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Using regulation and standardization to promote the use of Greywater recycling
and preventing water scarcity
M. Adel 1 & E. Friedler 2
1 Coalition for Greywater Recycling (E-mail: [email protected])2 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel ([email protected])
Israel’s water economy
Talk layout
SII GWR Standard
status
greywater recycling
Impact on system
proliferation
The water saving potential and the socio-economic feasibility of greywater reuse
within the urban sector -Israel as a case study
E. FriedlerDivision of Environmental, Water and Agricultural
Engineering, Faculty of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
summary
water/energy nexus
Desalination is the fastest growing water source
What about decentralized reuse?
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2010 2020 2030 2050
MCM
/yr
Deficit (SW desalination)
SW desalination and imports
Brakish desalination
Brakish water
Recycled wastewater
Fresh water
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10000.01
0.1
1
10
Decentralized water production saves water and energy.
Source-Consumer Distance [km]0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Sp
ecif
ic E
ner
gy
Us
e [
kW
h/m
3]
10
1
0.1
0.01
SW Desalination
GreywaterReuse
WWTP Effluent Reuse
Decentralized Centralized
High Energy
Low Energy
Natural Water Sources
Urban demand is the fastest growing consumption sector
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2012 2020 2030 2050
MCM
/yr
Agriculture - fresh water
Ariculture - brakish water
Agriculture - recycled wastewater
Lake recharge
transfer to neighbors
nature recharge
Industry - fresh
Industry - brakish
Urban demand
What is GWR and how can it effect Israel’s water economy?
Onsite reuse of light GW :1. shower/ bath2. washbasin3. washing machine
Reuse for:4. Toilet flushing5. Garden irrigation
GW treatment
system
Treatment Unit
What would happen if from 2015 all new apartment buildings were required to install GWR systems?
A typical installation in a multi-storey apartment building
Treatment
Storage Tank
Potable water top-up One-way
valve
Basement
Vertical Shaft
Ra
w g
reyw
ater – Sep
arate co
llectio
n
Tre
ate
d g
reyw
ater
co
nve
yan
ce
Tre
ated
gre
ywater – S
eparate d
istribu
tion
Urban consumption is the fastest growing segment of Israel’s water economy
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2012 2020 2030 2050
ʮʬʮ
Ηʹ ʩhʥyʩ̡
CAGR 1.71%
MC
M
Source:
GWR can slow down the growth rate of urban water demand
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2012 2020 2030 2050
ʮʬʮ
Ηʹ
ʩhʥyʩ̡ ʸ ʥʦʧ ʩʮʭ ʲ ʩhʥyʩ̡
By 2050 – 30% reuse only in buildings built after 2015
Urban Demand
Urban Demand with GWR
140 MCM(Avoided Desalination)
CAGR 1.47%
MC
M
EnergyGWR ≈ 1/5 EnergyDesalination30 m
30 m
30 km
300 m3.5
kWh/m3
Produce
Desalination
WWTP
1
kWh
/m3
1.5
kWh/m3
Convey
Onsite GWR
Reduce national electricity consumption by 560 GWh per year in 2050
Avert construction of 1-2 desalination plants by 2050
Prevent emission of 6-8·106 tonnes CO2 by 2050
GWR Standard in Israel • Status:
– In 2010, the Standards Institution of Israel (SII) established a panel of industry, academic and regulatory experts to tailor a standard for the specifics of the Israeli water eco-system. (SII #6147)
– 5 years later, despite the near unanimous agreement of panel members at multiple levels in the SII on the contents of the standard regarding methods of treatment, water quality standards and testing regimes, no such standard has been forthcoming.
– SII Standard based on British Standard with addition of on-line process monitoring.
• Impact:– “pump and bucket” recyclers have proliferated - a broad range of unregulated
solutions exist in the market place, primarily for garden irrigation. – Larger scale greywater recycling systems are almost entirely absent….
> 20,000 < 20
Where is the impasse?
• SII Expert committee
– Water quality standards
– Water quality testing regime
– Authority to decide on above
• Ministry of Health
– OK
– Not OK
– No clarity
Why is the testing regime so important?
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
NIS
/m3
Apartments per Building
Variable costs
Capital costs
apartments per block (%)
y = 6700x + 95000
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
0 10 20 30 40 50
ʤ́ʩʫy
ʺʫy
ʲʮʬʸ
ʩʧʮ
ʺʲʶ
ʤʤh
ʷʺ
ʤ-
ʹʧ
ʺ ʫy ʲ ʮʺ ʷʩɹʱ [m3/day]
Capital cost = 100k + 6.7k*ρ [NIS]
Because it destroys commercial viability.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
NIS
/m3
Apartments per Building
Incremetal testing costs
Variable costs
Capital costs
apartments per block (%)
Viability point moves to 70 apartments per building
₪ -
₪ 1,000
₪ 2,000
₪ 3,000
₪ 4,000
₪ 5,000
₪ 6,000
₪ 7,000
₪ 8,000
₪ 9,000
₪ 10,000
MOH STANDARD
Yearly fixed costs
Electricity
service contract
BOD
TSS
Fecal coliforms
Sampling
Science of the Total Environment 538 (2015) 230–239
Summary - GWR in Israel can:
Reduce urban water demand by:
• 140 MCM per year in 2050
Reduce national electricity consumption by:
• 560 GWh per year in 2050
Avert construction of 1-2 desalination plants by 2050
Prevent emission of 6-8·106 tonnes CO2 by 2050
! Regulatory obstinacy is preventing realization of this opportunity…
~10%a
~0.5%a
~10%
Acknowledgments & sources
The water saving potential and the socio-economic feasibility of greywater reuse
within the urban sector -Israel as a case study
E. FriedlerDivision of Environmental, Water and Agricultural
Engineering, Faculty of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
הקואליציה למיחזור מים אפורים בישראלhttp://www.graywater.org.il
backup
DeadSea
Sea ofGalilee
GWR can replace 1-2 of these!
ApprovedRecommended
By 2050, 15 million people will require ~15 desal plants over just 200 km of coast.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2012 2020 2030 2050
MCM
/yea
r
Brakish water
Recycled wastewater
Fresh water
Agricultural water allocation is only marginally effected by GWR
CAGR 0.66%CAGR 0.49%
Agriculturalwith GWR
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Sp
ecif
ic D
aman
d[m
3/(
pers
on·y
)]
Po
pu
lati
on
[Mill
ions
]
Population
Specific Wat. Damand(demand manage.)
Population Growth – Driver of urban water demand increase
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Sp
ecif
ic D
aman
d[m
3/(
pers
on·y
)]
Po
pu
lati
on
[Mill
ions
]
Population
Specific Wat. Damand(demand manage.)
Specific Wat. Demand + GWR
Population Annual Growth rate 2005-2030
Germany USA Israel China India
30% penetration only new buildings (2050)