USSBS Report 98, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part1, Comprehensive Report, OCR

8/6/2019 USSBS Report 98, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part1, Comprehensive Report, OCR

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J j ~ )

CONFIDENTIAL

TH E UNITED STATES

STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

EVALUATION

OF

PHOTOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE

IN THE

JAPANESE HOMELAND


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EVALUATION

OF

PHOTOGRAPHIC INnLuGENCEIN THE

JAPANESE HOMELAND

P T ON !oow . . . . . . . . . . . .

U P O & T

PHOTOGRAPHIC I N l U U G E N Q SICTlON

D a c e l l o l ~

7 Ocrober 19H-1 W.,. 1946Dace ol

P\WlicarioD:A u p a 1946

UI


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- . " ] fOT11w lI$eof th . U. S. S t r R I ~ g j eBoml>-This report waS wnllen prnnaT' Y , On of n moro comprehensi"e. , rion of f1ll1 Ie. rol'or ....ing' Sun-e,- 111 I , e preparn . __


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ImU'Oduo-b p Mc Wt s 1. "toatletx-b"""""_. e - t &ltd A"tiairmtl' anil lr l 'y. . - . ~ .. . ' - t. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.-. - . . . . -- . . . . . -

10. ~ , ~ . . . . t, & I t d - . . t i o n - - - . . -- .II . ~ &ltd .-.mo.do - . - - - - -- .12. S- h i a t d l i t - --.. ..

\'. e - : ~ t r l i , ; , ; ~ ; 'p ~ i . ', .,;u.;,..;,;;J;;, ~ . ~ ~~ - ; , ;'w...idW I I - . . . . -_ . - . - - - -.

2. 1'botof I'I>otop'&PIIJe 1..~ U i e...., O.p" ' ' ' uoo , or Per>IQeI,

TralnIq, .0 0 ~ b !"ros....... u d


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-L


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VALUATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC JNTIlLLIGTHE JAPANESE HOMELAND

I. SUMMARYJ. AllhQIIl{h ,-jewel! with j,tp-

ticis", ftl the beltinni,,1t nf World W it II. ~ . IJ > t " ~ ~ ' ' ' ' l ' h .ultimately l ~ : a " ' e' ' ' ' ' ' of th t D'....j"'pOHHll1 ,in!!l" " ' , " ' , : ~or i"".lIij"w"i' in tl.. .!'Ilcific War. T he.\" 1 ' 1 " " l ~ Jan important pan in""olll!'h."""or military ." d unal " ...1;,,"" than""yother""urc ..

2. 111.11 of the ;mllOrtalll fid.ls of 1'1....'..".,.I'loi"j"'ellij.."'''c, rhe.:kol !.oy USSIlS 1"""", ill .111"''''the , , ,du,i 'IU' '' ' fur J - . , . l l w r i , , ~,la,a ft,,", plo",o.I ; " r l l l ' h ~1)]"(),oCr!'be 001111", and in ~..."e ... J th e ill_lellil-"'''("(l prore.1 to h. CUrt",,1 "'illo;,, the l i l " j l ~

'i f arcun'e)' .....,,,i,... ,1. F""' ' ' ' . 'el . ,". lhe pri",:;,,"]sbortco",;]),,:, ill tlw l'ho,o-i"tdli/!,'nre ""rk ,1"",_

On Jill''''' ", .". ill Jields u{ ",;"", , i"'l'ol1""'" ".'''1therd"" , did , , '" ll'",.,ly "If",! the l ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' of AHt,,101'",.,.tiOl's.

3. A eollsidenl1iolt of th .. . tt....1of "'/;""1 I l l i l i l ~ r . \and l;Ci.nlilic d / l \ ' ~ l o p " , e l l l son photo i " t e l l i ~ ~ n r e

is of the utmost ;mpo'1all ",ililary -ad IlI.nJilllt!lIige'"", ., . " " " " " , i W by onl, a n . . . . . . . " ", ul l ll ... ted",iq ..... uf "bolu _ u . -a"d ,,1o'>' 1""r,.1 pl""op.phy, , ' . , ,h .. u"l ...... 1"'1".'" , . ,u_ uf l1o.. . " 'f , _ .Within a "e n ,llt\ tiD'" .n org1lmRd .....-IEuf I,hotognol;hic "-"","h.i_,1ft "'III.tI DII. andI'hotognop1oic ;",.Ilil:""CO' um', ..,.. e l l . b 1 ~ . l hm,,!!hotll ,h .. Uri,i,h 1 ~ 1 . . . .For. I ll"" thc ' " . .,he pri"lOr)" """" ... nf i m e l l i ~In th t Eu"" ......th ... '"r.

b. E ' r h in 1 ~ ' 1 1 .....p.......' ' '"li'' ' ' ' of 'Iw l'o".,.]S, ."" .":'",,1 forres we"" -oml lu,'I


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I l l " ~ ' ' l ! 1 ' l l I , h ~~ n o l I 'h"h'l!"'rh ... ; n t ~ , , ' ' ' ' ' ' . ' l O n .I'hlJ.:"n_",';n ,h i, nt'('t......1r.' ;n,I , rillnl i, on 1"" ....... 'n" . . , ,I"". An,l , , " I ~ - i " ~.".1 ' , ( " ' I ' l ' n ~.i""...I,. """,,,;nll . l e l ~ " . . . . ".",1 flot-I",n;'--' iru;t.ll . . ion- 1 l . 1 . , ~ i , , ~I........ in. idenlif,i"Jt ,hip" ......... ,i ' lg d"",."e . nd d " " " r i l > i , , ~..""m)1'' ' ........ mo1 n,," 10" .,>'i,i,,'. _ \ ~1l10N! phOI"I1",pIL'1""",,,(> ","il"I.>I,. "lid ,,_\il". amIll"tl"l'\ .a,er "l'l'l'Oa ..l",,, in 1"1"I",,.,.,io,, fc'r AmI,hil.>ious 1.,, ,linp. Other $ I ~ i . l i z e dintf '1,reI.lion j'. theI,I""Il'!! ,,( I",,,,b faU" lo r . ~ I " gboml,i"g" .c r" ......' . "d ,1... 1'....I"' ...,i(m 01 gritldet.l c h . ~.,,

