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GNS Science
Karsten Kroeger, Richard Sykes, Malcolm Arnot, Miko
Fohrmann, Matt Hill
Using new facies architecture models and
geochemical data constraints to reconstruct Kupe
and Kapuni field charge dynamics
GNS Science
Studying plumbing systems in Taranaki Basin
(PSF Programme)
How does petroleum move in the subsurface?
How does structure and carrier bed architecture impact on source-
reservoir relationships?
Manaia
Maari
Maui A
Maui B
Tui ?
7.5 km
0 7.5 15km
Kupe, Maari – Maui – Tui areas
Maari 3D
GNS Science
Kupe area plumbing and charge
A
B
Fohrmann et al. 2012, GNS Science Data Series 12a
Hill and Milner, 2012 GNS Science Report 2012/37
Kupe Field A A’
B B’
Farewell Formation
Kupe Field
Kupe Field
GNS Science
Sykes et al. 2012
Biomarker analysis indicates Kupe
and Kapuni Fields are both
charged from Farewell Formation
Taranaki Oil Families
Note that Kupe and Kapuni
oils/condensates cannot be separated
based on source related biomarkers
GNS Science
Kupe charge dynamics
• Where is the Farewell Formation
kitchen?
• How did the petroleum get to the Kupe
and Kapuni Fields?
• Was there an early oil charge and if
yes, what happened to it?
• When did it all happen?
N
Kapuni-13
Kupe-1
?
GNS Science
Using maturity data to constrain basin models
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0
Pre
dic
ted
Tm
ax (
°C)
Predicted Rank(Sr)
Kapuni oil
Kapuni gas condensate
Kupe South oil
Kupe South & Momoho-1 gas condensate
Toru-1 gas condensate
onse
t o
il e
xp
uls
ion f
or
co
als
nea
r to
p o
f N
Z C
oa
l B
and
onset gas g
enera
tion
onset oil
expuls
ion f
or
coals
near
base o
f N
Z C
oal B
and
end o
f oil
win
dow
SEV
In general, Kupe
fluids appear
slightly more
mature than
Kapuni fluids (but
all results almost
lie within the
standard errors of
the PLS models)
Kapuni and Kupe
oils appear slightly
less mature than
their respective
condensates
(which could be an
artefact of phase
fractionation)
Calibrated maturities of Kupe, Kapuni and Toru fluids
Rank 14.1 ─ 14.8 correlates to a vitrinite
reflectance of 1.2 ─ 1.35
GNS Science
Kupe-Kapuni model
High resolution improves layer geometry, thermal properties and burial history
GNS Science
Predicted maturation history
7.5 MA 0 MA
Models predict rapid maturation between the
Late Miocene and the present-day. The mature
kitchen area expanded rapidly towards the Kupe
and Kapuni Fields
Base lower Farewell Fm coal measures
GNS Science
Timing of migration and charge
Structures such as the
Kupe Fault affect
migration pathways
and result in bypass of
any late expelled
Rakopi fluids
Kupe Fault
Kupe Fault
Kupe Field
Kapuni Field
The predicted maturity of the modelled area of
highest petroleum expulsion is consistent with the
maturity (Ro = 1.2─1.35) indicated by geochemical
analysis. This suggests charge within the last few
million years
N
Kupe-1
Kupe South-1
Kapuni 13
N Farewell Formation
petroleum expulsion (Mtons)
bypass charge
GNS Science
Timing of migration and charge
Kupe Fault
Kupe Fault
Kupe Field
Kapuni Field
The predicted present-day petroleum expulsion is from shallower and less
mature kitchen areas which is inconsistent with geochemical maturity data from
the Kupe and Kapuni fields and a gas dominated charge
N
Kupe-1
Kupe South-1
Kapuni 13
N
Present-day petroleum
expulsion (Mtons)
GNS Science
Charge History
Kupe main field accumulation
Late Charge (Late
Pliocene Early Pleistocene)
Gas vs oil charge
depends on
Source rock oil generation
potential
Source rock maturity
Seal strength (weaker
seals = higher gas vs. oil
loss)
TOC of mature kitchens
(amount of gas generated)
GNS Science
2km
P00 Toru-1
Kupe South-4
7.5 km
The impact on stratal architecture and
sediment composition on petroleum migration
Axial Channel
Systems
GNS Science
Lower Farewell Formation: deriving facies model
at P00 2km
Kupe South-4
Flattened on P00
?
at 24 ms
Above
P00
?
2km
? ?
?
10 km
Kupe South-4 Kupe South-4 Kupe South-4
GNS Science
Intra-FW-4: Upper Coal Measures
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
RMS
interval
0-25 ms
above
Amplitude
map
flattened
IntFW-3
Kupe South-4 Kupe South-4 Kupe South-4 Kupe South-4
Toru-1
GNS Science
Stacking of carrier bed facies
Channel sand
Overbank-Coal
measures
Channel
heterolithic
E W
Crossline 2720
Toru-1 Toru-1
Manaia Fault P50 P10 IntFW4
P00
IntFW1
IntFW2
IntFW3
Flattened on Top Farewell
During deposition of the Farewell
Formation, the Manaia Graben
formed a large synclinal structure 2 km
GNS Science
Impact of stratal architecture on migration
Kupe-1
Toru-1
Kupe Fault
System
Main Charge
Pidgeon 2009, PR4083
Facies architecture likely to control primary migration out of the source
rock, migration losses and timing of migration and charge. Migration
losses of oil are expected to be higher than those of gas, especially if new
migration pathways are established
GNS Science
Conclusions
• Geochemical data constrain likely expelling kitchen
areas
• Predicted expulsion modelling from these areas
suggests charge occurred largely since the Late
Pliocene
• Initial oil charge likely replaced by gas
• Facies architecture and heterogeneity likely delays
migration from less mature shallower parts of the kitchen
GNS Science
We thank Schlumberger for access to PetroMod basin modelling software
Acknowledgements
This project is funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
through the GNS Science-led research programme on New Zealand petroleum
source rocks, fluids, and plumbing systems (contract C05X1507)
Thank You!