34.34.24.2pH
011.734.766.57899.510.512.514.516.519Distan
ces
(miles)
pH from bark of ash trees and lichen covers along distance from the city of New Castle to the west
A transect from Bangkok to Khao yai National Park shows four lichen collecting localities
BangkokUrban
RajamongkolInst. Tech
Sub urban
Phra tamnaktemple, Nakornnayok
Rural
Khao yaiNational Park
Remote
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A transect from Bangkok to Khao yai National Park to explore lichen communities on 20 trees at each collecting site
55 (520)2087No. of species
Khao yaiNational
Park
Phra tamnakTemple
RajamongkolInst.
KasetsartUniv.Places
RemoteRuralSuburbanUrbanCategories
2001005010Distances from city
center (km)
Lichens found in polluted cities
EuropeLecanora conizoidesL. dispersaL. erysibeCandelariella aurella
ThaiDirinaria pictaBuelia punctataLaurera bengaulensisLecanora pallidaTrypethelium tropicumGraphis libertaCryptothecia sp.
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Lichens found in polluted cities in England
Lecanora conizaoeides
Candelariella aurella
Lecanora dispersa
Lecanora erysibe
Lichens found in Bangkok
Buelia punctata
Dirinaria picta
Laurera bangaulensis
Cryptothecia sp.
Lecanora pallida
Trypethelium tropicum
Graphis liberta
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Species composition of lichen changes from the city to rural area
Transect from inner city to suburb and rural area indicated that number of species increase with distance away from the city
No. of species related to SO2concentration
Ambient SO2 concentration and air quality index as indicates by presences of lichen communities in England (Hawksworth and Ross, 1970)
Parmelia caperata, rich in species of Pertusaria, Parmelia tiliacea, Graphis elegans, Pseudovernia furfuracea, Atectoria fuscescens
6 ~ 50
Hypogymnia physoides, P.saxatilis, P. glabratula, P. subrudecta, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Lecanora chlarotera, Calicium viride, Leparia, candelaris, Pertusaria amara, Ramalina farinacea, Evernia prunastri
5 ~ 60
Hypogymnia physoides and/or Parmelia saxatilis, or P. sulcata appear on the bases but not extend up the trunks.Lecidia scalaris, Lecanora expellens and Chaenotheca ferruginea
4 ~ 70
Lecanora conizaeoides extends up the trunk; Leparia incanabecome frequent on the base
3 ~ 125
Plerococcus viridis extends up the trunk, Lecanora conizaeoides present but confined to the base
2 ~ 150Pleurococcus viridis present but confined to the base1 > 170Epiphytes absent0 ?
Lichens/ EpiphytesZone SO2 (µg m-3)
12
L. amplissima, L. scorbiculata, Sticta limbata, Panaria spp., Usnea articulata, U. filipendula, Teloschistes flavicans, abundant
10 ~ pure
Lobaria pulmonaria, L. amplissima, Pachyphialecornea, Dimerella lutea or Usnea florida with crustose > 25 species
9 ~ 30
Usnea ceratina, Parmelia perlata, P. reticulata, Rinodina robaria, Normandina pulchella, U. rubigenea
8 ~ 30
Parmelia caperata, P. revoluta, Usnea subfloridana, Rinodena roboris, Arthonia impolita
7 ~ 40
Lichens/EpiphytesZone SO2 (µg m-3)
Ambient SO2 concentration and air quality index as indicates by presences of lichen communities in England
(Hawksworth and Ross, 1970)
ภาพ porter Lichens & air pollution
ของ British museum
13
•• Lichens are identified based on morphology, Lichens are identified based on morphology, anatomy and chemical substances anatomy and chemical substances
Identify lichen species
••Assessing the effects of air pollution on community Assessing the effects of air pollution on community change need to identify lichens at the species levelchange need to identify lichens at the species level
•• Taxonomy of lichens is fundamental back ground Taxonomy of lichens is fundamental back ground neededneeded
Assessing the effects of air pollution Assessing the effects of air pollution from from physiological & biochemical physiological & biochemical changeschanges
These are warning signals before These are warning signals before severe damages occur, which are severe damages occur, which are difficult to correct difficult to correct
••Degradation of chlorophyllDegradation of chlorophyll•• Photosynthesis declinePhotosynthesis decline
Provide faster responses to air Provide faster responses to air pollution and acid depositionpollution and acid deposition
14
Lichen composes of algae & fungi living in symbiosis
LichenLichen
AlgaeFungi
* Fungal mycelium assists in absorbing atmospheric moisture for algal photosynthesis and provides protection to algal from intense light & UV.