ill'el"J''''alioli. "lid willt IIIl' i H C I ' ( > l l ; , o ~ 1,'e,:oguilioll..f i,.. import." ..... Ih . dp,,,.,,tl lo r u . i " ...1 1)('1 ".'M'11'(1M'~ .....tl, . ~ . ""'L....'''..II..origi" . I I i" .ing q u o t h .. r .... i r l ( " ~ ,a.iI ,,'(>1'8 ,he "Ululler of....1.....-.1_.-h"", ~ l I.. h training "'as ,,erod. Fn"m."inillal db of:!j "nicet'!l, thelolal "nml>t-r lrai" ...1l.>y ,10.. Nu,-," ... h,.,) !!I't'''" '" l':\l. Fr"IlI" ~ l I l 1 i l ~ l ' I )11",,1, , I k . ~ i n H i l l ~ .,I". 11\11111.>,..,,r"ill",1 illd,e I k i , i ~ hC.mml lmerl'l'(>'alio"I '"i, "I .\I.dmenh"llI. 1-;1\1:'1"",1.

b. III .ddi,ion IOlh" . \AF and N",-,pho,o inIC.,'.....f ...... ..,'......1h"nd,....I fficT"" "" d me" i" II...~ l . r i ".." .tld "'-.ralll" ..,,,,,,d ..n;".,.......",I nWn in," " .\rnn G ... "ntl Fo...,...., ....... '",in ..d in l 'howint ..l h " ' ' ' ' I ~" " h o o l ~of 'h . i r O"'n. IJt'T'S(lnnel.ndooll"""l"ellrl, no ~ . " ' I e l l l k ' i cehf("k 0" ,heir a ~ _ i g t l ",ent lind di'1!'il",li"". lIO .. ~ " c 'figlll"('>( on lI""ign." , .n l r . ll be ci,,,I, 11 h ., l>een ''''illJ.: re$lIll,. The. "her half W " ~I l > < ! l i g n l ~ l10 AA F headq"aI1ers., 'Jl"" of 'I>foe;"h;'" . , It . . COO,'ral Inteql"" ..lIm, rni,. In 1>rV1>re. hlu>u1",,,ne liai .. ", .. . . . lIIainl.", ...1 b., " ,h . 1"'0 .. r_lo[lllri:,mi"ll" . ~ d ,"'IIlI,,,llu .IIIJlIi r.. 'he work tor,I .... ~ h , r .P .n of I l ,i . " ' ., , due 10 ,h ... fao. ,batboth "....1 I,holl'llral,h,- IIk ..~ b, , I... :10111..~ , rfrnIl'hic 1l.......," .. i_ t Ic . ! Sq".dron. In.r'1"'''' 1 "" ." .1"" '"""I"",.,hll- lor ,t . . inl... . , .m.'_ ..1 ..11p h o t ~...I'II, f...." Xa"" ..nd ll.ritw"ht)(.."..I>h ...

"1"'_ad t tl" lV1'ier ' - -

b. In additioll te tilt phet 'J .., ('Il" &fItI1 -r-."'; I.....'.. o- wilIo . .lfllII"..... of I '" T- . a , D widrt.. . o n . j In ... l1... . . . ( - . . .,U'O.\_ , n...ir iobo -1t.iPI7 . . . . . . . . . . .... 1 o r

. . \1 I ri 1I.rt.- ,M...I ft . 1M . . . . ." .. " f c:"'(I C."("POA ~ ., .,I.. J .."' I I n , ~ I l " p " r r( Ph, .... Par- (........ " ' -.110/ H. Ih,,,.... I1.. ,.. "'l,..,di.n.... u"nlf 'I: . . Iau.rI " of ,h. ".r.l,h"'ollra.l.hir in... lh. . . . . . . . . . . . . .....rk .. . in '1... 11.....'111,1'10'" " '1"" , of JI("I'OA. g.( : ( ' ' l ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' n ~1 ."u 11 dala 1 0 f phntc../-....11'. ,nit' '1' "' f l I i r "'I"'fla.n d . t I' " ' ra. .- of ...-W~f . . r i '" u..- "I T 1 pho-"l III1t'II........""",,,,, "f JKPO.\ q ) I ~ ) ( " I 1 I 1 ' p l \ l c" n D a ~.1t,1 II11...'l ' ....' . l lon ~ " " 1"rod",,,,,1 .... nolan!I'ho,..Il\'ellill"n .... rel ,, n>, l>uri ,, Ihi. l-"""'>d,I "-'" ..."""len"'" d"I,lirall." "f r"1tt ...., " JICI'O.\ an d tJw I,,,...... nl ,"Ut>JIff '&lQoa! d n , - .i..J'hlf. l Ih ,"dlNnal and I . - _ L ~ _1"IIf'........ ""PO".h' lu"",i, rll,,,, ---c,""d n n , , ~It..1.11..,. II." of .10 ":11> '0 I""""" tl", JOlnlT.,j.,'UlM'1 .. . "'""Ii"ill 1m. .orir.

b. .... ,'Y p h t t I I ~ r t ',,'ell,l'f't,r _:II> 1,.l" .w '" ..... l 'bIttqmorb' 1 D t . 1 l , ~( ", ..u",\fl- It.. ' ~ ' r Int ..lhf:"W'l' (;,.,.,,,, I.hn_"", "I....., .. 1 1",..11>1-"""'" It " pnrIripall...-fmJ


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O n ~ , I * b d. . . . . . . . _"el'fI ln1O'rJ'1'l1Ud J*"Idquatlly."... iDed & . l d l _ . : .. : : ,ElTOl'Il 'n ronw.,.~paUy by the f..,. tb&t. . . . : . . . . . .d . - l y c.. .pped flhM - ' - . . . . .liIIwe an"",,,t of Iijthl All pt."", - ' - . . ."",ull I o U l . . . . . rl , IL ....._ ~ - l(nJ>hfl. Had Q>or1' - m . .... drnMd'''''''pea"""" of pbOlm,fic.ti"" . ~ . _ " ~combo _ v, ''''''Co

