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SUSTAINABILITY MODELLING FOR NATURAL DISASTER AFFECTED CITIES IN JAPAN
Sustainable Building 2013 Hong Kong Regional Conference
Urban Density & Sustainability 12 -13 September 2013
Dr. Thomas Tang, Ms. Risa Onishi and Ms. Mansi Sachdev AECOM Asia
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Outline
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Findings
• Discussion
• Conclusions
Page 2
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Introduction
• On Friday 11th March 2011, a powerful earthquake struck Japan and triggered a massive tsunami off the north east coast in the Sendai area.
• AECOM was commissioned to carry out a review of sustainable cities to find out what models could be applied to rebuild affected cities as well as measures that would revitalize existing Japanese cities.
• Key factors were identified that contribute to the broader vision of sustainable urban development, which would assist urban planning authorities of various cities in Japan.
Page 3
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Methodology
• Desk top survey of existing city sustainability and environmental performance indices and programs to generate a list of global cities to compare sustainable initiatives.
• Aim was to identify a list of cities with successful sustainability strategies but avoid attempting to collate and rationalize metrics
• 54 cities were selected based on GDP per capita, tourist figures, economic anchor industries, education, transport ridership, recycling, water consumption, carbon emissions per capita, green space per capita and smart growth.
Page 4
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Findings
• Resource availability (water and energy are prerequisites) impacts political stability and public security.
• In cities, the economic drivers are key industries and supporting factors such as education, healthcare and housing.
• Environmental protection and provision of space for enjoyment and leisure, serves commercial purpose, and attracts talent.
• Balance between environmental quality (air, water, waste etc.) and economic development
Page 6
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Findings
• Large cities attract investment and people and have infrastructure to support populations, e.g. efficient public transportation networks.
• Medium cities have a critical size based around a core industry; plus flexible systems to change with market trends and incentives to promote entrepreneurial businesses.
• Small cities focus on niche industries such as tourism or culture with unique resources; in some cases shifting from a sunset industry. Exclusivity is a critical success factor.
Page 7
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Lessons learnt
October 21, 2013 Presentation Title Page 8
1. Build on local assets Set up focused towns e.g. R&D towns, tourist towns, and university towns
2. Promote green economic development Establish green business programs and green home schemes
3. Attract new investment Ensure family-friendliness through high quality of life and subsidies for
education
4. Local and regional connection Develop flexible and accessible transit systems
5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transport Encourage pedestrianisation as well as alternative and non-motorised
transport modes connected to transit hubs
6. Clean fuels for vehicles Shift to CNG/LPG/Biofuels
7. Other innovative tools and techniques Examples: smart road, congestion pricing, swipe cards, mobile phone
applications and passenger systems, corporation shuttle programs, and car sharing
8. Integrate regional and local planning systems Regional scale planning to coordinate land use planning and
transportation improvements
9. Implement transit oriented development (TOD) Concentrate high intensity development within short walking distance to
transport centres
10. Densify urban core Increase mixed use development at key locations in city along transit lines,
major growth corridors and arterial streets
11. Habitat and agricultural preservation Preserve areas for natural habitats, open space, recreation and agricultural
uses – coordinated with urban development policies
12. Migration and immigration policy Encourage diverse and multi-cultural city populated by dynamic workforce
13. Cut high energy use in buildings Establish government building requirements for new buildings and
retrofitting with incentives for energy efficient appliances supported by energy audits
14. Use of renewable and low carbon energy sources Examples: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, bio-fuel, hydro-power and waste
energy
15. Innovate and implement green infrastructure Examples: water recycling, rainwater harvesting, waste segregation, waste
pricing, composting, district heating
16. Automated smart management systems Examples: networks, sensors, electronics integrated with computerized
control and communication systems and databases
17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs Set up vibrant communities where people want to participate e.g. family friendly, green, open spaces, multi-cultural venues
18. Create facilities for healthy communities Set up sports fields, gyms, playgrounds, cycle paths, and walkways
19. Provide world class medical care Provide comprehensive medical facilities as well as childcare and elderly care programmes
20. Designing a differently-abled friendly environment Provide universal access for physically challenged, children and elderly
21. Practise organic and urban agriculture Examples: farmers’ markets, home grown produce, community gardening and organic farms
22. Establish community sustainability champions and departments Promote strong leadership and political will; identify green champions
23. Inform and involve community Examples: public campaigns, advertising and corporate campaigns
24. Habitat restoration Designate restricted areas for repopulating flora and fauna; set up genome banks
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Lessons learnt
Promoting sustainable economic development