Lichens do not harm the substrates they attacked because they use simple inorganic matter (CO2 , H2O) to produce organic matter.
* Algae can photosynthesis produces organic matter.
6CO2+ 12H2O + light chlorophyll C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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How air pollution damages plants and lichens
If chlorophyll is destroyed by acid pollutants, plant produces less 0. M. → reduce growth, lost protective function against insect & pest → death
Chlorophyll is in important organelle function in absorbing light energy for photosynthesis producing organic matter.
Comparing leaves damage by SOComparing leaves damage by SO22 and normaland normal
Acid & heavy metals destroy chlorophyll
Insight of how air pollution damages plants and lichens (at cellular level )
H2SO4 & HNO3 enter the leaf via opening stomata
16
Lichens are advantage over vascular plants as bioindicator of air pollution: because they have no wax & cuticle to protect cells (inner structure)
Cortex: fungal layer
Algal layer
Medulla
Leaf
Lichen
Pollutants
Absorbtion spectrum of chlorophyll and phaeophytin. Chlorophyll has maximum absorption at 433 and 665 nm. Acid causes chlorophyll degraded in to phaeophytin, which maximum absorption shift to 415, and decline at 665 nm.
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Absorbtion spetrum of chlorophyll & phaeophytinand mixture of Chl. & Phaeophytin in DMSO.Prepared from the lichen Ramalina menziesii.
y = -122.91x + 150.26
R2 = 0.97
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.500 0.700 0.900 1.100 1.300OD 433/415
% Ph
aeop
hytin
as %
Chl.
+ P
haeo
.
Standard curve for estimation the degradation of chlorophyll into phaeophytin.Prepared from the lichen Ramalina nervulosa from Khao yai National Park
Mix
PhCh
0100
1090
2080
3070
4060
5050
6040
7030
8020
9010
1000
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In summer chlorophyll at the polluted site declined and
phaeophytin increased. Finally, the lichens at the polluted site
die after chlorophyll completely degraded. In the wet season chlorophyll of the lichens at
both sites remained.
The lichen Ramalina menziesiiwas transplanted from a forest out side San Diego (control site) to Los Angeles (polluted site).
Lichens & Air pollution in Los Angeles
Chlorophyll content and percent phaeophytin from the transplanted lichens at both sites were measured.
Lichens & Air pollution in Los Angeles
NO3- and NH4
+ leached from the lichen Ramalina menziesii collected from the control site (outside San Diego) and polluted
site in Los Angeles
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SO42- and PO4
3- leached from the lichen Ramalina menziesii collected from the control site (outside San Diego) and polluted
site in Los Angeles
Lichens & Air pollution in Los Angeles
Chlorophyll content of the lichen Ramalina menziesii
at the polluted site had high correlation with the amount of NO3
- accumulated in the thallus (r = 0.94).
Chlorophyll content at the control site correlated with
Na (r = 0.65).
Lichens & Air pollution in Los Angeles
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Example of using chlorophyll degrationto assess air pollution
in Bangkok(in 1988)
Transplanted lichens from Kao Yai National Park to
- Bangkok (polluted site)
- Bang pa – in (control site)
Meansured chlorophyll & % phaeophytin
Example of Using
chlorophyll &
phaeophytinassessing air quality(In 2002)
Measured chlorophyll & phaeophytin in lichens along transect Between Bangkok Khao Yai National Park
A Bangkok B
50 km
C100 km
DKYNP, 200 km
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S content of Parmelia saxatilis from different part of the Tyne valley
225569142028703290S content (ppm)
2186.254.54
Distances west of town center(miles)
Accumulation of Pb in lichen thalli and photosynthetic responses
540.6057015
1001.1060600
260.5448815
1002.0865600Parmelia
physoides
572.3628315
1004.1233600
(%)Pn
(mg CO2 g-1h-1)Pb content
(µg g-1)
Distances from motor way (km)
Lichens
Evernia prunestri
Parmelia caperata
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Lichen biodiversity index & lung cancer
Lichen are efficient indicator of air pollution & acid deposition
They are less cost comparing with expensive equipments.
Appropriate technique should be developed especially in developing countries to use lichens as bio-monitoring of air pollution
Lichens provide warning signal before severe damages occur on ecosystem & health.
Conclution
23
Thank you for your
attention
www.ru.ac.th/lichen