. 1. ""-"un.,.... ,,,-",,,. IN ." " __ m b l ~ .etc.,."hen Phll,loyed 10 "upple .... m eane fINdoon "'!llch II ,. 1Iel1lpt....1. HO'r idontloo..I,on ""Sa,IM'pt 1On ""I>'[,l, per ~ n to f l h .. &.Idosu....eyed. lor ,..;thoul II;" _l>l.ea!lCl' 01 nerJol.'"""" aim.,ld facili!i ..pTOred 10 be ;mpra o f,1i'1"''''''I .....""' M al;o impTIICl,cable " " " ' _ of Ib" rime i " , " O h ~m D",king all ."""role check of ""1."",1 tui"'a,""'hich ",oullli for mile< ow ' rlll' .Joplln"", """n-I l } ~ i , ! ~ .In ]>1 .,.. of a JmHuul ch;>(,k. JOI>One"""f fiei"l. ""..re i l l l ~ r t - o p r l ' < i. nd ma!'" ""'110 , I ~ - I.. "",Ia.-...s l,lolted , ," '" obtlli.....l for ..., ..... 1 airfield..Th "l'Io,eb ;ndical" thot most llrell'! in ",hichpl.n hod 00." parked "'"re (1eI..O"_ rnllloo,floge """""",led '"

CONFIDENTIAL

1'"",,,.r.I' ," .o- ... ." , , " ' ' ' ' I.'....'.

... _.r_.- -..., -

( 2 ~: \ i r f i ~ h l ; ;da""iHt'tl b,\" ETO SlandaTlI.w.e' ... t l , ~ I l l e ' l01'10 such ""Ieb'l>ri.... as ~ I A D()I".d.\Ulll A," D'\lme) ~ " dF ~ , ( J ( ~ i g h l e rLRlldi"gG r ~ ' ~ " . d )orl lhe has,s of d,,,,e, .. iolls. surface ndfnc,ht 'os'. E " r o r ~mQd" ill such c1""",ifi"al io,," we",'" " f ,w "'.tn" ..... nllrihlliable to ",i,tnk,,,, in fiel,l"'"85Ure",."t. h'll ,h e ~ " " ' l \majon'" we", ""u;;.,dh ~ '" misimel'l 'ret"lion of field ,,,rfaciug. i" 80

pel' cc"t or the eJlSC8,,-here "urfaeinl! wo. ill error.Ihe f", ld h a d " rair" 'e"lher mlher lhan "n al\_w e , , ~ h c , -' I I r ~ a , . e .I l\ 1"'"Cl i"", liel,ls el.. in,ed . ~ 1'0'l en ll al ' '' MU '' '' o r he",-,\" airtlrt,m"" by the E urolIC"n SJ&lem weTl' olten llSelI for figh'ers Ortrai"ers onl,\". Similarly. Helds cloim"d!til fighter(lo'on,C'l we"e !'OBlllimcs 1l>el1 for hea,-ier 1)1" '" 01planes. I" .h'!l1.1he ETO field potent i.! el.",ifi.cation sehlo'" ~ " " ' e "tnoe itlenlific.lion "r actu.lfield Il",-,.

(:)) In !he "-,,,lll.. lioll of ",,,,,,ay ""tI H,ld"'elJ'u' ....llW\\t" ;t " "a s !t1l t h" l a " e r ro r 1 0 1 ~ n t , l t...or n I ' P I ' O ~ ; , , , , , t c l yr, I",,-cent conld l>I'allowed ".-ilho" l cho,,!-";ng lhe operatio,,"1 dect;\"enelll of the'''IX}}t. Of t h e ~ ; ;airfields ci,ock",1, 41 were me",,

Ul'ed co,..-{'Clly wilhin 1 perctlll01

ael"al dimen~ i o " . ,4 "'OTl' were wilhin ~ percell1. aud 4 or lhel'l'n",ini"j.: 1(1 were wilhin 101",,,,."1_ The 1I1ajorc"u"" for e"ror w"s f(>t",d to he in"ceul'll.le defin;tion or field ond runway li"';1>-

(4 ) ,\ ltholl!;h H IICTeem of !Iw i,1 airdromelhecke, l ro, ' s"rlnei , ,! ; wen' rel'0H",,1 correclly.j . : ! . r i \ l ~, 'r,'"' '' ' were made iUlhe idenlifiCl\lion orSUrr"e'es III >;c'-ernl mnjor fie!,ls. In .1l "' _ oferror, field ser"icenbility was o,-e""'I;",_lOO.

r, , ./.( I ~.. llIetllII)U ~ ; ' l " { 1,[oo,;t"".'In""~ I... M m",,'",'.n,le"rM)"" "r.n",....;._~ : h ' h l,,"'I"''''''''1' "url"oth descr;pti,-.. "nd googr"phie.

(2) Cl"Sliifitalio" hy actllul uS

lllt'fllio" of thn I,hotogrnl'hk ill\erprclN"ll who~ e l ' \ d on (""'riel>; su d ,,-orkc-d "'ilh a m p h i b i o ' l ~t"mm,,,,,ls. Thpir work WIlS of pri",,,,')" i"'ljO'"lanC

b. Si,"il"rly, p h O I O ~ ' l " J l l ' h i e . i , " e l l i ~ " " l < ' "reportswrillen b,l" il\l"rpreters wilh the F n E",tern . \ ; rForl'C:; "r e Il01 HIlIt,,,ted becllUse the;, ' cOUlemwilh the '/"I,ane5C home i ,lands f r om" photo

inlellij!Cnce ,tmHlpoinL d,d noL tle,-elo]> u mi l " ,' r ylatl> in l h e w ar "",I w"s eWll the" pri"""'ily "f "laelieal "ature.

I. llltrod",tio"a. Dur;ng Ih.. c"r1i""t sragl'S or Ihe war. phott>

/!raphie"nlellige"ce oflicers we'' ' ' ""riously h,mdiClipped by au iU\:OlIlplehl k " ' J \ " k ~ l g eor 11w in,lall,,tions IUld "'Iuipm""l I h e ~ 'wer", altlmpting 10imerpre1. Ilealizil\g" lloMl " ,u ch o r l h is ig"o'"''''"e001lld be elimillllle l l i l , l i " g ..\ " p r ~ 'imporlllnt 'Hlmini,tJ"ali\'efunct ion w ..~ the .."",il-'l'",e"t of I'hOlogrllphic ;1"lel'l'"-'I,,lion IW''''''''''''th'\l"j.:h"llI Ihu Na"", e ~ CCpl " , i th in the I'Rcilk Oct',on " ...."s, whcro lI;"'ign.me"t WIIS by JICPOA. "" t l l" ler. n ca r l h e entl oft he w a r. 1,.'" Co",Airl'nc.