Shifting to sustainable transport
Implementing smart growth planning
Shifting to clean energy
Creating sustainable infrastructure
Employing smart technologies
Creating liveable communities
Encouraging healthy communities
Promoting leadership and awareness
Preserving environmental habitat and open space
13. Cut high energy use in buildings Establish government building requirements for new buildings and
retrofitting with incentives for energy efficient appliances supported by energy audits
14. Use of renewable and low carbon energy sources Examples: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, bio-fuel, hydro-power and waste
energy
15. Innovate and implement green infrastructure Examples: water recycling, rainwater harvesting, waste segregation, waste
pricing, composting, district heating
16. Automated smart management systems Examples: networks, sensors, electronics integrated with computerized
control and communication systems and databases
17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs Set up vibrant communities where people want to participate e.g. family friendly, green, open spaces, multi-cultural venues
18. Create facilities for healthy communities Set up sports fields, gyms, playgrounds, cycle paths, and walkways
19. Provide world class medical care Provide comprehensive medical facilities as well as childcare and elderly care programmes
20. Designing a differently-abled friendly environment Provide universal access for physically challenged, children and elderly
21. Practise organic and urban agriculture Examples: farmers’ markets, home grown produce, community gardening and organic farms
22. Establish community sustainability champions and departments Promote strong leadership and political will; identify green champions
23. Inform and involve community Examples: public campaigns, advertising and corporate campaigns
24. Habitat restoration Designate restricted areas for repopulating flora and fauna; set up genome banks
1. Build on local assets Set up focused towns e.g. R&D towns, tourist towns, and university towns
2. Promote green economic development Establish green business programs and green home schemes
3. Attract new investment Ensure family-friendliness through high quality of life and subsidies for
education
4. Local and regional connection Develop flexible and accessible transit systems
5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transport Encourage pedestrianisation as well as alternative and non-motorised
transport modes connected to transit hubs
6. Clean fuels for vehicles Shift to CNG/LPG/Biofuels
7. Other innovative tools and techniques Examples: smart road, congestion pricing, swipe cards, mobile phone
applications and passenger systems, corporation shuttle programs, and car sharing
8. Integrate regional and local planning systems Regional scale planning to coordinate land use planning and
transportation improvements
9. Implement transit oriented development (TOD) Concentrate high intensity development within short walking distance to
transport centres
10. Densify urban core Increase mixed use development at key locations in city along transit lines,
major growth corridors and arterial streets
11. Habitat and agricultural preservation Preserve areas for natural habitats, open space, recreation and agricultural
uses – coordinated with urban development policies
12. Migration and immigration policy Encourage diverse and multi-cultural city populated by dynamic workforce
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Discussion
GovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Related & Supporting Industries
Factor Conditions
Chance
Government can influence the supply
conditions of key production factors,
demand conditions in the home market, and competition between
firms
Factor conditions are human resources,
physical resources, capital resources and
infrastructure
Chance events are occurrences that are
outside of control of a firm. They are important
because they create discontinuities in which some gain competitive
positions and some lose.
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry determine the way in which companies are created, set
goals and are managed. The presence of intense rivalry in the home base is also
important; it creates pressure to innovate in order to upgrade competitiveness.
Demand conditions in the home market can help
companies create a competitive advantage, when sophisticated home market
buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to create more advanced competitors than those of competitors.
Related & supporting industries can produce inputs which are important for
innovation & internalisation. These industries provide cost-effective inputs, and they participate in the upgrading
process, thus stimulating other companies in the chain to innovate
Porter’s Diamond Model
Page 10
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Tourism/Outdoor
GovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Related & Supporting Industries
Factor Conditions
Chance
Government can provide land, public infrastructure, subsidies and tax breaks.
Also set up school of hospitality to train local
labour force. Also set up museums, libraries,
cultural centres.
Natural resources e.g. slopes, marine areas, hot springs.
Opportunities are: favourable currency exchange rates.
Threats are: Climate change affecting
natural resources.
Emphasis on service quality. May leverage on technology applications for
marketing and operation efficiency.
Domesticated international tourists
drive up service quality standards.
Culture and heritage industries can co-exist with tourism. Also support service
industries such as hospitality, F&B, transport, cottage craft.
Porter’s Diamond Model
Page 11
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College Town
GovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Related & Supporting Industries
Factor Conditions
Chance
Government can provide land, public infrastructure to support citizens. Also
set up museums, libraries. Also make it conducive for
philanthropic donations.
Established academic institutions. Strong brand
and reputation. Good quality of campus life.
Opportunities are: Investment interest by
companies to seek talent from pool of academics.
Threats are: Technology providers
offering online courses.
Emphasis on academic excellence. May leverage on commercial applications of
academic research e.g. business schools, research parks.
Domestic and international
education seekers will insist on a high
qualityof academic excellence.
Culture and heritage industries can co-exist with
education. Also support service industries like book stores, F&B, entertainment.
Porter’s Diamond Model
Page 12
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Agriculture
GovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Related & Supporting Industries
Factor Conditions
Chance
Government can provide land, public
infrastructure, subsidies and tax
breaks to local firms. Also set up school
of agriculture to train local labour force.
Strong farming background, lush and fertile land.
Unique and distinctive food
products.
Opportunities are: Use of technology to improve
efficiency. Threats are: climate
change, blight.
Emphasis on traditional farming knowledge. Leverage on supply chains to get produce to retail
outlets.
Healthy lifestyle seekers and organic food devotees will be
highly selective on choice of food.
Culture and heritage industries can co-exist with
farming. Also support service industries like event management, F&B,
hospitality, retail outlets, cottage craft.
Porter’s Diamond Model
Page 13
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Knowledge-Based
GovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Related & Supporting Industries
Factor Conditions
Chance
Government can provide public
infrastructure, and tax breaks to individuals.
Critical mass of retired
professionals. Housing and living conditions above
average.
Opportunities are: Industrial
revolution/technology wave.
Threats are: Financial crisis.
Emphasis on knowledge and intellectual offerings. Leverage
on technology enablers.
Demand from local industries seeking knowledge transfer will be choosy on service providers.
ICT industries. Business centres.
Porter’s Diamond Model
Page 14
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Applicability of Findings
Page 15
Issue Proposed Solution
Japan has potential tourism destinations that
are not fully recognized due to transportation
and branding shortcomings.
Promotion of local festivals (matsuri) may be a
new industry in the rural areas.
Small Japanese cities are losing populations to
bigger cities, leaving behind the aged
population affecting the tax revenue and
increased healthcare/social welfare fees.
Densifying the urban core for bonding different
kinds of people e.g. different generations to
help each other and develop security and
disaster prevention practices.
Fukushima incident has highlighted Japan’s
energy vulnerability and cities need to harness
renewable energy, with help from municipal
governments.
New feed-in tariff scheme is expected to
accelerate the implementation of renewable
energy in Japan.
More buildings and products will be expected
to be energy efficient
District cogeneration facilities that provide
steam and hot water.
Growing ageing population and declining birth
rate is declining causing need for facilities and
transportation.
Daily exercise opportunities for both young and
elderly as preventive measure to decrease
expenditure on healthcare
Need for disaster prevention systems Smart technology applied as earthquake-
absorbing structures and systems for
uninterruptible power supply.
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Priorities for Japanese Cities
Page 16
High
Medium
Low
Key
Health Eco Tourism Energy Disaster
Less
on
s le
arn
t 1. Build on local existing assets
2. Promoting green economic development
3. Attracting new investment
4. Local and regional connections and management planning
5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transit
6. Clean fuels for vehicles
7. Other innovative tools and techniques
8. Integrating the regional and local planning system
9. Implementing transit oriented development (TOD)
10. Densifying the urban core
11. Habitat and agricultural preservation
12. Migration and immigration policy
13. Cutting high energy use in buildings
14. Use of renewable and low-carbon energy sources
15. Innovate and implement green energy structure
16. Automated smart management systems
17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs
18. Creating facilities for healthy communities
19. Providing world class medical care
20. Designing a disabled friendly environment
21. Practising organic and urban agriculture
22. Establish community sustainability champions and
departments
23. Inform and involve the community
24. Habitat restoration
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Conclusions
• Transformation has been brought about by radical changes
in the local industries or the need for revitalization; in other
cases, changes have been evolutionary e.g. farming
practices shifting from self-sufficiency into commercial.
• Some cities have adapted natural resources and
developed synergistic industries around outdoor activities
along the entire value chain.
• Cluster effect raises industry standards; quality of products
and services is guaranteed, prices are competitive and
choices are wider.
• Supporting facilities of land, education and public transit.
Government policies and investment in these supporting
facilities are essential if the city is to succeed
Page 17