CONFIDENTIAL


9/27

. t .n r l " , n k " l . rli n ....

I:!) In ~ I " ' ' 'of tl", i , , ~ l l d k i..n.r of glVl""1ehet:J,;" '-"'rI.i" rondll,ion$.. ill ,,,,!!ud lu ,\ (' C""he I ~ ' " e h t ' dfrom the f'"IlJ!llIenluJ e,-ide""" II,-"il~ I J I... ~ I n ; ; (i " 'p o rt . n, o f 1 1 _ is ,h"l ,he", are p h ~,..,-,t!" major",HI...,.. of Ih i, i n l e l h ~ " " , K " ' l ' .I" ~ ' l ' ' ' f ' ' ' ' l .1,10010.~ .... "hi r inl"I1'n'l"'-'; 1)(Irt....\ un : t il " . . . . 1 ."d", ..n-hant ....il ' u>o....." nt (:!) ~ " "....... l . c l i , i t ~ ,,-ilhin lI"roo",. indlllli"J! ,hil'''"ildi,,1'" ..nd rel . . i .nnd (:II recoA1lltion fent"....,. of II .. W u n n l cI"".. ....n " t 1 " I t ' I ~ h " U I'YI"" llS d",,lop ..d. n"th .h" ,y lI"dN"'T l I " i l ' i__I I , ~ 1" h i ] > l ' i , , ~r"IIO'1 IJ,,1 Ihe "' ' 'I 'kd mw IlJ t h .. N.. , ~ W"S "'0"" ex'en,i, ... "10"" ~ I " "ci.lt ....d. alMI 'n " .... gen ......ll) ui'ed.

h. Ahhon. the r o n l " ' U ~.."d fo"" " f shill"i",:::.... l " I r t i ' I l . I" lly , .ri 1,,i.h c h . n ~;nlherourseof lI... wa r I"""", all I > O r t ~f. n into "' ... o f I h rf fb,,_ie , ... t. ./ - ~ ' r i.. . : " " ~ hn'I" 'rI" ;..." ......1 ~ h i l ' p i n l ( ""I,,rl>. lind 'IM",i,,1 "'1""'1> ",ill..- I . ~ i l l j :l'roA ...."' . delCribing.J"PI"'l'!!t" ' ........p;nj1 n"' ' ' ' ' ........ lind li


10/27

(..

"'tWA,. . . .Alt .. ,. Jol , au.elI , M. 1 , ' U . " ~ 1 N l1100 "J.I,al ta , I f t t lO . . . . tt a I ~ o I l a t ta I I . ' . . . . ' . .

S. . ion f l " ' . " ! h o e U _ , _ ht ro t .c a n " u , . . . . _. _ .

I ' n e t ~ l t l0fI , " t . , , , t . u " f . l Ie t10 I . . . . t . l t " . '.QiI__ '.

."1(, I n...(fonu '''"All

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"01. in It a j

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J . . . . . . u ~ NAVoL UNITS.......... 0 < _ , , .

I " ~ ':h'p,t:.J,:."'" ,,",,",,' =;:=:"5.;:"-""~ - k,----.. .- = - _ - _ ~ ,... ~ . . . ~ . . . _ _ _ -... -'1--__;;:;___... ."\ ... .'" l.fo . . . . ' ' ' ' .. . ,.J.... DO,." ,h." 0 "" , ... , " . " ' ',""0 "".m"""",. ',,' . . . . . . 1"0.".11 .. aJ'" ""It....D""",",,, "'on.......

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n ' o , . . . . . ,... , ..

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,_ ,. , . , , , ~ , _ , , ,__ oln(""_'''''....

\ ' 0 . " . . . . . . . . of 'ho " "" . " . . 1 .. ,0_""" _ .... ".,~ ll , ., ... ,. , ~

i-elol''''''''' uf tht! ,IMST ( " " p n , , ~ ' S e)lcrd",,'1

Shipping TQllIwgtl) rodino::~ . , s l e m .

li s ""., perl l , i l l ~ o Iiu,,"ed,nte l....I I d l l ~ i o , , ~as 10 type ,,,,,1 IOn""b'e "lid wu ""doubte,ll.l of g,.e"t u s s i ~ l a n C ( 'III"d,i""I"1,( t l 'e k in d l,>f "cc"mc)" indic"lcd i n II ,e"lpo"l. Oil Yokol"""", nala nO\\" n,"il,,\.ole on theJal'''''e,re mercIJnll1 ~ l t i l 'I""()g,."m ,,,,,I de,;IJ,.'"" f"nl\lrell ,,100 illll,l,-"te II", efF"di\'e llfOe of th".))ISTsyslem In ool'I'oclly 1111"l"IlI'e1inJ( Ibe


11/27

1 ) l i n ~rnid, on I h ~",mnflllls "f Ilw J"palle;;Ill , , " ' ~ Rdiagn .. " i",lic.Rli,,1,! 110" "XRel r l l "nndp ~ ' 1 " e i '""loed"l"" of enemy ' 1 ~ . . , 1ship co"",,,ue'lioll and repair from 1'1001'....phie in'elli.,'1."nccalon". lnformnlion w"s furnished olilhe I ' h y ~ i c a llay.oul "nd facilitiCli of sh ip) 'n rds . tlisc.wery ofnew yards, I ~ ' I ) C $ofsh ipsunder conStrncl;ol1, progress of ",,"';truetioll 0" parlicular wl1.'s, a"d extenla nd t y pe o f " , pa i r work. Ag in lhe caSOl of othe,phll;;es of shipping jnlel"l""llllio1l. Japa"ese "hip_b"ilding rworos were not complele enough 10pro"ide a comprehensi,e check of 1'[ report!!. yet,~ n o " g hdllla wasaVllilabletoevnlllllt.l! phOlographicimelligetK't' on the majoo' part of shipb"ildi"g "cl i , - i l ~ 'kno,,'n as "progress 011 the wnSil." This illformation indicales t ha t P I ,..,ports on shipbuilding "cti";ly were r e m a r k " h l ~ 'ace" ....le. Of Ihefoursh ips checked al Ishikllw..jimn 5Ioi]>y",d. re(Iuiring an a'e .....!!e of 8(i ! ; , " , , h i ~i", ..l l i ~...n,.., Clln ,10 a r ela,li"ely con,pl. 'e llnd """." u"" lu l job ;n the f ""ct ;01\"1analy,;, of ill,h"'l 'i"llnrl-"I'. For0cc'1lling"""l ' o f ;nd"51 "il'S in whith indi"ioI1INi",,,,,boihiu .1Ich a ",a,,"tr as I ~",ok,' ;,l.nlificlllion diftK1,1l0" i"' I '"", i lJ l, ' . lu Ihi. ,.. "'d 1I1"{l1l1lal'\' i"d""l t i"" (c. g .. ",r!I'n,,,e " , mblS 1''''01f'"I ' J/I""'I' of ,,,,I,,,,n..... K,,,,,, Iodlt" 0' II ... a l 'p . r.11'" "f huildll11r' '" lIot ~ I l o u "f " r . fllnrliOllll1a"aly" I" ,10 ""'''' ' .....m jill:>: I tun .. . 1...., bef.",ih.r "illl ' I_iii . , i"d,,>!ri.1 , - . Un,."" " . ' l ~ r e t P N.'.11 .... ,\L: .\S 1 1 I < ~ O j I ' T l l I ' ' ' i rEval .. . _"Ill' "'('("u.", dlort- t.ro.

.h" ...l ill \\'''''"'''''1'''''' "w r ,I"", 1''''.1''' ....1 .1(;,,"m.( ~ l (; ....,,,",lmf,,n".I!l.1l "" .I.!'."...., i",I" ...

tri .I"I."I_. ",,,.trinl bUlI,li"" ".-lNtl"'" i> I - ' \ . " n t r o l l ~ ,Iandani .11 OWl' lh,' "orl,l.\\h.", N,,,,ln>C1M.>n dt,i.l . .. l ro ll ' l il t " "r,u . I ....'ou.., "f li",il.,ipli.,.. (lack oflu",hrr. _h'Pl. 1 or """",,,,,, of 1..."l i . . ili.,.. '"d.,..ign , li t1al l b)' d .. 1'""'.1..",,, .,1 ""rtl",,,.k,...or . ~ l " , r".,u lph."",,,,,a (hlf,'"",,,,,,,.I'\' " - - ~ -l l H ~ .kl1"w" f T O l l 1 l h ~ ~ X l " ' r i . " c... of arebill'Ct' ., ..1

CONFlDE.'\IT1AL


12/27

'1)1'Iimlllon of C " " I : .. ite "';Ihi"""illlinj.",- ond in the illll:rp t;\IIl of mllh.

"ONfiDENTIAL

I'ft."'" t " " ' ' ' ' ~' "''''O'p ~ "hlrl. _ I I , , , ~. _ "" 1 p ' - . ,. .. . . . . . . , .. . ,_ of .. , ~ _ .. . , bo _ _ ~ . . . . , .. . , , ,.,,,,_u ~ . , ""..,., ,...,'". _ ."lol... ' ~ ... " ' ~ ,..," _ 'r O k ! . , ~ ,.. ,. , .. u_ ., " , ''' p,"'""" ',... pi.. , I. , .


13/27

be c1...nlled u 0 ) ~ (t ) . . . . . . .idcntilled (i. 8-. !lOt reported), ud (01)F o r P U ' 1 _ o f < ' O l l l p a t a t i n.. .th.-.buiJdi,,1/'! in tt..fIrM l . , , ~. . .toontO'd as oorl'llCl. Ihoe in t" " laic 1 _ U wr.,.

(31 To facilitn"". cnmpui80n of __rneif.l of th . th .... ty!"'" of .11I.1,..., 1tmcIi..a"",I Iltruct.. n l .OCUrneodi"JtOil tot.1 . . . . . of iDlltnJI..t'oll8 i" the "I.nt (D, t:. .,,d Two.Colelll.li"" . ""'-':101,,,,,,tioll, T h _ formul ...""" O:"'ClI ill p"" , Ele"en- Indl l$l r ial AlII.lysil,~ ' < > r11,, 1""'I>f. '\c(>,."r l",ild'"'''''' ('lrIWL wlle''''''s ,lie g:r,"l';rmllrked "E" il1


14/27

CONFIO(J\,'TIAL

, .. , Iud ........ ....t 'Blt."I"-.,....r r . l y I J iodud . ~. -

It ) o.-..J d .... J,;- Oil lin.. d a a . ~ ~ ' " '~"len, "-ere _ , \ (on Hln>J.ilm. ~ . p. . k,. On .o.nd nit. The JTU r e l o o r t . ~I - " ~ ~ hUl l"""" , larea of ~ 1.- per .... '1 h,ut-. , "aea-...k,"" " '_6 " o ~ . , . . , ....-er.l II,,,, . . . . . . . 'hall did

,l!I'lJOIDd"""'J". _ b . - , . . . . d . . - i t l o p - . . d ,..,.. . . . y ( " l l - ~ . - _ ~ l " . , ....... ' P ,0 . .. .lJ-1 per ( ' f f t t ~ II I I ; ~t l . - perot S . p . ..ki nd 11.1 p'" 'III ~ J n tII l "b .. TIlelaller f4:ure c' (If no . ipn6>

"

8. fOi l PRIMARY BUILDINGs . . . . . . 2 - CONhNI.MET HOD ONE

(. ) O n l ~in l r e a ; l "boP:..,roof ......ff " . . , ....:.roplu: 10


15/27

ponm,AW _ t i l e I . , . . ..IIlIIlUDitian m piJIa- t Ibe . . . . .n v _ D b . At Ib. . . . . of ; ; ; , ; ; ; ;..ail.b1f t ' - ~ piJIa _ . .JI;1l1. . . . . h ... from " " " _ . . . . putilIdutrbo.tffl," - >0,"',

co.WIOENT1A

I1nk paue1'll wel'C f''CII"enl ( 6 ~chllnii:es ill II"k illhllllllllioll. wer" ","t\ ;nleq"' , , tnlio" h.'" IlIte'"l',.,,1I Two, CI U.n,,' or omi"gi,,". 01' en"",,, in which AA'''1>011'''' hy I'J wel'e "ot sh"wn 0" JUI '"" '"'" " '' ' I'S.we"" ;n ","Cn" l"ckin/!: lld'''l",'le 0" l-ecem photo

j!''f\phic em-""age (p";,,"ipall)' 1',,1"1, of the SasellO"ren ).h. II C"" be "Ialed ge"e,""lI.'" tl"" "'''''I d.. nl

pUr]"""'" n"d Itc,,"y ""li"irontfl hlll1e";es we", del'-"'Icd and, wilh" rew uceptions, cor"",(11)' i,le,,lified br I)'pe. Stnml",,1 bailer) ' I " y o u ~ro,' lie\'-

- - - - - -

jIn . , . CD , , '. " , "~ l e d i " m( " I ) " , ', " ., , "D " a l l ' " , _ " '" ." ., " "1I.. . y ", \ ~ 1>0 n ., ' n" "To l al ] l oa , ' y ,\_\ 0 ' ' ' ' 71, "" n '" '" ' 79 ' 2,1 " " "...",oma,;< ft,,.apo" 3i>fl n' '" 170 ' ~ I , ""

Cle , "",I l n l ~ " p r o l l'1'''0, "i ,h ~ l I c h''''I:"ni2l1liO)II1 ' ( ' > . 1 " , n ~ i b l eror "('Ii";,, " r I ' ' ' ~"I ,1"1'''11, Producl'Oll or I : . ! ~ , l I 0 ( h ' M l p11"'1''', lI,ull""\'I"'rlHi"" 01 n. kII"nOlllled 1'""1,''''' I ' h < J l 0 J ! I ' t 1 l ' h ~"lid 111"b'CI wo,'k"h ...., ~ Wa,;dOllP ""Iy lI1 IlIh,,'proll "'1u


16/27

' f u u ~ . _ C ~.. " . , ; . ~ ~oj 1.I"p'o. T" " .. ~ t c h , a d ~ ,,mo>.p"lnho . . . . 1 . , , , , I ., 10lioI, (d ,.... of .......) ...a"d ,h,p""i...1 . . . . . . '''''UCOl' i ....:1"P""ial6eldaof pllOlO it"Crpnotati"". In-","",I.'I ...~ ........ n .....I"'"in " rou,i.... ,n.o"""r., II..... ~ " " " Iin rPlalion10 .la,nla,,1 .... hjrc"used photo i"hrp"'t . '" ~ .. ilt l U l l \ l e l ~ ' ,Ihe J ap"nl'O r>o,O

10 '5".';.

""..

So"'.........,..."'0" '''''to'

t--;" ,----T, .. , . . . . 1- _leO

' . " ' -\ i J . , , : , , ~ , """""

- " ~ r ' ~6 \ 0008 8 1000\ 7 10 9 ~ _\, - - - ' - l ~ ~

"'al

" ~ " f ' < 'S"",oKa',"'; Slto'oS,,,,,he," K}'u,l,,' aud "' .. ,

ern 1.lau,l. _

T h ~'able ,toe, "0' ;",1",1,' ,.,Ia< " " ~,,,,d,, co"."",,"0" Ole,.'"I",,,,d "l'rolJ.ab'e" ~ " , ; " . h " l ~ dI" 'he""ab, T h ~.'o,k 01 1 " ' ~ , 1 " 0 , ,'fwu ,,' eh"""" I", .. .Iu_,io" h",a""" ",,,,,t I'."fi.,'I."."o"i . . i"teq","'Mio" w''''do"" the",.

' ' fhe d".""".., 'u Ree",ao)' 01 ,he w o , ~do,'" ,," """.,,,,""'" , l ,a ' done 0" ,h" "",,110' 1"'a,,,I. i .d"" to ''''0 facto .. ,(a) \l,e i"h .. . ", ,l,mooll,' "f lo... l i , , ~.Lt'.,0",1 (1)) ,he .. 1M;"" i".,t,'q"ae)'of "",'er"o" i" "",,,he'" K)''''lou n., """,paml "i'" ,h.,"'all i,la"d".

'Hada, o"a".,

, The ,a"l. "how, ,h. I> b y .

Totol

:-a"I'" liho'" 8:'\a,,,,,,1 Sho,,, \0* , , , t h ~ r nK)""h" a",1 .'e.'

ern 1.la",1;. IS

Xftnl''' ~ l , o ' u;,'a"""i Show"""lI,e", 1,),,,,1,,, a"d ,"',,"'_

,,'" ;.'a",t,

To,al l~9. ElectroNics

". El,"-=ttVni,'!l as ddi,wd hy pl",to imdlib"'"C'"i"c1"des r a ~ l 8 r(bolh ;;('''I':h a"d lire,colllrolt.'"l""')'nul i"s l . , ion ' . MIdi" d i ~ t i o nfi"der.!.S('a rehlighls.a"d sollnd IOCI,IOr;:. Th " I"ner l I o n c \ ~ t r o n i cIypes of M'lUipnW'" 1""'e he 1 8 r ~ - : l C " l e"Hi,,1 oblique ph"lo):r"phy ( I l l...hich fir;lIj1: apertlll'{'ll ll .... ,isible. En,n I h i ~1f


17/27

....................... n . . . . . " ' U - . . .fvnetioll-n,_ CIOmIIIf1tJw, . . . . . . - .D , . . . ,tiono of wanboal-.,

e. n . . _ ........ I . . . . - ~ ~ " ' !wu dintUd toward &J.1UdiDgof f t I It'"K u ~ . _ .w,," , ,_ of the .and. ' .. . d...aroyo", . . . . . . . nc l l rmd_ . . . . ........ JNI"i.Uy .......-1'" by _ "'""'II' ' -* ' -llo.i, ,I b "t d I.... .n.,n (photo 10), A U "..hip. "" . . . - f u l l y I and id1'rItiW. 'br-Il"t "bOl''l/I'1II'I", ""', 1 fOT n ~ .. n i I n fIllIliIilrifA'd pil"", .. ilh .hip Iorati,_ .... 1 nllDi&ed tilel""en,i.1 e t ' t< ;1 i , _ "I euuo",lIa,:e d q " " l theKu"" !!trite.. " f 1'1.. .luI]' 1 9 - 1 ~ .

f, . ' n , ~ I _I.irly Il""rl' :ll """ "f ne'lli.., a dIlInll"hilllf i" II ... ,..".rin!!"f A (' renc_.m l . " l i . i ....l':lfl ... '1,1....." ....,"'_ O.mi-bed bam-boo frami't " r .\ {' "",.!t,....,t ... 11 I h o . ildid"' " 00,,,,,,,,1 11.. ",r.ln"'''1 ir...lI, mado detfo:!' In d indll_1ri.1 farilil.... '0 .],. ,eo", ofIInrl.f'l1"lund ,uno.l.. Br theend of lhe . . . . . ai'

c. 'udl:'in/:" from l h ~d.. . iled efl.. l 1 ~of the J.p"a"""" 10 ,'omoulloW' 1 t I ! J l l I O l J m l ~on th.irl 'acilkOnll''''''''', il was eXpc .",1 ill,lu,";I; Ur /-."''' w,", ;lIt .. r l ' l ' ! , ~ r",""'h

i l l ' in ~ i z e"I ' 10;;0 ~ ;:, r...", . Ie 0" It If ' f I _olnlotll '_, ;1 . . .. 10 lake Hd,'a"llIj!\' 0 ".lUra __ ~ ..,

. . I f I 'Il_ olon, ",tro'" "'"""",,froqllem;,' " ' l h e re o lI , dII

'

' 1 ' 10rl>1cllde


18/27

" . " " , , ~


19/27

..... d - , , . . . . . . .e .I1""- ...-. . . .1'1..".. _hitfs . , . ti l II . _ . . . . . . . ... 11 .r e Itbl, . Ie . . . .'i,""'thec_o.._,. ....01 i " W J - a I . . . . . . . . . . . . .....;I, ..uifJ . .I I Y - . Ciun J" 'UI_ er.I--n;YllJ .... I l() . . . . . . . . . . . . of a.; . . . . . . . . . l.o /lUI,. 10 bf d - w - .

II. 0I1wr If..., IY _ I d _ . . . . . . . .bf 11'lCM. .\1 ~ in ....... of ~ _ _. . . . ~ .n IJ.ot ~ 1 1 I I 1.._ 01 , . . . . . . . . . . . .", - "-d _ 1. ~ (If 1M . _;nlf tp"", , , , - . \ t \ U < b ~ n d3 ' ~Ill .... t n . .(>lili mI I 'd,,"," . . . . . . . . . I a a k f. . . . 1.d - . _ .-t"""..... n... i...L ..:... ",,"h ..f . . . .and oI.t. bw. v < - l 1M) "lIlobud pi l i l a errp r o l ~ i ~Ii. . . . . 110. no. i- . lW_ no.

...... A' .." ..I" . . . . ' , . . . . " . , . . . . . . . . . 10' ,. 1010 '0 - ." " . . . .

,';,100 Ow ( " ~ I ) '",lid,le ni ," ." , '" "'111'" 10 M1bWrrlln"",n ,11-1''''''''1 "r ;"d"""l')'.

j. In 11>" .1I0it"hioo; it 1 ' I 0 1 ~ " ' l l " _ ' l l " p h j rin1OSl iQ'l" 'n"/lI 1 ~ l I i q , 1 l 'how.gnl>hi" inte ...> ~ " r . la n 10;( ' 1(1 in\.trprel .,,11.

-.. , ., . . . . . . ' , . .. . > "I n, T " ' S , AI'I' " . " ,"" , . . . . "0 of t. " _ ,,,,,'1,.., ...... n ~ " ,,, ,.H '. , .. . , I ' " .. ,.,. 0' "'l'lOOO .. 'CONfIDENTIAL JO "

CONflOEJln1Al.


20/27


21/27

CONfiDENTIAl

rlJ to . . . . .hislllOlt . . . .ha.... _ to all _ _ .,~ ~ ~ tof aa1itarilJ. - ; ; ; ; .in th;. and other ~

f ~ ) P ~ . - C ' P #e d .lIyin d t ~ t _UId. ~'lUn.,."oenu tho, job of p/lGtby .. 1Ii.h "" " br _ , , ~ .p ~ and . .plJralM, .n d hillb I",rfonnt.t_ "'rT longph,It"lt:l"l'pbie!,!anN. . . . . . .

It. III .SUIlUrt.lIJ'.unIe- it Lrron_ optrali.-lly""l'racT'cd to tak" .. . ri.1 pllW>p'Otphsdllri" ' . . . . .~ I m e . l , h ' ~ 0 ~ 1 ' 1 I i .,i""'llill"t "

!I n"",.t ill,J'!'fries ,'it"IIO ".",' "."d "I,;t).be"n illl.""'t,,ut ill l>e",.... "\'0 pI",", th,"'O l " d l l ' t l ' I ~ " \ I n ' I ~ ~ _

, , . w"nld "",,,'h' e o m l ' f t m " ~tt",,,g"""" nO" . . ." , " ' ' ' ~ l 'Fll'1he"",,,re. nlth""l(h tl,,I>l'",.,.tIll,e c I, . ' . . . "

, 1Oe$.lIICIlIJ! Oil lmpor'"ll l i",II,.lriall.rb"";;.""th did A.k i l l l ~ I ' ' ' ' ' lnt ion. and for" li",e "" I h issllOO ""porls Oil urbsnIlI'en d " " I l I ~ ' C .[II ,,11 of this work. II.. sobjr


23/27

prog",,,n of liIl1""" "".I joint work .1"'1cd illmH, ".(I n l l l r i ~ b lll"l ' l ieuti"" wos I'limi""1cd.Joinl w01k wos "tlell 'I '""l '" IWo " " J ~ '(l ) byll$Signing S,,"ol o l l i ~...,.,. d i l ' e c t l ~ '10 the 1'10010 E,' ' ' \ '"Rlinn Sc

(I ) I'hOlO iu1lelll' "f pmdw'iug pholoinlellij:('lll" ",. i\.< "'I,,lio" 10 "Ih". for"" of intdI i g " n ' ~ "To Ih e wholl> lidd "f intelli ....'Hce il

n "" "" I hn t o ne o f its nlllSt in'I""1"nl cOIllI""'CIIISWIIS Hot e n s i l ~ 'cooroIIc"IS.(2) Th e phnlo i"lelliWn1" "nit h"d only in_

< I i l ' l ~ ' 1conlllol "f phologl't,phic lll!,,"'ol""y fneiliti ..... Complele opel'lIlin,,,,1 m,d "dmi"i,I ' ' ' l i , 'c, , ,nt , , ,l o f Ihe-"" f"cilili"" ,honld hnl'(lbeen in Ihel",, ,dsof till"'" i""hllr!.,,,ol phIO i"lellig"nl" n l l i ! ~ ."illl.., o"ly t l l l ' ) ' \\"., ... in " l ' 0 ~ i l i o ntn e . ~ C l , , i , ~imellil-",,,t co"lI'1ll "f p''I>llnltio" p"iorilil'>!, " h y fllc10" in the product ion of I'holo i n l e l ) i ~ e l \ c e .

g, 1 '0 i l lsm" ;(,...,,1"" ('/liciency in the p"dOl'm_m\l" of phoro inrelligellc. in the fUlU'" il is ''ffi''Umenlled thl,l :

(I ) The 1'1001" inl"lIi/!C'"' ' IIf oil >*'1"Ii..", nf

1[", r. S. AI"llll'd l"'''''cs be t..-,nsolidaled.(:l) I'h"ro in,,'lIi!,,lch inletli!"",nre cente,' be " f"ncl io"of the pholo.intelli ..",nce ""Clio" nf th e """Ie".

3. PerJrnmel

. ll, Th e I " , ~ i .fOl' the illiti"l ...ledjoll oll",r,I1"el

11. hnd. '\"Ill.'" nutl Nn'")" l'ltolOlp'nphic ill1ellig;. S."I.-I.oemly, II ,nuked i".I,.O'......."ttook plare '" the rotatioll and dil!tTiblltion of oflieel'l5, hu t tlw n"ell'nting ,Iem.lld. of ""lIT"'e", ""1"""1. "n d the Photogr "phic 11lIelliS"'"", C e m ~ tWllS 80 I ,. ,. ''Cllu"',,,l from "" d "" o"t of luueh withf ie ld ul li ts, d .l Il at 110 time were .11 p"""l hRd ~ n Iccompli>hed. andphotogr"ph)" w" , bei"" '*-'Cured III I':"""tl)" inc,,,,,,,,,,i r"le. From Ihislime 011,Ihe need fOT ller.""""el inlrellsed n,pidly . "d before Ute )"e.r "....Olll, I'hotog'"Ilploic imerpreteJ"ll were III a pre",iw".F."Om December 19H unt il t he end of th" war,lloe'1I w a s " di.linct. .honage of :Sll")' photog'"IIl'hie i " t e l l i ~ . n " "perso",.,,1 in (he I'lei6e. ,!e.spite f'""'I""nt ur",,,,nl requc>" tl) "'".hingum for

IUO''C. It i. {Iueslioll.hle if Ibi_ ,loon_ge w""ldh,n'e e",isted, or III le.,1 if it "'O\,ld hll"' b.en as""w'".if Iher


24/27


25/27

post ..... il from w i d e l ~ 'd;ff"""nl lhentel'" 1""1....n reo" ' r n i n ~on rolation 10 the I'hoIOj. ...aphi r ln te l l igt'-nce Center al Ana. , ' lfr wilh Ihe occ".io""l choice of ope . .tlOll, tol,'" . I

. " ","',JV1'1ant ~ H h J t ' C t $ .,,,," \l Ihem tnUd," o n n } ' ' ' .1 _ l1""fulth'''' the." ",,/!,hl h""e !>eeu.

,I. Altho"lZh ",,,,,,, of tho delay" Wct'" , I " ~ ' , , o i d .ahlo'. the ",, ,ju, .i t. , ' 'el l"duSlry,the Aire'"Itfl Ind"s t ry. Japanese O"ns. Ant;air"",ft and CoaSlal Defensc . ). ,pan,,* I';leell'Onics,the l'elt'OI""", Indllstr,\'. t",,1 !J"de"wliter DepthDelerm;nat;on wcrc, Whell receivcd ill tillle. ,.e,..'"usef,,!. O,heN;. such as.lnp""e;e Aircraft Sheltcl':l..J"pan'''' ' Mil;la,,. ll"ildinj..'1l. and Ships' 5 p e e d ~fl'(l"l ,\e"ial I'hologrnphs, WCre either ohsolete or

"m'ecessary c,'c" before they WCI"" published.f. ,\ny ""alysis of W a $ h i l l ~ " o n,cscnrdl work

On phen.... a direct relationship to Ihe r e h l b , h l ~ 'of U!lSeSSmellt.

b. Ob, i onsl )" . acc"r scy in Ihe a _ m . nt ofb10f primary ia rI""' """ .. . ' . _ " ....11'S u r ..... Min'" aiftnft..p'"rt,cuI.rly III oonnK'liOl1.. ilb .mp!\i,",-open.lion!!, ." d Ihe tactical p1'Ologn.pIIy I.Un by .....r'er'based alrel1lf, in !'Upport of lbPir OWIIo!'C"'ti""" "" IS ill,.lllabie. n.. II"BUr pu t ofS., .I I ' h ~ I ~ I Yof Ihe J a p l l _ ........lu>d . . . .ho.e ......r. l.l'IorI'l, ""['plen",nt.1 t(l ,h.l floW!> byI J . - ~ ' l l s .

d. Ct",jcleredin tJoe lillh, of f t n ~dillio:ul_.nd mimmum 0I"'-I1IIlOf.. 1""Iu're,;..." ..... II...job of1,IIOlQgl1lphmgJ.pan 1I"'"..ell dol1l' nd photol.....phs lakeo ..re a tretntndo

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Documents

USSBS Report 98, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part1, Comprehensive Report, OCR